“婦女們愛有健康保險的男人們妻子的健康保險責任范圍是丈夫退休依靠的效應”【外文翻譯】

1、外文翻譯原文"men with health insurance and the women who love them: theeffect of a husband's retirement on his wife's health insurancecoveragematerial source:http:/deepblue. /bitstream/2027.42/49335/3/wp 13 l.pdfauthor: jody schimmelabstracthealth insurance coverage in the years

2、prior to retirement is particularly important because it protects the household from the financial risks of uninsurance as well as the health consequences of delaying care while uninsured. while results from the retirement "job lock" literature show that those who would lack coverage after

3、 retirement continue to work to maintain benefits, little work has explored the types of health insurance choices made by couples after retirement. it may be difficult for a married man to coordinate continuous coverage for a younger wife whose primary source of coverage has been from the husband, a

4、nd thus households may pay more for non-group coverage or be exposed to the risks of uninsurance. this paper studies a panel of married couples from the 1992-2004 waves of the health and retirement study (hrs) to study the types of health insurance decisions households make around the time of retire

5、ment. results indicate that households seem to do well at avoiding uninsurance at the time of retirement, but may make high cost choices in order to insure the wife. men switch into medicare or coverage from their wife at retirement if they lose their own coverage, but a large fraction of women take

6、-up privately purchased coverage. in fact, the transition from husband's coverage to privately purchased coverage is twice as large in periods when the husband retires than otherwise. transitions to uninsurance are lower in periods of retirement than at other times, suggesting that men continue

7、to work if either spouse would lose coverage though less risky, insurance purchased in the non-group market is expensive relative to employer-sponsored coverage. thus, married households may need to increase savings to pay for health insurance that bridges the gap until the wife can claim medicare a

8、t age 65.introductionit has been documented that men who are eligible for employer-sponsored health insurance after their retirement are more likely to retire than those who do not have such coverage. recently, work by blau and gilleskie (2006) and kapur and rogowski(2006),addressed this same issue

9、from the household perspective, incorporating other findings that have shown that couples make their health insurance and retirement choices jointly as a couple, not as individuals. by expanding the retirement "job lock" literature to include the insurance coverage of both spouses, these p

10、apers have made important contributions to the understanding of household retirement behavior-despite retirement job lock at the individual and household levels, little work has studied the types of health insurance choices couples make once retirement occurs. medicare coverage is available beginnin

11、g at age 65 for most in the united states, but most men retire years prior to reaching that age of eligibility. many expect to receive retiree coverage from their former employer to bridge the gap until age 65, but they may discover upon retiring that such coverage is an unaffordable expense in reti

12、rement. in married households where retiree benefits are available for the husband, similar coverage may be unavailable or unaffordable to provide coverage to the wife in situations where retiree coverage is altogether unavailable, a husband could delay his retirement until age 65 until eligible for

13、 medicare. while that would ensure continuous coverage for him, if he is older, his retirement at age 65 could leave his wife without the coverage she had gotten from him. thus, there are many possible reasons why expensive or risky health insurance choices may be made in the period of time between

14、retirement and the medicare eligibility that occurs at age 65 for each spouse.this paper explores the household health insurance decisions of married couples in the years after a husband's retirement using a panel of respondents from the 1992-2004 health and retirement study (hrs). because healt

15、h insurance transitions are not usually modeled as an outcome variable, much of the work in this paper is descriptive, and its main purpose is to provide evidence about the health insurance of both spouses in a married couple around retirement. in particular, emphasis is placed on the health insuran

16、ce transitions of individuals who were covered by the husband's health insurance before his retirement, because these are the 2 people who are most likely to be affected by the man's decision to retire. health insurance in the years among those who are late middle-aged have been shown to be

17、volatile (sudano and baker, 2005), and this paper assesses the extent to which that volatility is a particular consequence of the decision to retire. periods in which a retirement event is not observed are as used as a "control groups for the types of insurance transitions we would expect to ob

18、serve if retirement were not driving any changes in coverage. if the relative rate of transition into more expensive or risky forms of health insurance states such as non-group coverage or uninsurance are higher in the periods when retirement is observed, or if the transitions for wives are differen

19、t for the wives than their husband, this may suggest that households are not fully considering the health insurance choices for both spouses when choosing the husbands retirement date.descriptive evidence and results from multinomial logit models of health insurance transitions among those who had c

20、overage from the husbands employer prior to his retirement indicate that a large fraction of both husbands and wives maintain coverage from the husband's employer after he leaves his job this corresponds well to tabulations from hrs cross-sections indicate that about two-thirds of those with emp

21、loyer-sponsored coverage from their own job are also eligible for retiree health benefits. it also suggests that most retiree plans offer coverage to spouses who are currently covered by the plan. however, around fifty percent of those who had coverage from the husband prior to his retirement transi

22、tion to a different insurance state in the period after he retires. almost half of all men who lose their employer-sponsored health insurance have medicare in the next period and one quarter take up coverage from their wife's employer sponsored plan. this suggests that a mans decision to retire

23、is partially driven by his eligibility for medicare, which is consistent with the job-lock and structural models of retirement. for women, the story is quite different. because women are generally younger than their husband, they are not eligible for medicare upon his retirement. only one-quarter of

24、 women who lose coverage from their husband switch to medicare in the period after he retires- an additional third are able to take-up coverage from their own employer, coverage that they either already had or were able to opt into upon losing coverage from their husband.while transitions between em

25、ployer plans or to medicare will not significantly increase household health insurance costs, transitions to non-group coverage or uninsurance will be costly. twenty percent of married women and thirteen percent of married men who had relied on the husband's coverage prior to his retirement take

26、-up privately purchased coverage in the 3 period following his retiremen匸 for women, this rate of transition is twice as large as in periods when the husband does not retire, for men it is approximately the same. regression results confirm that transitions to non-group coverage are substantially hig

27、her in periods when the husband retires compared to otherwise, and that purchased insurance is the most common transition among women who lose coverage from their husband. while the hrs does not specifically ask about cobra take-up, it does not appear that the increase in purchased coverage is owing

28、 to that coverage, since purchased insurance rates remain high in the next period, even after cobra would have been exhausted. among both married men and women, 16 percent of those who previously had employer coverage become uninsured, a lower rate than in periods of non-retirement. thus, it appears

29、 that households recognize the risk-reducing aspects of health insurance coverage and make retirement decisions based on the availability of coverage, even if the choices made are quite expensive.譯文“婦女們愛有健康保險的男人們，妻子的健康保險責任范圍是丈夫退休依靠的效應"資料來源:http:/deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/49335/3/

30、wpl 3 l.pdf 作者：jody schimmel摘要在退休前購買健康保險是十分重要的，因為它保護沒有保障的金融風險， 以及因為沒有投保而使家庭拖延護理健康所造成的后果。雖然退休結果“職業(yè) 鎖定”文獻顯示，那些退休后享受不到保障的人士會在退休后繼續(xù)工作維護福 利，關于退休后夫妻對健康保險種類的選擇的研究探索工作也是比較的少的， 這對于協(xié)調年輕妻子的主要連續(xù)保障來自丈夫的已婚男子是十分困難的，因此 家庭需要支付更多的非集體性質的保障或者面臨未受保障的風險。本文對從健 康和退休研究(hrs)屮的1992-2004年間的家庭屮關于家庭圍繞退休時間對于 保險種類的選擇所做出決定進行了研究。結果表

31、明，家庭在退休時期對于避免 未保險的情況做得很好，但為了保障妻子可能會有更高成本的選擇。當男人退 休時失去自己的保險的時候，轉向醫(yī)療保險制度或者他們妻子的保障的時候， 相當一部分的婦女采取行動自費購買保險。事實上，在這個改變的時期，在退 休時期自費購買的費用是其他任何時期丈夫的保障范圍兩倍大。在退休時期轉 向不保險的可能性比其他任何時期都還要少，這意味著當配偶中的任何一方失 去保障，丈夫將要繼續(xù)工作。雖然風險較低，相對于雇主贊助的保障來說，非 團體性保險購買的費用是比較昂貴的。因此，已婚的家庭可能需要増加儲蓄來 支付醫(yī)療保險，除非該產品可以填補妻子到65歲可以索取醫(yī)療保險的空白。導言據記載，有

32、資格獲得雇主資助的健康保險的男人在比那些沒有享受雇主資 助健康保險的人更希望退休。最近，blau and gilleskie (2006)和kapur and rogowski(2006),針對從家庭的角度來看同樣的問題，并有其他調查也有表明， 夫婦做他們的健康保險和退休選擇的時候是考慮到夫妻雙方的情況的，而不是 作為單個個人而做的。通過擴充退休“職業(yè)鎖定"文學，包括配偶雙方的保險覆 蓋面，這些文章對家庭退休的行為的理解做出了重要的貢獻。盡管退休工作的在個人和家庭的各個層面都有鎖定，但是很少有研究工作 研究夫妻退休后的健康保險種類的選擇。在美國大多數醫(yī)療保險覆蓋面是65 歲開始提供的

33、，但大多數人的退休年齡比到達這一合適的退休年齡要早。許多 人期望在退休到65歲這段時間能夠由原來的雇主幫忙支付保險費，但他們退休 時可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)這些保障在退休時期是比較難以承受的負擔費用。在已婚家庭中， 退休的福利由丈夫享有，類似的覆蓋面對于妻子的保障可能無法使用或無法負 擔。在退休人員退休保障完全無法保障的情況下，丈夫可能會推遲到享有醫(yī)療 保險資格的65歲退休。雖然這將確保連續(xù)的保障他，如果他更老的時候，他的 妻子會因為他在65歲退休而變得沒有保障。因此，這里有很多種可能使得為什 么昂貴或有風險的健康保險的會在退休和在配偶享有醫(yī)療體制保障的時候而做 出選擇。本文使用從1992j004年健康和退休小組研究會中的受訪者探討在丈夫退 休后已婚夫婦的家庭醫(yī)療保險選擇的決定。由于健康保險過渡通常不作為建模 結果變量，本文大部分內容是描述性的，其主要目的是提供關于已婚夫婦在夫 妻雙方圍繞醫(yī)療保險的證明。特別是，重點在于丈夫退休前丈夫的健康保險保 障關于個人保險的過渡，這是因為兩個人中最有受影響的是可能是受男子的做 出退休決泄的影響。健康保險，在那些將近中年的被證明是不穩(wěn)泄，容易變動 的(蘇丹