【畢業(yè)論文設(shè)計(jì)】外文翻譯--電子商務(wù)在馬來西亞中小企業(yè)的應(yīng)用（外文翻譯中英對(duì)照）

1、浙江農(nóng)林大學(xué)天目學(xué)院經(jīng)濟(jì)管理系本科生畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯（2012 屆）課題名稱:傳化集團(tuán)有限公司電子商務(wù)實(shí)施現(xiàn)狀，問題與對(duì)策分析學(xué)生姓名:學(xué)號(hào)：200808301523專業(yè)班級(jí)：電子商務(wù)082學(xué)院名稱：經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院指導(dǎo)教師：姓名學(xué)科管理科學(xué)與工程職稱2011年 12月 10日電子商務(wù)在馬來西亞中小企業(yè)的應(yīng)用拿如丁曼索爾馬來西亞丁加奴工商管理學(xué)院摘要：該研究項(xiàng)目旨在探討電了商務(wù)是否適用于馬來西亞馬來洲的中小型企 業(yè)。主要參與研究的人群是馬來西亞馬來人的德瓦恩和吉蘭丹州的登記入住人 員，一共有302個(gè)受訪者被選擇參加我們的研究。根據(jù)世界商界的一般假設(shè)， 一致認(rèn)為，電子商務(wù)的應(yīng)用與全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的生存和挑戰(zhàn)

2、高度相關(guān)。同時(shí)，獲取知識(shí) 和認(rèn)識(shí)環(huán)境，應(yīng)對(duì)和處理變化，加快業(yè)務(wù)決策的過程能夠進(jìn)一步捉高屮小型企業(yè) 的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。通過應(yīng)用建立的模型，我們的調(diào)查集中在5個(gè)可識(shí)別的變量，以表現(xiàn) 采用電子商務(wù)對(duì)推動(dòng)中小企業(yè)的實(shí)用性。我們的分析表明，所冇選擇的變量對(duì)加 強(qiáng)電子商務(wù)的應(yīng)用，從而保持其在該行業(yè)的的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)有顯著意義。關(guān)鍵詞：電子商務(wù)應(yīng)用物流營(yíng)銷采購安全中小企業(yè)1 介紹電子商務(wù)電子商務(wù)的出現(xiàn)正在根本性地改變商業(yè)進(jìn)行的方式。客戶可以在英全而休閑 的任何地方,任何時(shí)候購物，并且總是享受幾乎沒有任何成木的同等水平的服務(wù)。 顯然，通過這種無紙化交易，顧客不再需要填寫訂購表格，或到經(jīng)營(yíng)場(chǎng)所去放置 他們的訂單。什么事都可以

3、在客戶便利的條件下電子化地完成。根據(jù)edi報(bào)文 (2000),即使中小企業(yè)因?yàn)槿狈I(yè)知識(shí)和資金而可能有困難建立一個(gè)先進(jìn) 的網(wǎng)站，但是他們?nèi)匀恍枰娮由虅?wù)去繁榮和持續(xù)生存。許多個(gè)人和組織在用典型的方式去解釋電了商務(wù)。當(dāng)企業(yè)開始意識(shí)到互聯(lián)網(wǎng) 作為強(qiáng)大媒體的角色開展業(yè)務(wù)，特別是在服務(wù)行業(yè)，因?yàn)樗軌蛱岣呖蛻襞c供應(yīng) 商的關(guān)系，電子商務(wù)術(shù)語出現(xiàn)了。電子商務(wù)是指主要的相關(guān)商業(yè)關(guān)系或交易通過 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)實(shí)現(xiàn)的流程，包括采購，營(yíng)銷，銷售和客戶支持。勞頓和特拉関形容電子 商務(wù)涉及所冇時(shí)間周期，速度和全球化，可以增強(qiáng)生產(chǎn)力，獲取新顧客和跨機(jī)構(gòu) 分享知識(shí)，通過數(shù)字化實(shí)現(xiàn)跨邊界產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的交易。電子商務(wù)是商業(yè)圈各種關(guān)系

4、演變而成的。它可以是企業(yè)對(duì)個(gè)人的形式 (b2c),金業(yè)對(duì)企業(yè)(b2b)的形式，商業(yè)業(yè)務(wù)(bib)的形式，和最后的個(gè) 人對(duì)個(gè)人（c2c）的形式。一般來說，b2b是組織z間形成的批量的電了商務(wù)活 動(dòng)。雖然電子商務(wù)意味著企業(yè)間的信息和技術(shù)在企業(yè)和消費(fèi)者之間和消費(fèi)者自己 之間同等適用。因此，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)在電子商務(wù)屮作為主要工具的角色變得越來越來越 顯著，同時(shí)它也作為一個(gè)分銷渠道，高于涉及傳統(tǒng)中介機(jī)構(gòu)的任務(wù)。由多媒體發(fā)展公司（mdec）做的統(tǒng)計(jì)表明電子商務(wù)在馬來四亞的滲透率正 年復(fù)一年的大幅的增長(zhǎng)，從而為中小型公司采用電了商務(wù)提供了巨大的潛力。預(yù) 計(jì)這個(gè)比率會(huì)以大量率年復(fù)一年的持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)。在電子市場(chǎng)中，主要的參

5、與者一交易處理程序員，購房者，經(jīng)紀(jì)人和 銷售者分布在不同地點(diǎn)，甚至不知道對(duì)方是誰。有些人認(rèn)為，電子商務(wù)的實(shí)現(xiàn)既 昂貴又麻煩。然而，在現(xiàn)實(shí)屮，它通過壓低成本因素，能夠捉高性能，從而為實(shí) 現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品在品牌和價(jià)格上的差異化競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)提供了機(jī)會(huì)。除此z外，它為交易各方 加強(qiáng)合作提供更好的渠道，另外，縮短了產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的時(shí)間。中小企業(yè)和電子商務(wù)為了在當(dāng)今充滿挑戰(zhàn)的環(huán)境屮生存，當(dāng)務(wù)之急是屮小企業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和彈性。 為此，中小企業(yè)需要不斷加強(qiáng)其潛力和以有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的價(jià)格生產(chǎn)高質(zhì)量產(chǎn)品和服務(wù) 的能力。以麗在馬來曲亞馬來中小企業(yè)中進(jìn)行的研究表明，他們?cè)诋a(chǎn)品，促銷和分配 制度創(chuàng)新上薄弱，因此這些反映了中小企業(yè)表現(xiàn)欠佳。以前的文

6、獻(xiàn)曾經(jīng)從不同的角度來定義屮小企業(yè)，例如雇員人數(shù)，實(shí)收資木， 經(jīng)營(yíng)行業(yè)，還有投資費(fèi)用的強(qiáng)度。因此沒有一個(gè)有關(guān)定義中小企業(yè)可接受的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 但是，冇一些測(cè)量，他們可能回考慮進(jìn)去，例如其類別，銷售營(yíng)業(yè)額及員工人數(shù)。 在馬來西亞，最廣泛采用的定義通常是被那些smidec （中小企業(yè)發(fā)展公司） 和bnm （馬來西亞中央銀行）所定義的，據(jù)此，中小企業(yè)可分為三大類：微型, 小型，或屮型。這些分組是要么是根據(jù)一個(gè)公司員工的數(shù)量所決定，要么是根據(jù) 一年里由業(yè)務(wù)產(chǎn)生的總銷售收入所決定?？傊?，中小型企業(yè)是由其大小來具體定 義的：表1：中小型工業(yè)的特征部門分類定義銷售額（馬幣）雇員人數(shù)制造業(yè)微型小型中型少于 250,0

7、00250,000-少于 lomil10mil-25mil<55-5051-150微型少于 200,000<5服務(wù)小型200,000-少于 lmil5-19中型lmil-5mil20-50來源：smidec（2005）中小企業(yè)是勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的主要雇主。根據(jù)國(guó)家銀行（2005）,中小企業(yè)在招聘條件上捉供更大的靈活性，因此屮小企業(yè)的工人的76.5%是全職的。進(jìn)一步 的文獻(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，馬來西亞的絕大多數(shù)中小企業(yè)更愿意參與零售，農(nóng)業(yè)，參觀，食堂 或餐廳工藝品，裁縫，小規(guī)模制造，美容美發(fā)，直銷，送貨上門業(yè)務(wù)。這些行業(yè) 的類型主要是較低的密集型資木和需要與客戶的個(gè)人通信。因此，發(fā)現(xiàn)電子商務(wù) 在這些行業(yè)

8、的應(yīng)用是不太理想的。即使電子商務(wù)在馬來西亞的應(yīng)用是令人鼓舞的，但它仍然處于嬰幼兒階段。 回顧abu bakar和rohaizat的發(fā)現(xiàn)（2002）,大部分馬來西亞中小企業(yè)仍然停 留在其商業(yè)交易中使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的階段。第一種促進(jìn)電子商務(wù)的應(yīng)用的方法是，通 過加快其在當(dāng)?shù)靥幱谧罡叩匚磺沂侨珖?guó)it策略的核心的公司的應(yīng)用。盡管在促 進(jìn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)，大部分的這些處于最高地位的公司使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)做保守的工作，諸如通 訊和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息收集的目的。過去對(duì)霍靂州的屮小型企業(yè)的研究表明，電子商務(wù) 在大多數(shù)商業(yè)行業(yè)的應(yīng)用率偏低。類似的情況在初學(xué)者狀態(tài)或是被公認(rèn)狀態(tài)下盛 行。市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷電子商務(wù)的作用在于通過匹配的信息，提供了渠道走出家

9、庭，走上消費(fèi)者的 數(shù)字通信設(shè)備，從而滿足了消費(fèi)者的偏好，方便了人口統(tǒng)計(jì)，市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷人員將可 以用正確的信息在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)間更好地對(duì)準(zhǔn)目標(biāo)收件人的權(quán)利。除此z外，市場(chǎng)營(yíng) 銷的作用在一個(gè)超媒體，以計(jì)算機(jī)為中介，且交互性和連接正在取代傳統(tǒng)的談判 和溝通模式的環(huán)境下實(shí)現(xiàn)了。一個(gè)成功的電子商務(wù)企業(yè)必須具備全球意識(shí)，系統(tǒng)導(dǎo)向，客戶敏感。在電子 商務(wù)下，公司可以直接訪問消費(fèi)者去收集信息，然后通過自定義或創(chuàng)造新的優(yōu)勢(shì) 產(chǎn)品，從而能夠幫助他們更好地開發(fā)產(chǎn)品，滿足消費(fèi)者的需求。一般大部分公司 使用電子商務(wù)主要是為了提供冇關(guān)公司，產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)，以及內(nèi)部和對(duì)外溝通的信 息。此外網(wǎng)上消費(fèi)者可以很容易地獲得圖像，聲音，甚至電影，

10、從而在選定的方 便的時(shí)間，實(shí)現(xiàn)實(shí)時(shí)交易的互動(dòng)。這對(duì)于屮小企業(yè)在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷其產(chǎn)品來說，是一個(gè)很好的機(jī)會(huì)，因?yàn)樾畔?可以在世界各地廣泛傳播。正如奧布萊恩所聲稱的，當(dāng)人部分的商業(yè)活動(dòng)通過計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)涉及到產(chǎn)品或 服務(wù)的買賣，營(yíng)銷吋，電子商務(wù)改變了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的模式，行動(dòng)的速度，以及精簡(jiǎn)了消 費(fèi)者和公司之間，公司和供應(yīng)者之間的相互作用和付款方式。另一個(gè)有趣的特征 是電子商務(wù)營(yíng)銷相對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)方法的靈活性的吸引力。這種靈活性根據(jù)收到的客戶 直接反饋，不僅增加了新的項(xiàng)目，而且更新了信息，但是強(qiáng)大的24小時(shí)訪問導(dǎo) 致增加了世界各地的營(yíng)業(yè)時(shí)間。物流與采購物流涉及到產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)在有關(guān)各方之間的流動(dòng)交易。零售商或屮小企業(yè)應(yīng)用

11、電子商務(wù)間接地去除了中介銷售渠道的服務(wù)，擴(kuò)大了在全球各地的分布范圍。由 丁電子商務(wù)易接受，并冃它的實(shí)際使用正改變著分配系統(tǒng)的趨勢(shì)，因?yàn)殡娮恿闶?商同時(shí)也是一個(gè)零售商和分銷中心。隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)的連接，運(yùn)費(fèi)可實(shí)時(shí)準(zhǔn)確地確定， 并且一個(gè)跟蹤號(hào)碼可以涉及到訂單下達(dá)時(shí)貨物的裝運(yùn)。屮小企業(yè)采用電子商務(wù)述可以從物流屮心獲得一些優(yōu)勢(shì)，例如通過改進(jìn)工藝 的效率降級(jí)成本，提高覆蓋率，分拆業(yè)務(wù)系統(tǒng)和降低價(jià)格。盡管存在這些優(yōu)勢(shì), 但是仍然發(fā)現(xiàn)電子商務(wù)在全國(guó)的應(yīng)用較低。電了采購成為了任何電了商貿(mào)業(yè)務(wù)不可分割的一部分，并且大部分的供應(yīng)鏈 管理涉及到改造或交付材料的采購。在任何業(yè)務(wù)中處理任何問題時(shí)，這一直是一 個(gè)主要成木。-個(gè)精

12、心設(shè)計(jì)的業(yè)務(wù)流程屮添加互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)無疑是為其提供了一個(gè) 系統(tǒng)的，有效的成本控制。電子商務(wù)采購可以被解釋為任何由商業(yè)銀行或政府機(jī) 構(gòu)在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上所進(jìn)行的以促進(jìn)貨物收購為目的的行為，它設(shè)計(jì)到材料組件，設(shè)備, 分包，it設(shè)備和供應(yīng)品，消耗品，文貝和其它構(gòu)成大量金錢交易的服務(wù)的花費(fèi)。 曲于它是電子招標(biāo)，是商品和服務(wù)的采購，通過申請(qǐng)，他們能夠獲得大量的世界 各地的供應(yīng)商，從而享受更優(yōu)惠的價(jià)格，更好的質(zhì)量和更好的交付。因?yàn)椴少徥且豁?xiàng)昂貴的商業(yè)活動(dòng)，一旦業(yè)務(wù)切換到線上采購系統(tǒng)，他們可以 立即見到效益。每次購買的行政費(fèi)用會(huì)顯著地減少，因?yàn)楦俚奈臅ぷ魇峭ㄟ^ 采購系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行的，而不是通過勞動(dòng)者。此外，當(dāng)員工知道方便

13、和符合成木效益的 新的采購策略是怎么一冋事的時(shí)候，他們將不太可能通過非合同供應(yīng)商進(jìn)行購 買，從而為企業(yè)節(jié)省了更多的錢。the application of e-com m erce am ong malaysian sm allmedium enterprisesnorudin mansorfacuity of business management,universiti teknologi maracam pus dungun,23000 dungun,terengganumalaysiaabstractthe research project was conducted to invest

14、igate the understanding of e-commerce application among the smes in one of the state in malaysia. focusing on the population of registered members of dewan perniagaan melayu malaysia, kelantan, a total of 302 respondents were selected to participate in our study. moving in line with the general assu

15、mption of world business community it is agreed that commerce application is highly relevant for the survival and meeting the challenges of borderless economy. at the same time, the process of acquiring knowledge and understanding the environment, coping with changes, and speeding up the business de

16、cision, able to further enhance the competitive advantage of the smes. using the established model, our investigation focused on 5 identifiable variables to demonstrate its usefulness towards motivating smes to adopt e-commerce. our analysis indicated that all the selected variables were significant

17、 towards enhancing the application of e-commerce and thus maintaining competitive advantage in the industry.keywords: e-commerce application, logistic, marketing, procurement, security, smes.l.in troductione-com m ercethe emergence of e-commerce is creating fundamental changes to the way that busine

18、ss is conducted. customer can shop around comprehensively at their leisure anywhere, at any time and always enjoy the same level of services at virtually no costs. apparently, with paperless transaction, buyers are no longer required to fill in order forms or visit a business premise to place their

19、order. everything can be done electronically at buyers' convenience. according to edim(2000), even though smes might have a difficulty to develop a sophisticated web due to lack of expertise and fund, but they still need e-commerce to prosper and for on-going survival.numerous people and organiz

20、ations interpret electronic commerce or ecommerce in typical ways. the term "e-commerce emerged when businesses started to realize the role of internet as a powerful medium for conducting business especially in the service sector as it is able to improve customer-supplier relationship. e-commer

21、ce is the flow of process which is purchasing, marketing, sales and customer support that is mainly associated with a commercial relationship or transaction over the internet. laudon and traver describe e-commerce as all about time cycle, speed, and globalization, enhanced productivity, reaching new

22、 customers and sharing knowledge across institution, through digitally enabled transaction across boundaries in return for products and services.ecommerce evolved in various means of relationship within the business circle. it can be in the form of business to customer(b2c),business to business(b2b)

23、, business in business(bib)and lastly customer to customer(c2c).generally, b2b which is between organizations formed the bulk of the e-commerce activities. although e-commerce implies information between businesses, the technology is equally applicable between business and consumers and indeed betwe

24、en consumers themselves. as such, the significant role of internet as the main tool in e-commerce is becoming more relevant as it also act as a distribution channel on top of involving with the task of the traditional intermediaries-statistic revealed by multimedia development corporation (mdec) ind

25、icates the penetration rate of e-commerce in malaysia which is substantially increased by year provides a huge potential for smes to adopt e-commerce in their business. this rate is expected to constantly growing up at substantial rate from year to year.in electronic markets, the principal participa

26、nts-transaction handlers, buyers, brokers, and sellers are at different locations and even not knowing each other some people think that the implementation of e-commerce found to be both costly and cumbersome however, in reality it driving down cost factors and able to improve performance which offe

27、rs opportunities to achieve competitive advantage through product differentiation with particular reference to branding and pricing. other than that, it provide better avenues for enhancing cooperation between trading parties beside shortening the time in marketing the products or services.smes and

28、e-com m ercein order to survive in todays challenging environment, it is imperative that smes be competitive and resilient. towards this end, smes need to continuously strengthen their capacity and capability to produce high quality products and services at competitive prices.previous studies conduc

29、ted among malaysian bumiputera smes indicated that they were weak in product, promotion, and distribution innovation which therefore reflecting the poor performance of the smes.previous literatures used to define smes from different perspectives such as defining based on number of employees, paid-up

30、 capital, sectors of operations, and also the intensity of investment incurred. as such there is no one acceptable standard about defining smes. however, there are a few measurements that they may take into consideration such as its categories, sales turnover and number of employees. in malaysia, th

31、e most widely adopted definition usually those as been defined by smidec (small and medium development corporation) and bnm (bank negara malaysia) whereby smes can be grouped into three categories: micro, small, or medium. these groupings are decided based on either the numbers of people a business

32、employs or on the total sales revenue generated by a business in a year. in summary, detailed definitions of smes by size are: the application ofe-commercetable 1: characteristics of small and medium industrysectorcategorydefinition銷售額（馬幣）雇員人數(shù)microless than 250,000<5manufacturismall250,000-lessth

33、an5-50ngmediumlomil10,000,000-25,mil51-150microless than 200,000<5servicessmall200,000-less than lmil5-19mediummedium lmil-5mil20-50sources:smidec(2005)smes are major employers in the labor market. according to bnm (2005), they provided greater flexibility in employment terms whereby 76.5%of tota

34、l sme workers were hired on a full-time basis. further literatures discovered that majority of the smes in malaysia prefer to be involved in retailing, agriculture, restaurants, canteen and cafeteria, handicrafts, tailoring, small-scale manufacturing, beauty saloon, direct selling, and door-to busin

35、ess. this type of businesses largely to be less-capital intensive and requires personal communication with the customers. as such,the application of e-commerce therefore found to be less desirable.the application of e-commerce in malaysia even though is encouraging, but it is still at its infant sta

36、ge. reviewing on the finding by abu bakar and rohaizat(2002), most of the malaysian smes are still left behind in terms of using internet in their business transaction. one way to promote the application is by speeding the usage among the local msc status companies which act as the centerpiece of th

37、e national it strategy. despite of the promotion most of the msc status companies found to be using the internet for conservative task such as for communication and information gathering purposes.previous study on the smes in perak indicated the low usage of the application in most business sectors.

38、 similar trend prevailed even for those who had been in operation with the novice status or already established.marketingthe role of e-commerce in providing avenue to shift out of the home and onto consumers, digital communication devices by matching messages to consumer preferences and demographics

39、, marketers will be able to better target the right recipient with the right message at the right time. other than that, marketing functions are now performed under a hypermedia-computer-mediated-environment where interactivity and connectivity are replacing the traditional mode of negotiation and c

40、ommunication.a successful e-commerce business must be globally aware, system-oriented and customer sensitive companies can use the direct access to consumers to collect information that will help them better develop products to meet the consumers need through customizations or create new niche produ

41、cts. in general most firms used e-commerce primarily to provide information about company, its product and services, and for both internal and external communication. in addition online consumer can easily gain access to graphics, sound, and even movies, thus enabling real time transaction interacti

42、vity at a selected convenience time. this is a good opportunities to smes to market their product internationally since the information can be widely spread all over the world.as indicated by o' brien, as most of the business activities involved with buying and selling, marketing of product and

43、services over computer network, e-commerce therefore changing the shape of competition, the speed of action, and the streamlining of interactions and payments from customers to companies and from companies to suppliers. another interesting features concerning marketing in e-commerce is the attractiv

44、eness of its flexibility as compared to the traditional approach. this flexibility not only add to new items and update info based on the direct feedback received from customers, but the powerful 24 hour accessibility resulted with increase business hours across the world.logistics and procurem entl

45、ogistics is very much related to the movement of goods or services within the respective parties to the transaction. when retailers or smes apply e-commerce, they indirectly remove the need for intermediary distribution channels and extend the distribution coverage across the globe. as e- commerce b

46、ecome accepted and practically used it is changing the trend in distribution systems because the e-retailers are at the same time a retailer and a distribution center. with connectivity of the web, shipping charges can be precisely determined in real time, and a tracking number can be assigned to th

47、e shipment at the time order is placed.there are some advantages that smes can gain as they adopt in commerce from the point of logistics which is cost reduction through improved process efficiency, improved reach, the unbundling of business systems and price reductions. despite of the advantages but still the application of e-commerce f