神經(jīng)科學(xué)專用名詞

1、精要速覽系列（影印版）Instant Notes Neuroscience神經(jīng)科學(xué)核心詞匯翻譯參考手冊(cè)主編 杜繼曾陳學(xué)群浙江大學(xué)，玉泉校區(qū)，神經(jīng)生物學(xué)和生理學(xué)教研室編寫者 陸新江，王莉， 王懿，徐弘同學(xué)Motor neuron運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元按章節(jié)順序:受體協(xié)Section A Brain cellsA1 Neuron structureNeuron神經(jīng)細(xì)胞，神經(jīng)元Subcellular organelles亞細(xì)胞器Nissl body 尼氏體神經(jīng)元中的粗面內(nèi)質(zhì) 網(wǎng)形成的聚合物。Neurite 神經(jīng)突Axon 軸突Dendrite 樹突Mitochondria 線粒體dendritic spines

2、 樹突脊樹突在神經(jīng)元上 分化成幾百個(gè)微小投射。axon hillock 軸丘 myelin sheath 髓鞘 axon collalterals 軸突分枝 terminals突觸末稍varicosities 曲張?bào)w microtubules微管cytoskeleton細(xì)胞骨架A2 Classes and numbers of neuronsMorphology 形態(tài)學(xué)Neurotranmitters神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)Unipolar 單極神經(jīng)元僅有一個(gè)樹突的神經(jīng)元。Bipolar雙極神經(jīng)元Multipolar多極神經(jīng)元Pseudounipolar假單極神經(jīng)元生長(zhǎng)出兩個(gè)神經(jīng)突，但隨后融合Pyramida

3、l cell錐體細(xì)胞Purkinje cell浦肯野氏細(xì)胞Projection neuron投射神經(jīng)元擁有長(zhǎng)軸突的神經(jīng)元Interneurons內(nèi)在神經(jīng)元擁有短的軸突的神經(jīng)元Afferent傳入Efferent傳出Sensory neuron 感覺神經(jīng)元A3 Morphology of chemical synapses electrical synapse電突觸chemical synapse化學(xué)突觸synaptic cleft神經(jīng)間隙axodendritic synapse 軸樹突觸 軸突與樹突之間的突觸axosomatic synapse 軸體突觸 axoaxonal synapse 軸

4、軸突觸 small clear synaptic vesicles(SSVs) 小清 晰突觸囊泡在突觸前神經(jīng)元存在的儲(chǔ)存遞質(zhì)的囊泡dense projections致密突起active zone活性區(qū)域postsynaptic density 突觸致密物質(zhì) large dense-core vesicles巨大致密度中心囊泡A4 glial cells and myelinationGlial cells膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞是神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的輔助細(xì)胞Astrocytes星狀細(xì)胞Oligodendrocytes 寡突細(xì)胞Schwann cells許旺氏細(xì)胞圍繞在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞外的一種膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞，形成髓鞘。Nodes of

5、 Ranvier 朗飛氏節(jié)包有髓鞘神經(jīng)的軸突上的小段裸露。Microglia微小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞Glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) 膠質(zhì) 纖維酸性蛋白Glial membrane 膠質(zhì)膜 由星狀細(xì)胞形 成的圍繞于神經(jīng)細(xì)胞周圍的細(xì)胞層。Multiple sclerosis多發(fā)性硬化Gliosis膠質(zhì)過多癥A5 blood-brain barrierBlood-brain barrier血腦屏障Endothelial cells內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞Pinocytotic vesicles胞飲囊泡Receptor-mediated endocytosis調(diào)的胞吞Circumven

6、tricular organs (CVOs) 室周器官Tanycytes室管膜的一種上皮細(xì)胞Choroid plexus 脈絡(luò)叢P-glucoprotein 腦內(nèi)一種重要的傳運(yùn)蛋 ISection B Foundations ofelectrophysiologyB1 Resting potentialsAction potentials動(dòng)作電位在質(zhì)膜上電位的簡(jiǎn)單逆轉(zhuǎn)。Intracellular recording 胞內(nèi)記錄 種測(cè)量跨膜電位的技術(shù)。Resting potentials 靜息電位在沒有受刺激的興奮性細(xì)胞質(zhì)膜上的電壓。Microelectrode 微電極Reference elec

7、trode對(duì)照電極Operational amplifier可操作擴(kuò)增器Diffusional force 擴(kuò)散力 Electrostatic force電平衡力Equilibrium potential平衡電位在這個(gè)電位沒有K+離子的凈流動(dòng)。B2 Action potentialsStimulator 刺激Duration持續(xù)時(shí)間Amplitude 強(qiáng)度Frequency 頻率Inward current 內(nèi) 向電流Outward current外向電流Depolarization 去極化 內(nèi)電流引起的膜 電位下降。Hyperpolarization 超極化 外向電流引起的膜電位上升。Thr

8、eshold stimulus 閾刺激產(chǎn)生動(dòng)作電位的最小刺激電流。Subthreshold 閾下刺激Superthreshold閾上刺激Thresholf voltage 閾電壓All-or-none rule 全或無規(guī)則Latent period 潛伏期Absolute refractory period絕對(duì)不應(yīng)期在動(dòng)作電位峰值期，神經(jīng)元完全不興奮。Relative refractory period 相對(duì)不應(yīng)期 在超極化時(shí)，神經(jīng)元需要一個(gè)閾上刺激才會(huì) 興奮。B3 Voltage-dependent ion channels Ion selectivity離子選擇性Voltage sensi

9、tivity 電壓敏感性 Activation 激活離子通道打開也被叫做 激活Self-regeneration 自重生Delayed outward rectifier推遲的外流控制器Feedback amplifier反饋擴(kuò)增器Command voltage命令電壓Capacitance current 電容電流B4 molecular biology of sodium and potassium channelsPatch clamping小孔開關(guān)研究單離子通道的電生理方法通過在玻璃微管和細(xì)胞表面形成高阻抗而起作用。電流流過小孔將 被記錄，這使得流過單離子通道的極小電流 被記錄。電子使

10、得小孔電壓被開關(guān)所以電壓 開關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)也可以進(jìn)行。Macroscopic currents可見電流Unitary channel current 單通道電流 Mean channel open time平均通道打開時(shí)間Hydropathy plots疏水性分析Site-directed mutagenesis 位點(diǎn)定向變 異Ball and chain mechanism 球鏈機(jī)制鉀離子通道失活機(jī)制。B5 action potential conduction Spike initiation zone 峰起始區(qū)Local circuit currents局部電流環(huán)路Saltatory condu

11、ction 跳躍傳導(dǎo)Myelinated axons 有髓鞘的軸突 Nonmyelinated axons沒有髓鞘的軸突Section C Synapse functionC1 overview of synaptic function Electrical transmission 電傳導(dǎo)Chemical transmission化學(xué)傳導(dǎo)Gap junction 間隙連接Connexon 共突觸Valtage-dependent calcium channels壓力依靠的鈣離子通道Superfamilies 超家族Ligand-gated ion channel receptors 配體離子

12、通道受體Ionotropic receptors親離子受體G protein-linked receptors G 蛋白耦聯(lián)受體Metabotropic receptors 親代謝受體Fast transmission快傳遞當(dāng)神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)通過親離子受體時(shí)產(chǎn)生的效果Slow transmission慢傳遞當(dāng)神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)通過親代謝受體時(shí)產(chǎn)生的效果Classical transmission 經(jīng)典傳遞Neuromodulation 神經(jīng)協(xié)調(diào)Cotrasmission 共傳導(dǎo)突觸釋放超過一種神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的傳導(dǎo)C2 Fast neurotransmissionExcitatory postsynaptic pote

13、ntials 興奮 性突觸后電位在突觸體記錄的的去極化，通過幾個(gè)突觸的激活引起。rAminobutyrate(GABA)伽馬氨基丁酸inhibitory postsynaptic potentials 抑制 性突觸后電位Microiontophoresis微離子電泳這種技術(shù)允許將精確的離子化分子通過微管傳送 入神經(jīng)元表面。Synaptic delay 突觸推遲Reversal potential 逆電位Agonist 激動(dòng)劑C3 Slow neurotransmissionAdenylyl cyclase 腺甘酸環(huán)化酶Cyclicadenosine-3 ',5'-monopho

14、sphate(cAMP) 單磷酸環(huán)化腺甘酸Protein kinase A 蛋白激酶 APhosphodiesterase 磷酸二酯酶Desensitize不敏感化Arrestin 捕獲子Phosphatidyl inositol-4,5-bisphosphate磷酯酰二磷酸肌醇Diacylglycerol(DAG) 甘油二酯Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate三磷酸肌醇Protein kinase C 蛋白激酶 CSmooth endoplasmic reticulum(SER) 滑 面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)Troponin肌鈣蛋白Calmodulin(CaM)鈣調(diào)激酶Calcium-c

15、almodulin-dependent proteinkinase n鈣調(diào)激酶nC4 Receptor molecular biologyPentamer 五聚物Nicotinic 煙堿的Senven transmembrane segments(TM I-TM W )七次跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)Hetero-oligomers 異聚體Allostery變構(gòu)效應(yīng)一個(gè)分子結(jié)合到一個(gè)受體使得另一個(gè)分子的結(jié)合更容易。Benzodiazepines 苯二氮Barbiturates 巴比妥Steroid anesthetics類固醇麻醉劑N-methyl-D-aspartateN 甲基 D 型天冬氨酸C5 Neurot

16、ransmitter releaseExocytosis 胞吐Excitation-secretion coupling興奮分泌耦聯(lián)神經(jīng)末端興奮與遞質(zhì)釋放的耦聯(lián)Endocytosis 胞吞Quanta 量子Neuromuscular junction神經(jīng)肌肉節(jié)點(diǎn)Miniature endplate potentials (mepps )微終板電位Length constant長(zhǎng)度常數(shù)Endplate potentials終板電位Quantal size量子大小Miniature postsynaptic potentials 微后Electrotonic length電緊張強(qiáng)度Time con

17、stant 時(shí)間常數(shù) Conductance load 傳導(dǎo)負(fù)載突觸電位Calcium imaging 鈣圖像一種技術(shù)，它使得鈣信號(hào)在時(shí)間和空間上擴(kuò)散到整個(gè)細(xì)胞Antidromic/back-propagated逆?zhèn)鲗?dǎo)D2 Spatial and temporal summation成為可見。Calcium microdomain 鈣微域鈣通道區(qū)Temporal summation 時(shí)間總和 隨著時(shí) 間連續(xù)的突觸后電位總和。域，那使得鈣濃度上升不會(huì)太快。Releasable pool可釋放池Reserve pool 保留池Spatial summation 空間總和突觸后電位在神經(jīng)兀表向不同點(diǎn)

18、的總和。Weighting 加權(quán)Recruitment 征募Docking ?？恐改遗萁Y(jié)合到質(zhì)膜上準(zhǔn)備 釋放C6 Voltage-dependent calcium channelsC7 Neurotransmitter inactivationEnzymic degradation酶降解Acetylcholinesterase(AChE)乙酰膽堿酶Diffusion 擴(kuò)散Volley 群才H批快速的輸入動(dòng)作電位Section E Elements of neuroanatomyE1 Organization of the peripheral nervous systemC8 Autorec

19、eptorsAutoreceptors自受體它們定位的神經(jīng)Somaticnervoussystem體神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)兀后遞質(zhì)釋放Heteroceptors 異受體它們定位的神經(jīng)PNSAutonomic nervous system自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)兀無此種遞質(zhì)釋放Presynaptic receptor突觸前膜受體Section D Neural integrationEntericnervoussystem腸神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)Spinalnerve脊神經(jīng)Cranialnerve腦神經(jīng)D1 Properties of neuritisElectrotonically電緊張地Sensoryfiber感覺纖維Cable

20、equation電纜公式描繪了沿電纜隨時(shí)間距離的電流擴(kuò)增Motorfiber運(yùn)動(dòng)纖維Cable properties電纜屬性Equivalent circuit 平衡電流 神經(jīng)元的Dorsalroot背根每一個(gè)柱狀部分可以作升-個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單電流環(huán) 路模型叫平衡電流。Axial resistance 軸電阻Membrane resistance膜電阻Ventralroot腹根Ganglia神經(jīng)節(jié)VisceraThermoreceptor內(nèi)臟溫度感覺器PreganglionicmyelinatedaxonNeuromuscularjunction節(jié)前有髓軸突神經(jīng)肌肉節(jié)點(diǎn)Postganglionicunm

21、yelinatedfiberNeurolemma節(jié)后無髓纖維神經(jīng)鞘Acetylcholine(ACh)Fasciculi乙酰膽堿纖維束AutonomicgangliaPerineurium自主神經(jīng)節(jié)神經(jīng)束膜SympatheticnervoussystemEndoneurium交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)神經(jīng)內(nèi)膜ParasympatheticnervoussystemEpineurium副交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)神經(jīng)外膜Thoracicspinalsegment胸節(jié)Cranial nerves十二對(duì)腦神經(jīng)LumbarspinalsegmentOlfactory嗅崢Optic視SacralspinalsegmentOculo

22、motor動(dòng)眼舐節(jié)Trochlear滑車ParavertebralchainTrigeminal三叉脊柱旁鏈Abducens外展SubsidiarygangliaFacial面輔助神經(jīng)節(jié)Vestibulocochlear位聽NorepinephrineGlossopharyngeal舌咽去甲腎上腺素Vagus還正InnervateAccessory副受神經(jīng)支配Hypoglossal舌下Gut內(nèi)臟Erlanger 厄蘭格獲1944年諾貝爾生理學(xué)-Submucosa醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)黏瞋下層Gasser 力口塞獲 1944年諾貝爾生理學(xué)-醫(yī)Myentericplexus學(xué)獎(jiǎng)腸肌叢Lloyd勞埃德Vertebr

23、ateHunt亨特脊椎動(dòng)物Exocrine 外分泌Afferent(centripetal)fiberEndocrine 內(nèi)分泌傳入纖維Juxtaglomerular近腎小球的Efferent(centrifugal)fiberAdipose脂肪的傳出纖維Intermediolateral horn中間外側(cè)角MechanoreceptorAbdomen 腹部機(jī)械性刺激感受器Craniosacral顱舐骨的NociceptorThoracolumbar 胸腰部的傷害感受器Vasoactive intestinalpeptide血管活性腸肽Adenosine 5 '-triphosphat

24、eATPDivergence 分散Disseminate 散布Blood vessel 血管Adrenal medulla腎上腺髓質(zhì)Cylindrical sheet圓柱片Myenteric plexus 腸卜叢 Submucosal plexus 粘膜卜叢Pylorus 幽門Anus肛門Intermediomedial column 中間內(nèi)側(cè)柱Fasciculus cuneatus 楔束Fasciculus gracilis 薄束 Raphespinal tract 縫核脊髓束Lateral corticospinal tract皮質(zhì)脊髓外側(cè)束Rubrospinal tract紅核脊髓束La

25、teral reticulospinal tract外側(cè)網(wǎng)狀脊髓束Ventral reticulospinal tract腹側(cè)網(wǎng)狀脊髓束Vestibulospinal tract前庭脊髓束E2 Organization of the central nervous systemCortex皮層Cerebrum 大腦Cerebellum 小腦Hindbrain 后腦Midbrain 中腦Forebrain 前腦Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 腦脊液Ventricular 室的Medulla 延腦Pons腦橋Ventral tegmentum 腹側(cè)被蓋Dorsal tectum

26、 背側(cè)頂蓋Brainstem 月百干Diencephalon 間月百Thalamus 丘月百Hypothalamus 下丘腦Extrapyramidal錐體束外的Limbic system邊緣系統(tǒng)Cauda equine 馬尾Gray matter灰質(zhì)Whit matter白質(zhì)Neuropil神經(jīng)氈，神經(jīng)纖維網(wǎng)Central canal 中央溝Ventricle 腦室Dorsal horn 背角Ventral horn 腹角Rexed laminaeRexed 神經(jīng)板Tracts 神經(jīng)束Substantia gelatinosa 膠狀質(zhì)Intermediolateral column 中間外側(cè)

27、柱Medial longitudinal fasciculus 內(nèi)側(cè)縱束 Solitariospinal tract 單體脊髓束 Tectospinal tract頂蓋脊髓束Ventral corticospinal tract 皮質(zhì)脊髓腹側(cè) 束Spinothalamic and spinoreticular tracts 脊髓丘腦和脊髓網(wǎng)狀束Spinoolivary and spinotectal tracts 脊椎橄欖和脊髓頂盍束Ventral spinocerebellar tract腹側(cè)脊髓小腦束Dorsal spinocerebellar tract 背側(cè)脊髓小 腦束Caudal尾部

28、的Rostral 喙部的Primary vesicle初級(jí)小泡Telencephalon 端月百，終月百Cerebral hemisphere大月西半球Alar plate 翼板Roofplate 頂板Baseplate 基板Floorplate 底板Tegmentum 被蓋Tectum 頂蓋Reticular system網(wǎng)狀系統(tǒng)Corpus callosum 月并月氏體Gyrus腦回Sulcus回間溝Neocortex 新皮層Central sulcus 中央溝Frontal lobe 前葉Temporal lobe 顆葉Occipital lobe 枕葉Parietal lobe 頂葉C

29、ytoarchitecture細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)Stellate cell星形細(xì)胞Pyramidal cell 錐體細(xì)胞Extrapyramidal錐體束外的Neostriatum新紋狀體Caudate 尾狀的Putamen 核Paleostriatum舊紋狀體Globus pallidus 蒼白球Lentiform nucleus 豆?fàn)詈薙ubstantia nigra 黑質(zhì)Cingulate gyrus 扣帶回Parahippocampal gyrus 海馬旁回 uncus 鉤Hippocampus 海馬Subiculum下托，下腳Archaeocortex 古皮層Fornix穹隆Amygdale

30、杏仁核Septal nucleus 隔核Mammillary bodies孚 L 頭體E3 Neuroanatomical techniquesCationic dyes陽(yáng)離子染料Silver stains 銀染色Cresyl violet 結(jié)晶紫Toluidine blue甲苯胺藍(lán)Retrograde 倒退的Horseradish peroxidase 辣根過氧化物酶Carbocyanine 厥花青Autoradiography 射線自顯影法E4 Brain imagine2-deoxyglucose 2-脫氧葡萄糖 nuclear magnetic resonance NMR 核磁共振E5

31、 Meninges and cerebrospinal fluidPia mater 軟腦膜Arachnoid mater 蛛網(wǎng)膜 Subarachnoid space蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔Perivascular space 血管周月空Cranial bone 頭蓋骨Venous sinus 靜脈竇Arachnoid villus蛛網(wǎng)膜絨毛Dura mater 硬腦膜Cistern 池Subpial space 軟腦膜下腔Extradural space硬腦膜外腔Subdural hemorrhage軟腦膜下出血Extradural hemorrhage硬腦膜外出血Epidural nerve硬腦膜上神

32、經(jīng)Sagittal sinus 矢狀竇IV ventricle第四腦室Choroid plexus 脈絡(luò)叢III ventricle 第三腦室Lateral ventricle 側(cè)腦室Hydrocephalus 腦水腫Ependyma 室管膜Blood-CSF barrier 血液-腦脊液屏障Carbonic anhydrase 碳酸酎酶Section G SomatosensorysystemsG1 Cutaneous sensory receptorsCutaneous 皮膚的Receptive field 感受野Transduction 傳導(dǎo)Receptor potential感受命電位

33、Generator potential啟動(dòng)電位Analog模擬Analog-digital converters模擬-數(shù)字變頻器Adaptation 適應(yīng)Mechanoreceptors機(jī)械性刺激感殳命Thermoreceptor溫度感殳命Nociceptor 傷害感殳器Epidermis 表皮Dermis 真皮Corpuscle 微粒Disc圓盤Sinusoidal Vibration正弦振動(dòng)Indentation 齒痕，缺口Hairy多毛的Enkephalin 腦啡肽Glabrous無毛的Serotonin 5-羥色胺Sensitization 敏化Norepinephrine去甲腎上腺素

34、Trauma 外傷，損傷Opioid阿片樣物質(zhì)Bradykinin 緩激肽Phantom pain 幻痛Histamine 組胺Amputation切斷手術(shù)Prostaglandin前列腺素Dorsolateral tract背外側(cè)束Primary hyperalgesia初級(jí)痛覺閾限減低，Paleospinothalamic tract古脊髓丘腦束初級(jí)痛覺過敏Neospinothalamic tract;10髓丘腦束Medullary reticular nuclei延腦網(wǎng)狀核G2 Dorsal column pathways for touchPontine reticular nucle

35、i 腦橋網(wǎng)狀核sensationsPeriaqueductal gray matter (PGM)導(dǎo)水Dermatome 皮片管周圍灰質(zhì)Proprioceptor本體感殳吸Cervical頸部的Dorsal column nuclei (DCN) 背柱核Spinotectal fiber脊髓頂蓋纖維Medial lemniscus 內(nèi)側(cè)丘系Superior colliculus 上丘Dorsal column-medial lemniscus (DCML)Anterolateral cordotomy脊髓前側(cè)柱切斷pathway 背柱-內(nèi)側(cè)丘系通路術(shù)Dorsal horn cells (DHC

36、s)背角細(xì)胞Positron 正電子Ventroposterolateral腹后外側(cè)的Gate control theory門控學(xué)說Decussation X 型交叉Marginal zone 邊緣區(qū)Primary somatosensory cortex 初級(jí)體覺Substance P P 物質(zhì)皮層TranscutaneouselectricalnerveStereognosis實(shí)體覺，實(shí)體辨別stimulation經(jīng)皮膚的電神經(jīng)刺激Tactile discrimination觸覺辨別Acupuncture 針刺療法Ipsilateral身體同側(cè)的Analgesia痛覺喪失Contralat

37、eral 對(duì)側(cè)的Stimulus-produced analgesia刺激產(chǎn)生的Limbic cortex邊緣皮層痛覺喪失Hippocampus 海馬Disinhibition 去抑制Amygdala 杏仁核Antinociceptor反傷害感殳器Reciprocal connection相互聯(lián)系Nucleus raphes magnus(NRM )中縫大核Reticular nuclei 網(wǎng)狀核Noradrenergic cell去甲腎上腺素能細(xì)胞Lateral tegmental nucleus側(cè)被蓋核G3 AnterolateralsystemsandAxo-dendritic syna

38、pse軸-樹突觸descending control of painDorsal longitudinal fasciculus背側(cè)縱束Anterolateral column 前側(cè)術(shù)Morphine 嗎啡Spinothalamic tract 脊髓丘腦束Heroin海洛因Spinoreticular tract 脊髓網(wǎng)狀束Pethidine 陪替丁Spinomesencephalic tract 脊髓中腦束Referred pain 牽涉痛Cortical皮層的Diagnosis 診斷Ablation 切除Deafferentiation pain 去傳入痛Enkephalingergic

39、interneuron 腦 啡 肽 能Traumatic avulsion外傷撕裂抑制神經(jīng)原Phantom pain 幻痛Substantia gelatinosa 膠狀質(zhì)Causalgia 灼痛Central pain syndrome中樞痛綜合癥H1 Attributes of vision懸韌帶乳頭括約乳頭擴(kuò)張肌 水狀體晶狀體玻璃體液直肌跟腱軟腦膜青光眼視交叉 視束前頂蓋上丘外側(cè)膝狀體核視輻射初級(jí)視皮層瞳孔交感的動(dòng)眼神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)反射轉(zhuǎn)眼反射視神經(jīng)盤 盲點(diǎn) 暗適應(yīng)的G4 Sense of balanceVestibular Labyrinth前庭迷路Epithelial 上皮的 Utricle

40、 小囊 Saccule 小囊 Otolith organ耳石器官Endolymph 內(nèi)淋巴 Perilymph 外淋巴 Macula 斑 Epithelium 上皮細(xì)胞 Kinocilium 動(dòng)纖毛 Stereocilium 靜纖毛 Cupula 頂 Inertia 慣性 Tinnitus 耳鳴 Vertigo 眩暈 Contralateral 對(duì)側(cè)的 Parietal 頂骨的 Inner ear 內(nèi)耳 Labyrinth 迷路 Vestibule 前庭 Semicircular canal 半規(guī)管 Petrous portion 巖部Vestibulo-ocular reflexes 前庭一

41、眼反射 Bony labyrinth 骨迷路 Membranous labyrinth 膜迷路 Cochlear duct 耳蝸管 Venous sinus 靜脈竇 Dura硬腦膜 Endolymphatic sac. 內(nèi)淋巴囊 Perilymphatic duct外淋巴管Semicircular duct膜半規(guī)管Foramen magnum 枕大孔 Supporting cell 支持細(xì)胞 Hair cell毛細(xì)胞 Otoliths 耳石 Pivot在樞軸上轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng) Vestibular ganglion 前庭節(jié) Ampulla 壺腹Section H VisionRetinal視黃醛Acuit

42、y清晰度Fovea凹H2 Eye and visual path waysAnatomy解剖學(xué)Sclera鞏膜Cornea角膜Choroid脈絡(luò)膜Conjunctiva結(jié)膜Ciliary body睫狀體Iris虹膜Zonular Fiber小帶纖維Suspensory ligament Pupil瞳孔Papillary sphincter 肌Papillary dilatorAqueous humor LensVitreous humor rectus tendonPia materGlaucomaOptic chiasmOptic tract Pretectum Superior colli

43、culusLateral geniculate nucleus Optic radiation Primary visual cortex Pupil ConsensualOculomotorAccommodation reflex Vergence reflexH3 RetinaOptic discBlind spotScotopicPhotopic光適應(yīng)的Broad band快道Cataract白內(nèi)障Amacrine cell無長(zhǎng)突細(xì)胞Chromatic aberration色差Purkinje shift浦肯野轉(zhuǎn)H6 Early visual processing移Lateral gen

44、iculate nucleus外側(cè)膝狀體核Dark adaptation暗適應(yīng)Parvocellular layer小細(xì)胞層Light adaptation光適應(yīng)Magnocellular layer大細(xì)胞層Color blindness色盲Koniocellular layer微細(xì)胞層Trichromats三色視者，正常Primary visual cortex初級(jí)視皮層視覺者Striate cortex紋狀皮層Dichromats二色視者Simple cell簡(jiǎn)單細(xì)胞Protanopes紅色旨者Complex cell復(fù)雜細(xì)胞Deuteranopes綠色盲者Hierarchical mod

45、el分層模型Tritanopes藍(lán)色盲者Binocular cell雙目細(xì)胞Monochromats單色盲者，全色Ocular dominance眼優(yōu)勢(shì)*Hypercolumn超級(jí)柱H4 PhototransductionH7 Parallel processingin the visualSpherule小球官針systemPedicle肉莖Magnocellular pathway大細(xì)胞通Visual pigment視色素路Rhodopsin視紫紅質(zhì)Parvocellular pathway小細(xì)胞通路Cone opsin錐體視蛋白Cytochrome oxidase細(xì)胞色素氧化Retini

46、tis pigmentosa炎色素性視網(wǎng)膜酶Perceptual cancellation知覺消除Dark current暗電流color contrast色對(duì)比Opsin視蛋白visual cortex視皮層Transducin轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)素achromatopsia全色盲Rhodopsin kinase視紫紅質(zhì)激酶equiluminant等亮Bleach漂白saccade眼急動(dòng)Saturated飽和的posterior parietal后側(cè)的Dark adaptation暗適應(yīng)optic ataxia視覺失調(diào)inferotemporal cortex顆卜皮質(zhì)H5 Retinal processin

47、gvisual agnosia視覺性認(rèn)Bipolar cell雙極細(xì)胞識(shí)不能Triad ribbon三聯(lián)帶prosopagnosia面容失認(rèn)Invaginating收進(jìn)鞘中癥Bipolar兩極的Midget微型的Ganglion cell神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞Horizontal cellParvocellular ganglion水平細(xì)胞 小細(xì)胞神經(jīng)節(jié)SectionIAuditoryMagnocellular ganglion經(jīng)節(jié)大細(xì)胞神neuroscienceAcoustics 聲學(xué)Amplitude 振幅Auditory acuity聽覺靈敏度Auditory canal 咽鼓管Basilar me

48、mbrane 基底膜Central auditory pathways 聽覺中樞通路Central auditory processing中樞聲音處理Characteristic frequency特征頻率Cochlea 耳蝸Cochlear amplification耳蝸擴(kuò)大Cochlear nucleus耳蝸復(fù)膜Coding of sound level聲音編碼Conduction deafness傳導(dǎo)性聾Critical bandwidth 臨界帶寬Decibel 分貝External auditory meatus夕卜耳道Hair cell毛細(xì)胞Incus 砧骨Inner hair c

49、ells 內(nèi)耳細(xì)胞Isofrequency strips 同頻率帶Labyrinth 迷路Lateral superior olivary nucleus 側(cè)線上橄欖復(fù)核Logarithmic 對(duì)數(shù)的Longitudinal經(jīng)度的，縱向的Malleus 錘骨Modiolus耳蝸軸Octave倍頻程Oscillation 振動(dòng)，擺動(dòng)Otoacoustic emissions耳聲發(fā)射Otosclerosis耳硬化癥Outer hair cells 外耳細(xì)胞Oval window 卵圓窗Peripheral auditory processing 夕卜周聲音處理Pharynx 咽部Phon音響的強(qiáng)度

50、單位Primary auditory afferents初級(jí)聽覺傳入纖維Primary auditory cortex初級(jí)聽覺皮層Rarefied 純凈的，稀薄的Receptive fields 感受野Ribbon synapses 帶狀突觸Round window 圓窗Scala tympani 鼓階Scala vestibuli 前庭階Secondary auditory cortex次級(jí)聽覺皮層Sine wave 正弦波Sinusoidal正弦曲線Sound pressure level (SPL )聲壓水平(= 2010g10P/Pref ,其中P是聲波的振幅即聲 壓，Pref是參考?jí)?/p>

51、 2 M05Pa, SPL單位 是分貝)Spiral ganglion 螺旋中心Stapes鐐骨Superior olivary complex高級(jí)卵形復(fù)合物Tectorial membrane 覆膜Tensor tympani 張肌定音鼓 The organ of Corti螺旋器Three ear ossicles耳骨Tinnitus 耳鳴Tuning curves調(diào)諧曲線Tympanic membrane (ear drum ) 鼓膜Tympanic reflexes 鼓膜反射Velocity 速率Vestibular 前庭的Vibration 振動(dòng)，擺動(dòng)Wavelength 波長(zhǎng)Set

52、ion J Chemical senses :smell and tasteCone photoreceptors 錐形光感受器 Corticomedial amygdala 皮中扁桃體 Cranial nerve 頭蓋神經(jīng)Cribriform plate孑L 板Entorhinal cortex 眶額回皮層Ethmoid 篩骨Flavor perception 風(fēng)味感覺Geniculate ganglia 膝狀彎曲中樞Gustatory receptor cells味覺受體細(xì)胞Medial dorsal thalamus 中脊丘腦 Mitral cells 僧帽細(xì)胞Nodose ganglia多結(jié)節(jié)中樞Nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)單束 核Odorant receptors氣體分子爻體Flexor reflexes屈肌反射Odor binding proteins氣體分子結(jié)合蛋Gastro