50組固定搭配助力你的英文論文寫作

1、50 組固定搭配，助力你的英文論文寫作！photo by fegari 唧唧堂是和另外幾個(gè)創(chuàng)業(yè)團(tuán)隊(duì) Share Office 的， 其中最近的那個(gè)叫 italki, 小編昨天發(fā)現(xiàn)他們出了一個(gè)學(xué)術(shù)寫作詞匯的文章，覺(jué)得應(yīng)該對(duì)大家有用，就轉(zhuǎn)了。恩，就借這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)贊美一下這個(gè)italki吧。 italki是一個(gè)學(xué)語(yǔ)言的網(wǎng)站（特別是口語(yǔ)） ，什么語(yǔ)言都可以，比如你想練英文口語(yǔ)，就可以在他們網(wǎng)站找一個(gè)外教，和外教約課，然后用 skype 上課。小編曾經(jīng)試過(guò)幾十節(jié)，效果還不錯(cuò)， 小編找的老師是一個(gè)澳大利亞老爺爺，非常 intelligent,什么都懂，上課也很認(rèn)真，每次都會(huì)記很多筆記，課前給我找好ted 視頻

2、，最最關(guān)鍵是，這些課很便宜，比如我的只要40， 50 人民幣一個(gè)小時(shí)。哦，對(duì)了，除了口語(yǔ)，我也常常讓老爺爺幫我改文章。 好啦，贊美完畢， 大家去了解下 italki 吧， 下面的文章來(lái)自 italki 的外教，您也可以點(diǎn)擊該頁(yè)底部鏈接 “閱讀原文”和這個(gè)老師約課。50 組固定搭配，助力你的英文論文寫作！學(xué)術(shù)寫作可能是英語(yǔ)精進(jìn)的最難關(guān)之一。要掌握這項(xiàng)高級(jí)寫作技能，需要有完美的英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法，精準(zhǔn)的詞匯和對(duì)主題深刻的理解。另外，學(xué)術(shù)寫作還是一種專門的文體（正式和專業(yè)性），這一點(diǎn)對(duì)于英語(yǔ)非母語(yǔ)的作者來(lái)說(shuō)可能比較難拿捏（甚至對(duì)英語(yǔ)母語(yǔ)的作者也一樣很難！ ）。Academic writing can be

3、one of the hardest things to perfect in English. This advanced skill requires perfect grammar, pin-point vocabulary usage and a deep understanding of the subject you are writing about. What it also requires is a very specific register (level of formality) which can be difficult to get right for non-

4、native English speakers (and quite a few native speakers as well!). 想要提升學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)寫作，其中一個(gè)方法就是學(xué)習(xí)一些有用的固定搭配，這樣一來(lái)文章就會(huì)顯得更自信、更專業(yè)，論文的專業(yè)度和正式性恰到好處。 One way you can improve and transform your academic English writing is by learning some useful collocations which will make you sound self-assured, knowledgeable and b

5、ring just the right level of formality to your dissertation or thesis. 下文我們會(huì)列舉 50 個(gè)最有用的學(xué)術(shù)寫作固定搭配，附有定義和例子，全都取材于真實(shí)的學(xué)術(shù)論文。 This guide will give you 50 of the most useful academic collocations as well as definitions and some examples taken from genuine academic papers.學(xué)習(xí)要點(diǎn)：將下列固定搭配用到你寫的文章中去。想一想語(yǔ)法上對(duì)不對(duì)？?jī)?nèi)容上說(shuō)不

6、說(shuō)得通？把自己寫的句子和下面的例子比較下，看看用得對(duì)不對(duì)。 Study tip: Practice writing out your own sentences using each of the collocations listed here. Does the structure make sense grammatically? Do you understand the concept? Checkyour sentence against the example sentence for each collocation.Accurate assessmentcorrect and

7、 precise evaluation of somethingor someone 準(zhǔn)確評(píng)價(jià)：對(duì)某事或某人進(jìn)行正確而精準(zhǔn)的評(píng)估E.g. “ Accurate assessment of head motion can be a useful toolin clinical studies ”.例子：對(duì)頭部運(yùn)動(dòng)的準(zhǔn)確評(píng)價(jià)可以作為臨床研究的有用手段。2. Address the issueconsider or deal with the matter at hand 解決問(wèn)題： 考慮或者解決棘手的問(wèn)題 E.g. “ To help address this issue, we haveexte

8、nded our previous study and examined in detail the , ” .例子：為了幫助解決問(wèn)題，我們對(duì)之前的研究作了拓展，繼續(xù)探究細(xì)節(jié)方面 ,3. Adversely affectchange in a negative way 產(chǎn)生不利影響：作出不良改變E.g.“A literature search was performed to determine whether non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) adverselyaffect the healing of stress fractur

9、es” .例子：經(jīng)過(guò)文獻(xiàn)檢索，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)抗炎藥 （NSAIDs ）是否對(duì)應(yīng)力性骨折產(chǎn)生不良影響。4. Become apparentto be suddenly clear or obvious 顯性化：突然變得清晰或者明顯 E.g. “ They become apparent, however, when a newmolecular species is introduced into the atmosphere. ” .例子：當(dāng)一種新的分子種類進(jìn)入大氣層，分子們就成顯性。5. Briefoverviewa non-detailed look at the subject as a wh

10、ole 概述：對(duì)事物進(jìn)行籠統(tǒng)的描述E.g. “This paper offers a brief but broad overviewof the field of individual of language learning” .例如：這篇論文對(duì)某一種獨(dú)立的語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)行了概述。6. Broad rangeof extensive scope 廣泛：涉及大面積領(lǐng)域E.g. “ The colourproduced from this reaction is stable and increases in a proportional fashion over a broad range of

11、 increasing proteinconcentrations”.例如：反應(yīng)所產(chǎn)生的顏色很穩(wěn)定，成比例地且大量增加了蛋白質(zhì)的濃度。 7. Causal linkone thing being responsible for another 因果聯(lián)系：兩件事有因果聯(lián)系 E.g. “A causal link between high need for achievementand small business ownership is not found ”.例如：我們并沒(méi)有找到成功的高需求和小企業(yè)的擁有權(quán)之間的因果關(guān)系。8.Characteristic featurea feature w

12、hich distinguishes or defines something or someone本質(zhì)特征：能夠體現(xiàn)或者定義某個(gè)人或某件事情的特征E.g.“The characteristic feature of the book is the effort to explain the mathematical origins of the most widely used statistical formulas in terms that persons with comparatively littlemathematical training can easily follow

13、”.例子：此書的本質(zhì)特征旨在闡述最廣泛應(yīng)用的統(tǒng)計(jì)公式的數(shù)學(xué)起源，即便讀者相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)沒(méi)有太多數(shù)學(xué)背景，也可以讀懂此書。 9. Deeply rootedfirmly implanted or established 根深蒂固：深深地扎根或建立 E.g. “ This book describes efforts to develop an approach to teaching and teacher education that is deeply rooted in the study of practice ”.例子：此書力求開(kāi)發(fā)一種教學(xué)和教師教育手段，此方法源于實(shí)踐深處。 10. Det

14、ailed analysisan in-depth study 細(xì)部分析：詳細(xì)而深刻的研究 E.g. “The major difference between my book and others at this level is its coverage of the detailed analysis of experiments ” .例子：在這個(gè)層面上，我的書和其他人的區(qū)別就在于對(duì)于實(shí)驗(yàn)的細(xì)部分析。 11. Essential componenta vital part of something 重要組成部分： 某事物的重要部分E.g.“ We show here that thes

15、e proteins are an essential componentof the cell surface receptor ” .例子：我們這里顯示，這些蛋白質(zhì)是細(xì)胞表面受體的重要組成部分。12. Establish arelationshipto prove or show a link between two things 建立聯(lián)系：證明二者之間有關(guān)系。 E.g. “ Our aim was to establish the relationship between aortic stiffness and stroke death in hypertensivepatients”

16、.例子：我們的目標(biāo)是證明主動(dòng)脈硬化和中風(fēng)死亡在高血壓患者中存在聯(lián)系。13. Existing researchprevious academic work on the same subject 現(xiàn)有研究： 對(duì)同一問(wèn)題先前做的研究。E.g. “This working paper reviews theexisting research evidence about the additional costs ordeprivation that disabled people face ” .例子：這篇研究審議了關(guān)于殘疾人面臨的額外開(kāi)支和貧困狀況的現(xiàn)有研究。14. Firstimpressio

17、ninitial thought on a subject, prior to any detailed analysis最初觀點(diǎn)：在任何細(xì)節(jié)分析之前，對(duì)一個(gè)主題的最先的看法。E.g.“Our first impression was strengthened by the fact that wewere aware a condition existed in Povoa de Varzim ” .例子：我們發(fā)現(xiàn)曾經(jīng)出現(xiàn)在波瓦珍的病情，這印證了我們的最初觀點(diǎn)。 15. Frequently citedoften quoted or referred to in reference to s

18、omething 頻頻引用：多次被引用E.g. “ It should be recognized that other systemsare frequently cited, particularly in engineering literature” .例子：我們應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到，其他的系統(tǒng)經(jīng)常被引用，尤其在工程學(xué)得文獻(xiàn)中。 16. Fundamental principleprinciple from which other principles can be derived基本原理：最最基礎(chǔ)的原理，其他原理從其中得來(lái)。E.g. “ The authorsargue for the res

19、toration of beneficence to its place as the fundamental principle of medical ethics ”.例子：作者論證指出，醫(yī)學(xué)倫理的基本原理在于對(duì)善心的重建歸位。17. Generalconsensusthe majority opinion on a topic普遍認(rèn)同：對(duì)此話題的普遍意見(jiàn) E.g. “ There is a general consensus that forward exchangerates have little, if any power as forecasts of future spotex

20、change rates”.例如：大家普遍認(rèn)同，遠(yuǎn)期匯率對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)未來(lái)現(xiàn)匯匯率幾乎沒(méi)有影響。18. Gain insightachieve a more profound understanding 獲得真知灼見(jiàn)： 得到更深刻的理解E.g. “ Through this comparison we hope to gaininsight into the way they perform specific tasks ”.例如：通過(guò)此次對(duì)比， 我們希望對(duì)他們進(jìn)行這次實(shí)驗(yàn)有更深刻的認(rèn)識(shí)。19.Hierarchical structurea system where elements are subo

21、rdinate to other elements階層結(jié)構(gòu)：在系統(tǒng)中一個(gè)要素與另一個(gè)要素呈現(xiàn)下屬關(guān)系。E.g.“After reviewing their theoretical approach, the authors presentfour kinds of hierarchical structure in music ” .例如：在探討理論手段后， 作者提出了在音樂(lè)中有4 種階層結(jié)構(gòu)。 20. Highlycontroversialtending to provoke fierce disagreement 高度爭(zhēng)議：可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的不認(rèn)同 E.g. “ A highly contr

22、oversial issue in financialeconomies is whether stocks overreact” .例如：在金融經(jīng)濟(jì)中有一個(gè)具有高度爭(zhēng)議的話題，就是股票是否反應(yīng)過(guò)激。21.Immediately apparentobvious and clear at that moment 立即顯現(xiàn)：當(dāng)即變得明顯、清晰 E.g. “ The reasons for this are not immediately apparentand deserve further investigation ”.例如：對(duì)此的理由沒(méi)有立刻顯現(xiàn)出來(lái)，需要進(jìn)一步調(diào)查22. Increase

23、the likelihoodto make more likely or plausible幾率增加：變得更可能E.g.“Numerous high school students engage in behaviours thatincrease their likelihood of death from these four causes ”.例子：無(wú)數(shù)的高中學(xué)生都會(huì)做這些事情，從這四件事中他們死亡的幾率會(huì)增加。 23. Key elementa main or fundamental component 重要元素：重要的基礎(chǔ)的組成部分 E.g. “Provisional restora

24、tions represent a key element inthe realization of extensive esthetic rehabilitations ”.例子：暫時(shí)修復(fù)代表了大規(guī)模審美的修復(fù)的重要元素。24. Largelyconfinedfocussed in a particular area 主要限于：專注于某一領(lǐng)域E.g.“The metabolic syndrome is largely confined to overweightand obese adults” .例如：代謝綜合征主要限于肥胖和超重的成人之中。 25. Literal interpretat

25、iona non-metaphorical or figurative reading字面解釋：沒(méi)有隱喻或比喻含義的解釋 E.g. “In Experiment 2, targets were phrases that could be given either an idiomatic or a literal interpretation ”. 例如：在實(shí)驗(yàn) 2 中，實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象是詞組，這些詞組可以看作為習(xí)語(yǔ)，也可以只做字面含義解釋。 26. Major challengea large or fundamental problem 主要困難：很大和根本的問(wèn)題E.g. “ Keeping up

26、 with the population increase is a majorchallenge for urban areas”.例如：城市地區(qū)的主要問(wèn)題在于很難跟上人口的增長(zhǎng)。27. Markedly differentnoticeably distinct 顯著不同： 明顯的不同E.g. “ The spectrumof pyridine coordinately bonded to the surface is markedlydifferent from that of the pyridinium ion”.例如：吡啶的光譜與表面的協(xié)調(diào)度和吡啶離子有顯著不同。28. Negati

27、veconnotationsuggesting something bad or wrong 負(fù)面暗示：暗指不好的意思 E.g. “ The label placebo was avoided because of its negativeconnotation ”.例子：“安慰劑”這個(gè)標(biāo)牌并未被使用因?yàn)樗胁缓玫暮x。29. Newly emergingnovel or original concept first being introduced新產(chǎn)生的： 新的或者原創(chuàng)的概念E.g. “This is a book about a newly emergingarea of researc

28、h in instructional technology ”.例子：這本書是關(guān)于在教育科技研究這個(gè)新興領(lǐng)域的。 30. Offer insight present a deep or original analysis 提出深刻的原創(chuàng)的分析 E.g.“This study reveals what those practices are and may offerinsight for howthey fit into future workplaces” .例子：這份研究指出這個(gè)方法到底是什么并且對(duì)在未來(lái)這些方法應(yīng)用到工作領(lǐng)域作深刻的分析。31. Organisational struct

29、urethe way groups are arranged 組織結(jié)構(gòu)：組織是如何安排的E.g.“This paper models the inner workings of relationship lending,the implications for bank organisational structure, and theeffects of shocks to the economic environment on theavailability of relationship credit to small businesses ”.例子：這篇論文以如下幾方面為模板：關(guān)系型貸

30、款的內(nèi)部運(yùn)作，銀行組織結(jié)構(gòu)的含義，經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境的影響沖擊對(duì)于小型企業(yè)貸款關(guān)系的可得性的影響。32. Particular emphasisstressing one aspect of something 特別強(qiáng)調(diào)：強(qiáng)調(diào)事物的某一方面 E.g. “ The first chapter, a review of some of the principal social surveys carried out in the last half-century or so, with particular emphasis on British experience, has been entirely

31、 rewritten ”.例子：第一章審議了在上半個(gè)世紀(jì)流行的主要社會(huì)調(diào)查，特別強(qiáng)調(diào)了英國(guó)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，但這一章已經(jīng)重新改寫過(guò)了。 33. Perceived importancethe opinion that something is particularly important or relevant 感到某一觀點(diǎn)特別重要和相關(guān) E.g. “ We examined whether employees' perceived importance of the training program would be one variable that mediates the relatio

32、nship between training assignment and training motivation ”.例如：我們研究過(guò)員工是否感覺(jué)培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目的重要性，這是協(xié)調(diào)培訓(xùn)作用和培訓(xùn)動(dòng)機(jī)的變量。 34. Pioneering workwork which explores previously uncharted territory創(chuàng)舉：史無(wú)前例，探索從未有人的領(lǐng)域 E.g. “ Hans-Paul Schwefel has responded to rapidly growing interest in Evolutionary Computation, a field that or

33、iginated, in part, with his pioneering work in the early 1970s ” .例如： Has-Paul Schwefel 回應(yīng)了對(duì)進(jìn)化計(jì)算這一熱點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域，該領(lǐng)域有一部分是在二十世紀(jì)70年代發(fā)源的。 35. Positive featuresomething good 積極特征：好的方面 E.g. “The great chemicaldiversity is a positive feature in that it indicates the likelihoodthat a variety of approaches can be mad

34、e to prevention” .例如：偉大化學(xué)方面的多樣性是一大積極特征，顯示了各種防治手段可以人為的可能性。36. Qualitatively differentdifferences relating to quality as opposed to quantity 質(zhì)的不同：質(zhì)量上的不同而非數(shù)量上的不同 E.g. “ Current methods for generating qualitatively different plans are either based on simple randomisation of planning decisions ” .例如：目前我們

35、產(chǎn)生質(zhì)的不同的計(jì)劃是基于簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)劃決定的隨機(jī)性37.Quantitative studya study which focuses on aspects of quantity 定量研究：一項(xiàng)專注于數(shù)量的研究 E.g. “Qualitative and quantitative studies were performed on pulmonary blood vessels in lung tissue obtained by biopsy, pneumonectomy, or autopsy ” .例如：通過(guò)活體組織切片、肺切除手術(shù)和尸檢，定量和定性研究都對(duì)于肺部組織的肺血管進(jìn)行。38.

36、Raise a questionnecessitates an obvious enquiry 提出質(zhì)疑：提出一個(gè)明顯而必要的疑問(wèn) E.g. “ At the same time, it also raises the question of whether a single reform can meet the very different objectives of different supporters ” .例如：同時(shí)，這也對(duì)我們提出了質(zhì)疑，是否單個(gè)的改革可以針對(duì)不同的支持者的對(duì)象。39. Rapidexpansionto grow larger at a fast rate 快速

37、擴(kuò)張：大規(guī)?？焖僭鲩L(zhǎng) E.g. “ It has been suggested that the rapid expansion could be the result of human activities causing habitat disturbances or stresses such as pollution ” .例如：有人提出，快速的擴(kuò)張可能是由人類活動(dòng)導(dǎo)致的，從而引起了居住的不適、 壓力譬如污染。 40. Reach a consensusdevelop a general agreement 達(dá)成共識(shí) E.g. “ A consensus conference was

38、organized to evaluate the data and reach a consensus on optimal treatment protocols” .例如：組織召開(kāi)了一次共識(shí)會(huì)議， 會(huì)上評(píng)估了數(shù)據(jù)， 對(duì)最佳治療方案達(dá)成共識(shí)。41. Reciprocal relationshipbenefiting both parties equally 互惠關(guān)系： 雙方受益 E.g. “ The aim of the present study is to examine the reciprocal relationship between parental attachment a

39、nd adolescent internalising and externalising problem behaviour ”.例如：當(dāng)前研究的目的是為了探究親子依戀和成人內(nèi)化和外化問(wèn)題行為的互惠關(guān)系。42.Seem plausibleappear possible or likely 似乎有道理：貌似可行 E.g. “ Again, even though the results seem plausible, they are hard to interpret in the absence of a theory” .例如：即便結(jié)果似乎有道理，沒(méi)有理論就很難解釋。43. Specif

40、ic examplesfocussed examples 特例 E.g. “The specific examples used areshown to have a substantial biasing effect on diagnosticaccuracy”.例如：我們使用的特例顯示我們對(duì)診斷的精確性有顯著的偏差。44. Theoretical approachfocussing on theories rather than practical application 理論研究方法：專注于理論而非實(shí)踐 E.g. “A new theoretical approachto language has emerged in the past 10 15 years that allows linguistic observations about form meaning pairings, known as'constructions', to be stated directly ”.例如：在過(guò)去10-15 年間產(chǎn)生了新的研究語(yǔ)言的方法，這種方法允許對(duì)語(yǔ)言的形式（含義配對(duì)）進(jìn)行觀察研究，稱作“結(jié)構(gòu)主義”，如果直接表