高中英語必修四unit2語法課件

1、the ing form as the subject , object ，predictive, attributive and object complementgrammarhave you ever seen these signs?parking, spitting, littering, smoking-ing forms1. 動詞動詞-ing形式的構(gòu)成形式的構(gòu)成: 是在動詞末尾加是在動詞末尾加-ing 形式構(gòu)成形式構(gòu)成, 因此又叫動詞的因此又叫動詞的 -ing 形式。形式。如如: do-doing, be-being, ask-asking, etc.否定形式否定形式: not+

2、 -ing 構(gòu)成構(gòu)成2. 動詞動詞-ing形式形式不能單獨作謂語不能單獨作謂語, 沒有人稱和沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化數(shù)的變化, 但可以有自己的賓語和狀語但可以有自己的賓語和狀語, 還有還有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。3. 動詞動詞-ing形式由動詞加形式由動詞加-ing變化而成變化而成, 它同時具有它同時具有名詞和動詞名詞和動詞的特征的特征, 在句中可以在句中可以作主語、賓語等。作主語、賓語等。指出指出-ing形式在下面句中的成分。形式在下面句中的成分。finding ways to grow more rice has been his life goal.he enjoys listen

3、ing to violin music.china is a developing country.the music is exciting.we heard her singing in her room.being ill, she went back home.主語主語賓語賓語定語定語表語表語賓語補足語賓語補足語狀語狀語一、動詞一、動詞-ing形式作主語形式作主語 1. 表示表示經(jīng)常的、習慣性的經(jīng)常的、習慣性的動作或狀態(tài)動作或狀態(tài), 謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)。謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)。如：如： 1）walking is a good form of exercise for both young

4、and old. 2）watching news on tv has become a routine for me. 3）going to hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours. 4）asking a womans age is impolite in our country. 2. -ing形式作主語時常后置形式作主語時常后置, 此時須用此時須用it作形式主作形式主語語, 用形容詞或名詞作表語。用形容詞或名詞作表語。常見的名詞或名詞短語有常見的名詞或名詞短語有: no use, no good, fun, hard work, a hard / di

5、fficult job, a waste of time 等等; 形容詞有形容詞有: dangerous, worthwhile, useless等。等。歸納歸納: 常用常用-ing形式作主語的句型有：形式作主語的句型有： it +be +a waste of time doing it is/was no good/use doing it is/was hardly/scarcely worth doing it is/was worth/worthwhile doing there is no doing.無法無法; 不允許不允許3. 在在there be no.結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語

6、, 這種結(jié)構(gòu)這種結(jié)構(gòu)的意思相當于的意思相當于“it is impossible to do ”。 there is no sense in doing 做做沒有道理沒有道理 there is/was no use doing 做做無意義無意義 there is/was nothing worse than doing 沒有比沒有比更糟的更糟的 there is/was no point doing 做做無意義無意義1)there is no hiding of evil but not to do it若要人不知若要人不知, 除非己莫為。除非己莫為。2)there is no joking a

7、bout such matter.這種事開不得玩笑。這種事開不得玩笑。3)there was no knowing when he would leave.無法知道他什么時候離開。無法知道他什么時候離開。try to tell the meaning of each sentence.注意注意: there is no need to do sth 沒必要做某事沒必要做某事, 在此句式中在此句式中to do 不可換為不可換為doing.there is no need to tell her. 提示提示: 當動名詞用作主語時當動名詞用作主語時, 其邏輯主語由其邏輯主語由形容詞性物主代詞和名詞所

8、有格構(gòu)成。形容詞性物主代詞和名詞所有格構(gòu)成。1）my sisters being ill made me worried.2）your being right doesnt necessarily mean my being wrong.動名詞與不定式做主語時的比較：動名詞與不定式做主語時的比較：動名詞表示的動作通常是一個動名詞表示的動作通常是一個習慣性的長期進行習慣性的長期進行的動作的動作, 不定式則通常表示不定式則通常表示動作的一次性或短暫性動作的一次性或短暫性。e.g.1）teaching english is my job.2）finding ways to grow more ric

9、e has been his life goal.3）to reach there on time is my task.二、動名詞用作賓語二、動名詞用作賓語 動名詞作賓語有兩種情況。動名詞作賓語有兩種情況。1. 只能后接只能后接-ing作賓語的動詞作賓語的動詞, 常見的有常見的有avoid, consider, enjoy, keep, finish, suggest, dislike, delay, escape, cannot help, imagine, mind, miss, practise, cannot stand, excuse, fancy, give up, put of

10、f, risk, insist on, look forward, feel like等。等。e.g.1）i cant avoid going2）have you considered looking for one special friend?3）people couldnt help laughing foolish man2. 既可接既可接-ing和和to do作賓語的動詞作賓語的動詞, 常見的有常見的有: begin, start, continue, like, love, prefer, by, mean, forget，remember, hate等。等。a. 在在 like,

11、 love, hate, prefer等動詞之后，等動詞之后，用用-ing或不定式意義上沒有什么不同或不定式意義上沒有什么不同, 只是側(cè)重只是側(cè)重點有些不同點有些不同, ing表示泛指的動作表示泛指的動作, to do表示具體的一次性動作。表示具體的一次性動作。b. 在在 begin/start, continue之后之后, 用動名詞和用動名詞和不定式不定式, 意義意義沒有什么不同沒有什么不同, 尤其是當主語是尤其是當主語是人的時候。人的時候。 c. 在動詞在動詞forget, remember, regret之后之后, 用用動名詞與不定式意義不同。動名詞與不定式意義不同。-ing 表示動作已

12、經(jīng)發(fā)生表示動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生, ,-to do 表示動作還沒發(fā)生；表示動作還沒發(fā)生；i remember posting the letterill remember to post the letteri shall never forget seeing the famous writerdont forget to write to your motheri regret missing the reporti regret to say i cant take your adviced. 意義各不相同意義各不相同try to do (設(shè)法設(shè)法) mean to do (打算打算, 有意要做有

13、意要做) try doing (試試試試) mean doing (意思是意思是, 意味著意味著)be used to doing 習慣于做某事習慣于做某事 be used to do 被用來做某事被用來做某事cant help doing 禁不住做某事禁不住做某事cant help to do 不能幫助做某事不能幫助做某事e. go on doing 繼續(xù)做一直在做的事繼續(xù)做一直在做的事; go on to do 接著做另一件事。接著做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事停止做某事stop to do停下正在干的事去干另一件事。停下正在干的事去干另一件事。3. 在介詞后接動名詞作賓語在

14、介詞后接動名詞作賓語1) i insist on taking proper food for this trip2) instead of smiling, each of them made a face3) she was very interested in working for our company注：下列短語中的注：下列短語中的to都是介詞都是介詞, 所以動詞要所以動詞要接接-ing形式形式: devote to, object to, pay attention to, get down to, lead to, look forward to, stick to,be us

15、ed to等。等。 三、三、-ing形式作定語形式作定語1. 單個動詞的單個動詞的-ing形式作定語位于形式作定語位于被修飾名詞的前面被修飾名詞的前面, 既可以表示被修飾既可以表示被修飾者的者的作用或功能作用或功能, 也可以表示被修飾者也可以表示被修飾者的動作或狀態(tài)。的動作或狀態(tài)。e.g.building materials = materials for building 建筑材料建筑材料drinking water = water for drinkinga walking stick = a stick for walkinga reading room = a room for rea

16、ding a writing desk = a desk for writingtiring music = music that is tiring a surprising result= a result that is surprising 2. ing 形式短語作定語時形式短語作定語時, 放在所修飾的名詞之放在所修飾的名詞之后后, 并且在意思上相當于一個定語從句。并且在意思上相當于一個定語從句。1）they lived in a room facing the street. = they lived in a room that faces the street. 2）the ma

17、n standing there is peters father. = the man who is standing there is peters father. 3）anybody swimming in this river will be fined. = anybody who is swimming in this river will be fined. 3. -ing形式短語也可以用作非限制定語形式短語也可以用作非限制定語, 相當于一個非限制性定語從句相當于一個非限制性定語從句, 這時這時, 它與句子其他部分用逗號分開。它與句子其他部分用逗號分開。1) his brothe

18、r, working as a teacher, lives in beijing. = his brother, who is working as a teacher, lives in beijing. 2) the apple tree, swaying gently in the breeze, had a good crop of fruit. = the apple tree, which was swaying gently in the breeze, had a good crop of fruit. 四、四、-ing形式作賓語補足語形式作賓語補足語1. 1) 動詞動詞-i

19、ng形式作賓語補足語常放在賓語形式作賓語補足語常放在賓語后面后面, 表示一個正在進行的主動性的動作表示一個正在進行的主動性的動作, 強調(diào)一個過程或一種狀態(tài)。強調(diào)一個過程或一種狀態(tài)。如：如：(1)when we returned to the school, we found a stranger standing at the entrance. (2)we found the snake eating the eggs. 2) 當主句轉(zhuǎn)換為被動結(jié)構(gòu)時當主句轉(zhuǎn)換為被動結(jié)構(gòu)時, 原來作賓語補原來作賓語補足語的動詞足語的動詞-ing形式便轉(zhuǎn)換為主語補足語。形式便轉(zhuǎn)換為主語補足語。如：如： they

20、 found the result very satisfying. = the result is found very satisfying. they heard him singing in the next room. = he was heard singing in the next room.2. 能用能用-ing形式作賓語補足語的幾類動詞形式作賓語補足語的幾類動詞:1) 表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動詞表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動詞, 常見的有常見的有 see, hear, feel, smell, find, notice, observe, look at, listen to等。等。

21、 a. we saw a light burning in the window. b. i felt somebody patting me on the shoulder. c. can you smell anything burning? d. as he spoke, he observed everybody looking at him curiously. e. i didnt notice him waiting.2) 表示指使意義的動詞表示指使意義的動詞, 常見的有常見的有 have, set, keep, get, catch, leave等。如：等。如：i wont h

22、ave you doing that. this set me thinking.im sorry to have kept you waiting. i cant get the clock going again.you wont catch me doing that again.3. see, hear, feel, watch等動詞之后用等動詞之后用-ing形式形式和動詞不定式作賓語補足語的區(qū)別：和動詞不定式作賓語補足語的區(qū)別： 前者表示動作前者表示動作正在進行正在進行, 而后者表示而后者表示(或強調(diào)或強調(diào)) 動作從開始到結(jié)束的全動作從開始到結(jié)束的全過程過程。如。如:we passe

23、d by the classmates and saw the teacher making the experiment.我們走過教室我們走過教室, 看見老師在做實驗。看見老師在做實驗。(只在走過教室的剎那間只在走過教室的剎那間, 看見老師正在做實驗看見老師正在做實驗) 五、五、-ing形式作表語形式作表語 -ing形式作表語時放在系動詞之后形式作表語時放在系動詞之后, 用來泛指用來泛指某種動作或行為某種動作或行為, 以說明主語的身份、性質(zhì)或以說明主語的身份、性質(zhì)或情況。情況。1) her hobby is painting. 2) my job is looking after the c

24、hildren.3) his concern for his mother is most touching.4) she was very pleasing in her appearance.六六.現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時, 分詞的邏輯主語必須是分詞的邏輯主語必須是句子的主語句子的主語, 分詞必須和句中的主語含有邏輯分詞必須和句中的主語含有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系上的主謂關(guān)系, 否則不能用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語。否則不能用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語。但要注意它的各種形式變化但要注意它的各種形式變化:主動形式主動形式 被動形式被動形式 v-ing being v-ed having

25、v-ed having been v-ed 一般式一般式完成式完成式e. g. 1) hearing the bell, the students began to enter the classroom. (聽見和進入兩個動作同時發(fā)生聽見和進入兩個動作同時發(fā)生)2) the building being built now is our new library. (being built為現(xiàn)在分詞的被動形式為現(xiàn)在分詞的被動形式, 表示動作正表示動作正在進行之中在進行之中)3) having done the work, he went home. 主動形式主動形式 被動形式被動形式 v-in

26、g being v-ed having v-ed having been v-ed 一般式一般式完成式完成式現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作狀語, 修飾謂語動詞或整修飾謂語動詞或整個句子個句子, 表示動作發(fā)生的表示動作發(fā)生的原因、時間、方式、原因、時間、方式、結(jié)果、條件、伴隨結(jié)果、條件、伴隨等?，F(xiàn)在分詞等。現(xiàn)在分詞一般不用作一般不用作表目的地狀語表目的地狀語(通常用不定式表目的地狀語通常用不定式表目的地狀語)。1）walking in the street, i came across an old friend of mine.=when i was walking in the str

27、eet, i came across an old friend of mine.1表時間狀語表時間狀語2表原因狀語表原因狀語1）being ill, he didnt go to school.=as he was ill, he didnt go to school.2）being a student, you should study hard.=since you are a student, you should study hard. 3 表方式、伴隨情況的狀語表方式、伴隨情況的狀語: 作伴隨狀語的分詞作伴隨狀語的分詞表示的動作表示的動作, 必須是必須是主語的一個動作主語的一個動作

28、, 或是或是與謂語與謂語所表示地動作所表示地動作(或狀態(tài)或狀態(tài))同時發(fā)生同時發(fā)生, 或是或是對謂語表示對謂語表示的動詞的動詞(或狀態(tài)或狀態(tài))作進一步地補充說明作進一步地補充說明。1) he sat on the sofa, watching tv.=he sat on the sofa, and watched tv.2) 他們笑著談著走進了教室。他們笑著談著走進了教室。_ , they went into the classroom.laughing and talking4 表結(jié)果表結(jié)果e.g. 1) her mother died in 1990, leaving her with he

29、r younger brother.=her mother died in 1990, and left her with her younger brother.2) the song is sung all over the country,_.making it the most popular song5 表條件表條件1) using your head, you will find a way. =if you use your head, you will find a way._, you will see a white house.2) walking ahead6 與邏輯主

30、語構(gòu)成獨立主格與邏輯主語構(gòu)成獨立主格: 1) i waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard2) all the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 3) time permitting, well do another two exercises. *有時也可用有時也可用with (without) +名詞名詞(代詞賓格代詞賓格) +分詞形式。分詞形式。 with the lights burning, he fell asleep. 7 作獨立成分作獨立成分:

31、 1) judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. thank you! 1. the _ boy was last seen _ near the bank of the lake. a. missing; playing b. missing; play c. missed; played d. missed; to play解析解析: missing是形容詞是形容詞, 作作boy的定語的定語, 意思是意思是“失蹤的失蹤的”。 was last seen playing表示被看見時正在玩。表示被看見時正在玩。真題解析真題解析a

32、精析精析: :根據(jù)句意根據(jù)句意“it may now be too late to ” 和和 “already” 可知可知“河流已經(jīng)被嚴重污染河流已經(jīng)被嚴重污染”, 應(yīng)用完成時。答案應(yīng)用完成時。答案 a。高考鏈接高考鏈接1._ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. (2004全國全國) a. having suffered b. suffering c. that d. suffereda2. _ the general state of his health, it may ta

33、ke him a while to recover from the operation. (全國2002)a. given b. to give c. giving d. having given解析解析: 本題考查過去分詞作狀語的用法。本題考查過去分詞作狀語的用法。分析題干分析題干, 前一部分相當于一個條件狀語從句前一部分相當于一個條件狀語從句, 即即 if he is given , 因為主句是因為主句是 it, 從句應(yīng)含從句應(yīng)含被動意義被動意義, 這恰是過去分詞作狀語的基本含義這恰是過去分詞作狀語的基本含義即含被動意義。答案即含被動意義。答案 a。a3. the picture _ o

34、n the wall is painted by my niece. (2001上海上海) a. having hung b. hanging c. hangs d. being hung解析解析: 分析題目可知分析題目可知, 謂語是謂語是 is painted, 那么選項部分那么選項部分應(yīng)是充當定語的。應(yīng)是充當定語的。a項是現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式項是現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式, 其一般其一般不作定語不作定語, 只作時間或原因狀語只作時間或原因狀語; c項動詞項動詞“第三人稱第三人稱單數(shù)單數(shù)”顯然也不能作定語顯然也不能作定語, 只作謂語只作謂語; 分析分析 the picture與動作與動作 hang 之間的

35、關(guān)系之間的關(guān)系, 其不含被動意義其不含被動意義, d項排除項排除; b項是現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式項是現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式, 相當于定語從句相當于定語從句which is hanging。答案。答案 b。 b 4. lets have a rest not now. i dont want to stop _ yet(met 1985) a. study b. to study c. for studying d. studying 解析解析: stop studying 意為意為“停止學習停止學習”。 d 5. let me tell you something about the journalist

36、s dont you remember _ me the story yesterday? (1999上海高考上海高考) a. told b. telling c. to tell d. to have told 解析解析: remember telling me 意為意為“記得曾經(jīng)告訴過我記得曾經(jīng)告訴過我”。 b 1. what made you so upset? _ two tickets to the pop music concert. a. losing b. because of losing c. to lose d. because i had lost 2. i cant imagine _ that with them. a. do b. to do c. be