2022年英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作專(zhuān)題講座-句子

1、高考復(fù)習(xí)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作專(zhuān)題講座（一）-句 子語(yǔ)篇的單位不是單詞，而是句子，句子是構(gòu)成段落的基本單位，若干句子的組合，構(gòu)成段落，若干段落的組合構(gòu)成文章，因此，寫(xiě)出語(yǔ)法正確、意思清楚的好句子是寫(xiě)好文章的基礎(chǔ)。英語(yǔ)句子分有簡(jiǎn)單句，并列句，復(fù)合句第一講簡(jiǎn)單句只包含 一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子，叫簡(jiǎn)單句。簡(jiǎn)單句按功能分四種：陳述句感嘆句疑問(wèn)句祈使句第一部分英語(yǔ)六種基本句型句子是文章的基本框架，在文章中起著橋梁的作用。任何文章都由句子組成，句子又由詞組、基本句型構(gòu)成。掌握好詞組、基本句型，再配上合適的時(shí)態(tài)，一篇文章就基本完成。英語(yǔ)句子有長(zhǎng)有短，有簡(jiǎn)有繁，從現(xiàn)象看，似乎千變?nèi)f化，難以捉摸，但從實(shí)質(zhì)看，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)在的聯(lián)系，

2、找出其共同規(guī)律。英語(yǔ)句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成六種基本句型及擴(kuò)大，組合，省略，或倒裝。六種基本句型：基本句型 1：s v (主+謂) 基本句型 2：s v p（主 +謂+表）基本句型 3：s v o （主 +謂+賓）基本句型 4：s v o o （主 +謂+間接賓語(yǔ) +直接賓語(yǔ)）基本句型 5：s v o c （主 +謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)）基本句型 6：there be + 主語(yǔ)+ 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)句型（存在句：表示“ 在某處有某人或某物” ）一：基本句型 1： s v (主+謂)此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)，即句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞叫不及物動(dòng)詞，后面可以跟副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)從句等。s/ 主語(yǔ)

3、v / 謂 語(yǔ)（不及物動(dòng)詞）the sun was shining. the moon rose. we all breathe, eat and drink. the pen writes smoothly. what he said does not matter. 二：基本句型 2：s v p（主+謂+表）此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)，即句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都不能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)表明主語(yǔ)身份或狀態(tài)的表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞叫系動(dòng)詞。系動(dòng)詞除be以外，還有又實(shí)義動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的系動(dòng)詞look, feel, seem, get, keep, last, sound,

4、 grow , become, turn 等。 be 本身沒(méi)有什么意義，只起連系主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的作用。其他系動(dòng)詞仍保持其部分詞義。s/ 主語(yǔ)v / 系動(dòng)詞p/ 表語(yǔ)the dinner smells delicious. he fell in love. everything looks different he is growing tall and strong the trouble is that they are short of money. his face turned red. 三：基本句型 3：s v o （主+謂+賓+狀語(yǔ)）此句型句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都具有實(shí)意，都是主語(yǔ)

5、產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，即動(dòng)作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞。s / 主語(yǔ)v/ 及物動(dòng)詞 /謂語(yǔ)o/ 賓語(yǔ)she smiled her thanks. 精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 1 頁(yè)，共 8 頁(yè) - - - - - - - - -he has refused to help them. he enjoy reading. they ate what was left over. he admits that he was mistaken. 四：基本句型 4：s v o o （主+謂+間

6、接賓語(yǔ) +直接賓語(yǔ) +狀語(yǔ)）此句型句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的直接承受者，另一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的間接承受者。通常這一間接承受者有一個(gè)介詞來(lái)連接，當(dāng)動(dòng)作的間接承受者在動(dòng)作的直接承受者前時(shí)，介詞往往省略。如：he gave a book to me.=he gave me a book. s / 主語(yǔ)v/ 及物動(dòng)詞 /謂語(yǔ)o/ 間接賓語(yǔ) /人o/直接賓語(yǔ) /物she ordered herself a new dress. she cooked her husband a delicious meal. he showed me his picture

7、s. i told him that the bus was late i showed him how to run the machine. 五：基本句型 5：s v o c （主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)）此句型句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但只跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來(lái)補(bǔ)足賓語(yǔ)，才能使意思完整。s / 主語(yǔ)v/ 及物動(dòng)詞 /謂語(yǔ)o/賓語(yǔ)c/賓補(bǔ)they appointed him manager. they painted the door blue. this set him thinking. we saw him out. he asked me to c

8、ome. i saw them getting on the bus. 六：基本句型 6：there be + 主語(yǔ) + 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)句型（存在句：表示 “ 在某處有某人或某物 ” there be 是謂語(yǔ)）there are some students in the classroom. 由以上英語(yǔ)基本句型可知，一個(gè)英語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)單句，只能有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)。第二部分句子擴(kuò)展以上介紹的六種基本句型都屬于簡(jiǎn)單句（只包含 一個(gè)主謂 結(jié)構(gòu)的句子）。但我們常見(jiàn)的英語(yǔ)句子并不都象基本句型那樣簡(jiǎn)短，這些句子除了基本句型的成分不變外，通常是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些修飾語(yǔ)加以擴(kuò)大。這些修飾語(yǔ)可以是單詞（主要是形

9、容詞，副詞和數(shù)詞），也可以是這種類(lèi)型的短語(yǔ)（介詞短語(yǔ)，不定式短語(yǔ)，分詞短語(yǔ)）。下面以基本句型5 為例 。1) we found the hall full.(我們發(fā)現(xiàn)禮堂坐滿(mǎn)了人。) 2）we found the great full.( 名詞前加形容詞 ) 3) we found the great hall full of students and teachers. （加補(bǔ)語(yǔ)）4) we found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.（現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)）5) we fou

10、nd the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by professor wang from the people s daily . （加過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)）6) we found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by professor wang from the people s daily on current affairs in ea

11、st europe.（介詞短語(yǔ)）我們發(fā)現(xiàn)大禮堂坐滿(mǎn)了學(xué)生和老師，在聽(tīng)從人民日?qǐng)?bào)社來(lái)的王教授作有關(guān)東歐局勢(shì)的重要報(bào)告。因此，即要掌握英語(yǔ)的基本句型，同時(shí)，也要學(xué)會(huì)把這些基本句型演化或擴(kuò)展成比較復(fù)雜的句子，句精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 2 頁(yè)，共 8 頁(yè) - - - - - - - - -子的主謂（主干）不變。擴(kuò)展句子的幾種手段1）在名詞前加修飾語(yǔ)（形容詞和數(shù)詞）：例如“mr. wang is a teacher.”可擴(kuò)展為：mr. wang is one of the experienced english teacher. 2)

12、在名詞后加修飾語(yǔ)：mr. wang is one of the experienced english teachers of our school.3) 在動(dòng)詞前后加狀語(yǔ)(副詞 ,時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)。 。 。 。)：例如“he has been working at a university for twenty years.” 可以通過(guò)加狀語(yǔ)擴(kuò)展為：he has been working continuously at our university for twenty years. 4) 加各種短語(yǔ)（介詞短語(yǔ)，不定式短語(yǔ)，分詞短語(yǔ)）：one of my best friends , mr. wa

13、ng is an experienced english teacher. having taught english for more than twenty years, mr. wang is an experienced english teacher. 5) 加各種從句（構(gòu)成復(fù)合句） ：one of my best friends, mr. wang is an experienced english teacherwho has been teaching english in huaqiao middle school for more than twenty years. 6)

14、 加并列分句（構(gòu)成并列句） ：he works at a university but his wife stays at home without a job. 注意：長(zhǎng)句擴(kuò)展必須嚴(yán)密周到，切不可為了追求長(zhǎng)句而胡亂把詞，詞組，從句拼湊在一起。一篇好的作文，必須長(zhǎng)短句結(jié)合，各種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)（分詞，從句），簡(jiǎn)單句，并列句與復(fù)合句共用，一般有三個(gè)復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)句就夠。簡(jiǎn)潔明快，有力的短句，效果也非常好。例如：簡(jiǎn)潔有力的短句：work hard and we will succeed. suddenly an idea occurred to me. 嚴(yán)密周到的長(zhǎng)句：experts said that in

15、developing countries ongoing urbanization-large numbers of people moving from the countryside into cities- has made the problem worse. 訓(xùn)練題一，擴(kuò)展句子1a lecture will be held. 2. we have carried out the “ green hill , clean water, blue sky” project. 3. cctv will broadcast a new program. 4. she was happy wi

16、th the gift. 5. china is developing country. 6. jsinghua university is a famous university. 優(yōu)秀作文欣賞（看如何長(zhǎng)短句結(jié)合）題目：北京的車(chē)輛越來(lái)越多，公路越來(lái)越擁擠。請(qǐng)你簡(jiǎn)述汽車(chē)為人們的生活所帶來(lái)的不良影響，并就如何控制車(chē)輛提一些建議。there are too many cars in beijing. as a result of this, air pollution is caused by the waste gas and there are traffic accidents almost

17、 every day, causing injury and deaths. something must be done to solve the problem. first , more public transportation should be provided, so that much energy can be saved and there will be less traffic jams. second, people should be encouraged to ride bikes, which is energy-saving and good for the

18、environment. third , if gas is made more expensive, fewer people will think of owning cars. in addition, it is also a good idea to share a car or a taxi if two people are going in the same direction. only in this way can the negative effects of cars be limited.(倒裝句結(jié)尾，簡(jiǎn)潔有力)精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - -

19、 - - - - - - - - 第 3 頁(yè)，共 8 頁(yè) - - - - - - - - -分析 ：第一段只有三個(gè)句子：第一句和第三句是簡(jiǎn)單句。第二句是兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句用and并列，同時(shí)前面用了表示結(jié)果的過(guò)渡詞組as a result of this ，后用分詞短語(yǔ)causing injury and deaths 表示結(jié)果。第二段：層次清晰，first.second third.in addition. 同時(shí)，文中簡(jiǎn)單句，并列句，復(fù)合句共同使用。優(yōu)秀作文欣賞）located in the north of north america, canada is one of the seven indu

20、strial countries in the world. it covers a total area of 9,970,000 square kilometers with a population of about 29 million. there is a great variety of climate in canada because it is too vast. maple leaf has become the symbol of canada since 1700. today many chinese people live in vancouver, which

21、is one of the most important cities of canada.訓(xùn)練題二寫(xiě)作一基礎(chǔ)寫(xiě)作請(qǐng)根據(jù)以下資料說(shuō)明，使用5個(gè)規(guī)范句子描述全部所給信息內(nèi)容。要求： 1。標(biāo)題： what can we do for the olympics of 2008? 2. 必須使用5 個(gè)句子介紹全部所給內(nèi)容。3將五個(gè)句子組織成連貫的短文。（必要時(shí)使用過(guò)渡詞，詞組）內(nèi)容：（1）20xx 年奧運(yùn)會(huì)是21 世紀(jì)重大體育比賽之一，包括中國(guó)在內(nèi)的每個(gè)國(guó)家都在為此做準(zhǔn)備。（ 2）奧運(yùn)會(huì)的作用。（）中國(guó)為舉辦奧運(yùn)會(huì)，將要做些什么？（）你個(gè)人該做什么？ 二基礎(chǔ)寫(xiě)作請(qǐng)根據(jù)以下資料說(shuō)明，使用5個(gè)規(guī)范句子描述

22、全部所給信息內(nèi)容。要求： 1。標(biāo)題： something about li hua 2. 必須使用5 個(gè)句子介紹全部所給內(nèi)容。3將五個(gè)句子組織成連貫的短文。內(nèi)容：姓名：李華學(xué)校：育才中學(xué)地址：中國(guó)廣州育才路號(hào)出生年月：年月日身高： cm 頭發(fā)：黑色全家人口：人父母職業(yè)：教師愛(ài)好：集郵和硬幣掌握外語(yǔ)情況：英語(yǔ) 二基礎(chǔ)寫(xiě)作請(qǐng)根據(jù)以下資料說(shuō)明，使用5個(gè)規(guī)范句子描述全部所給信息內(nèi)容。要求： 1。標(biāo)題： something about li hua 2. 必須使用5 個(gè)句子介紹全部所給內(nèi)容。3將五個(gè)句子組織成連貫的短文。內(nèi)容：假設(shè)你的一位外國(guó)朋友henry 來(lái)中國(guó)訪問(wèn)，想來(lái)學(xué)?？茨?。他將于某天到達(dá)你學(xué)校

23、，而你那天碰巧有課， 只好委托同學(xué)李浩代替你去飛機(jī)場(chǎng)接他，你給他留了張字條，告訴他你當(dāng)天上午的安排：當(dāng)天早上7：50- 10： 10 之間你的課在教學(xué)樓2-305 上， 10： 10-10：30 是課間操， 10：30 以后的課在教學(xué)樓1403 上。精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 4 頁(yè)，共 8 頁(yè) - - - - - - - - -高考復(fù)習(xí)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作專(zhuān)題講座（二）-句 子第一講簡(jiǎn)單句（ 2）上一講講到，從句子結(jié)構(gòu)上來(lái)說(shuō)，句子有簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句三種。簡(jiǎn)單句一般只包含 一個(gè)主謂 結(jié)構(gòu)。但簡(jiǎn)單句有時(shí)候也有多個(gè)主語(yǔ)和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)（主語(yǔ)+主語(yǔ)

24、 +謂語(yǔ)） ；一個(gè)主語(yǔ)和多個(gè)謂語(yǔ)（主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ) +謂語(yǔ)），并列的主語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)中間用連詞連接。常用的連詞有：and, or, not only but also , either or , neither nor , as well as, both and,等等。例如： both my father and mother like singing. not only his parents but also he is very nice to me. he as well as his children is happy. they sat down and talked about somet

25、hing. his mother did not scold him but comforted him instead. please go and meet him at the station。簡(jiǎn)單句按功能分四種：陳述句感嘆句疑問(wèn)句祈使句（省略）第二講并列句并列句是由并列連詞連接的兩個(gè)或多個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。它包含兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上互不依從的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，各個(gè)分句都是完整的簡(jiǎn)單句或復(fù)合句，由并列連詞連接起來(lái)。并列連詞是并列句的標(biāo)志，去掉連詞各個(gè)分句可以各自獨(dú)立。并列連詞各自表示有并列，轉(zhuǎn)折，選擇，推理，遞進(jìn)，轉(zhuǎn)折等語(yǔ)意。一 表示表示增補(bǔ)關(guān)系的并列連詞: and, both and, not only bu

26、t also as well, as well as， for one thing for another; on one hand on the other; besides ，what s more, moreover, in addition,first(ly), in one place, second(ly), then, next, finally, last例如：there are all kinds of flowers in the park and they draw a lot of visitorswork hard，and youll pass the exam if

27、 you work hard ，youll pass the exam努力學(xué)習(xí)，你會(huì)通過(guò)考試的。（如果你努力學(xué)習(xí)，你會(huì)通過(guò)考試的。）特別提示：1both and 不能連接分句2not only but also連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)一致3not only 引導(dǎo)的分句位于句首時(shí)，其分句要倒裝。not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.二 表示轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞but ,while, however, yet, still ,on the contrary, althoughthough,i

28、nstead, on the other hand, meanwhile, after all, 精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 5 頁(yè)，共 8 頁(yè) - - - - - - - - -while例如 : he is old, but he is still strong. tom was poor while his brother was very rich. he was ill however/still /yet he went to school while 也可表示轉(zhuǎn)折, 但與 but 不同的是 , 主要強(qiáng)調(diào)上下文的一種對(duì)

29、比關(guān)系. the child should work out the problem while his parents themselves couldn t.when 作為并列連詞意為“ 這時(shí) ” , 位于第一分句后, 此時(shí)不能用while 或 as 代替 . i was just about to lie down to rest when i saw a snake in the grass 三 表示選擇的連詞例如 : take the chance, or /or else/otherwise you will regret it.you may do it yourself ，or

30、 you may ask someone else to do it 四表示表因果關(guān)系 : for, so ,therefore ,so, therefore, as a result, in this way , because of this, as a result of ,or else, otherwise, in that case，in brief ，in a word ，in conclusion， all in all ，in summary 例如 :it must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. he lost

31、his job ,so he was unhappy these days. 有 些 副 詞 如besides, moreover, therefore, however, nevertheless, consequently , furthermore 等也可以起到并列連詞的作用. 例如 :he hurt his leg, therefore he couldn t play in the game.表強(qiáng)調(diào)in any case，anyhow, anyway 無(wú)論如何 ,不管怎樣in fact， obviously，naturally ，fortunately ， undoubtedly，五

32、：句式規(guī)范一個(gè)句子能否正確地表情達(dá)意，除了正確運(yùn)用詞語(yǔ)之外，還跟句子構(gòu)造是否符合語(yǔ)法規(guī)則，是否符合語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣和語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的需要有關(guān)。中國(guó)學(xué)生寫(xiě)英語(yǔ)句子時(shí)，往往按照漢語(yǔ)思維，寫(xiě)出很多不規(guī)范的英語(yǔ)句子。如： （1）老人想起了他的兒子，眼淚直流。（中文句子沒(méi)有連詞）the old man thought of his son, tears came down from his face. （錯(cuò)句）在英語(yǔ)中，主謂語(yǔ)齊全就是一個(gè)完整的句子，兩個(gè)完整的句子之間必須有連詞進(jìn)行連接。 (沒(méi)有并列連詞僅僅有逗號(hào)時(shí)通常要用分詞短語(yǔ)或獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。)（ 1）改為： when the old man thought of

33、 his son, tears came down from his face. or, or else, otherwise, either or , neither nor , not but ,whether or.精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 6 頁(yè)，共 8 頁(yè) - - - - - - - - -訓(xùn)練題：一 ：以下句子是否正確？如果錯(cuò)誤，怎么改正？（2）他 1986 年畢業(yè)于北京工學(xué)院，后來(lái)他被派到美國(guó)麻省理工學(xué)院深造，攻讀化學(xué)。he graduated from beijing engineering college in

34、 1986 ， he was sent to massachusetts institute of technology in the usa to study chemistry. （ 3）足球隊(duì)員作好準(zhǔn)備，其他同學(xué)前往助戰(zhàn)。the team members are required to get ready ， others are required to watch and cheer for them. （ 4）我們的英語(yǔ)老師張老師相貌平常，灰白頭發(fā)，戴著一副眼鏡。our english teacher mrs. zhang is an ordinary-looking，grey ha

35、ir woman, wear a pair of glasses. (5) 東海市是一座新建城市，有人口近300 萬(wàn)，面積2 萬(wàn)余平方公里，東部面向黃海。dong hai is a newly-built city ， has a population of about three million， it covers an area of about 20 000 square kilometers ，face the yellow sea in the east. 二：用括號(hào)中的連詞改寫(xiě)下面句子。1. my brother is going to the olympic games. i

36、am going to the olympic games(both and)3. she refused to answer any questions. she did not ask any questions.(not only but either)4.my wife has too many hats. she has too many dresses.(not only but as well)6.this time he had 4,000 men with him. he had thirteen ships and seventeen aeroplanes.(not onl

37、y but as well)7. a thief once broke into a house. he stole some money. the lady of the house caught him.( and but )8.he had not eaten anything for thirteen hours. he had not drunk anything for thirteen hours.(neither nor)9. woollen goods cannot be eaten. as least they are soft. the man had had a few

38、 hours 精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 7 頁(yè)，共 8 頁(yè) - - - - - - - - -sleep.(but so)11. she had not been badly damaged. he radio had been put out of action.(although) 12. the pile was as high as the ceiling. i could not get into my room.(since) 13.britain benefits enormously from a channel tunnel. europe benefits enormously from a channel tunnel.(both and)（自選題） 14dr bethune and the other d