不定式作定語的用法

1、不定式作定語的用法不定式及其短語作定語，與其他短語作定語一樣，一般都放在被修飾的詞之后，通常表示一個將來的動作，有時(shí)也可以表示某一過去的特定動作。一些名詞后常用不定式作定語，如：chance( 機(jī)會）， way( 方法）， time( 時(shí)間）等；另外，the first,the second,the last,the only等作名詞或者它們作形容詞用來修飾代詞，它們或它們所修飾的代詞后，也常用不定式作定語。不定式作定語時(shí)，不定式與被修飾詞之間存在的關(guān)系復(fù)雜，有的是主謂關(guān)系；有的是動賓關(guān)系；有的是動狀關(guān)系，還有的不存在主謂、動賓、動狀關(guān)系。1 、主謂關(guān)系的（1 ）We must find a

2、person to do the work.(2) There is no one to take care of her.(3) In my family,my mother is always the first one to get up.(4) He is always the first to come and the last to leave.(5) We need someone to go and get a doctor.2 、動賓關(guān)系的如果不定式與被修飾的詞在邏輯上存在動賓關(guān)系，不定式里的動詞必須是及物動詞。注意：是及物動詞的，后面不要再加賓語，因?yàn)榍懊娴谋恍揎椩~是它的賓

3、語；是不及物動詞的，要加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~或副詞讓它變成及物動詞，只有這樣，它才能帶上前面的賓語。（ 1 ） He has a lot of books to read.(2)I would like a magazine to look at.(3)Here is some advice for you to follow.(4)Do you have anything else to say?(5)There is no one to take care of.(6)She has nothing to worry about.3 、動狀關(guān)系的被修飾詞如果是不定式里動詞的狀語，應(yīng)多用介詞短語。由

4、于被修飾詞前沒有介詞，所以只能在不定式里的動詞后加介詞。（1） Please give me some paper to write on.(2) Let"s find a room to put these things in (3） I have no house to live in.(4) He has no pen to write with.(5) There are five pairs to choose from.4 、不存在主謂、動賓、動狀關(guān)系的被修飾詞與不定式里的動詞不存在主謂、動賓、動狀關(guān)系的，被修飾詞多是些抽象名詞。（ 1） I have no time t

5、o go to the movie.（ 2 ）There"s no need to send for a doctor. (3) Where"s the best place to meet?(4) Is that the way to do it?(5 ） I"m not sure about his ability to complete the task alone.現(xiàn)在分詞作定語狀語的用法現(xiàn)在分詞在句中起形容詞和副詞的作用?，F(xiàn)在分詞用定語時(shí)相當(dāng)于一個定語從句；作狀語表示時(shí)間、原因、條件等時(shí)相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句。然而，我們在使用現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí)應(yīng)注意兩方面的問題。一

6、、作定語現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語通常置于所修飾的名詞或代詞之后， 現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語時(shí)，應(yīng)注意下列三點(diǎn)：1.現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動作和謂語動詞表示的動作是一先一后發(fā)生而不是同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí)，不能用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，應(yīng)使用定語從句表示。如：（誤） The teacher criticized the student having broken the window.（正） The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.（誤） Do you know anyone having lost a car ?（正） Do you know an

7、yone who have lost a car ?2.being 可用狀語或補(bǔ)語，但不可作定語。如：（誤） Anybody being outside after ten o clock will be criticized.（正） Anybody who is outside after ten oclock will be criticized.3.表示經(jīng)常性或已完成的非進(jìn)行動作的時(shí)候，不用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語。例如：（誤） The boy bringing us milk everyday is my brother.（正） The boy who brings us milk everyd

8、ay is my brother.二、作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，我們必須注意以下四點(diǎn)：1.現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語與謂語動詞的時(shí)間關(guān)系。現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作與謂語動詞表示的動作同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞用一般式。 如：The secretary worked late into the night, preparing a long speech for the president.He sent me an E-mail, hoping to get further information.現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作先于謂語動詞的動作時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞要用完成式。如：Having suffered from heart t

9、rouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicinewith him whenever he goes.Having finished his homework, the boy went out to play football.2.現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語與主語的關(guān)系?，F(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語與句子主語必須保持一致。如果不一致，分詞應(yīng)有自己的邏輯主語，構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Looking out of the window of our hotel room, we could see lots of mountains arou

10、nd.They came into the classroom, talking and laughing.Mr. Smith being absent, the meeting had to be put off.It being a fine day, we all wanted to go outing.3.現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí)，前面可用連詞when, while, once 等。如：When talking to you, I always feel happy.Be careful while crossing the street.4.現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí)與主語之間不能有并列連詞 or,

11、and, but 等，因?yàn)椴⒘羞B詞連接的是兩個并列的成分，而分詞短語只是全句的一個狀語部分，但分詞與主語之間可用逗號。如：（誤）Having been told many times, but he still couldnt understand it.（正）Having been told many times, he still couldnt understand it.過去分詞的主要用法非謂語動詞除了包括不定式、 動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞之外 ,還包括過去分詞。 過去分詞又稱 -ed 分詞 ,在句中可以構(gòu)成句子的謂語和復(fù)合賓語 ,也可以用作句子的表語、定語和狀語。一、過去分詞構(gòu)成謂語和作表語

12、的情況1. 和某些助動詞一起構(gòu)成句子的謂語 :I havent been out much recently我.最近沒太出門。分析 : 過去分詞 been和 have 的否定形式 havent 一起構(gòu)成句子的謂語 (完成否定形式 )"havent been"。It was said that he had been arrested據(jù).說他被捕了。分析 : 過去分詞 arrested和 be 的完成形式 had been一起構(gòu)成句子的謂語 (用了被動語態(tài) )。2. 在句中用作表語 :I am awfully worried. Daddy is ill. 我很著急 ,我爸爸病

13、了。分析 :過去分詞 worried 作表語 ,和 am 一起構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。二、過去分詞和它所補(bǔ)充說明的名詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語這種用法又可分為兩種情況 :1. 過去分詞和名詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。例如 :She didnt want her daughter taken outafter dark.她不希望天黑后女兒被帶出門。分析:過去分詞短語 taken out作名詞短語 herdaughter的補(bǔ)語 ,并和該名詞短語一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。2. 介詞 with 后有時(shí)也可以跟這類復(fù)合賓語。例如 :He sat with his arms clasped round his knees.他雙手抱膝坐著。

14、That year ended with nothing settled.那一年什么事也沒解決就結(jié)束了。分析 :在這兩句話中 ,過去分詞 clasped和 settled 分別作 his arms 和 nothing 的補(bǔ)語 , 并一起構(gòu)成介詞的復(fù)合賓語。三、過去分詞用作定語修飾名詞1. 表示情緒的過去分詞可以作定語 ,這些過去分詞主要有 satisfied,frightened,worried,pleased,confused,embarrassed,surprised,astonished,agitated,puzzled等。例如 :Martin s confused sorrows tu

15、rned to optimism馬.丁煩亂的悲哀情緒轉(zhuǎn)而變成樂觀情緒。He didnt notice the surprised look on her face他.沒有注意到她臉上驚訝的表情。分析 : 在這兩個例句中 ,過去分詞 confused 和 surprised 均作定語 ,分別修飾名詞sorrows 和 look 。2. 一些過去分詞用作定語并與其修飾的名詞構(gòu)成固定搭配。例如 :boiled water 開水canned food罐頭食品 required courses必修課 united front 統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線3. 過去分詞和名詞、形容詞、副詞等一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合形容詞。例如:a si

16、mply-furnished apartment一套陳設(shè)簡單的房間a cautiously-worded statement措辭謹(jǐn)慎的聲明strongly-motivated students學(xué)習(xí)動力很強(qiáng)的學(xué)生4. 帶有完成意義的一些過去分詞也可以作定語。例如 : the risen sun ( = the sun that has just risen)初升的太陽 vanished jewels消失了的珠寶an exploded bomb (a bomb that has exploded)爆炸了的炸彈 returned students歸國留學(xué)生注 :有些以 -ed 結(jié)尾的詞 ,并不是過去

17、分詞 ,而是由名詞變來的形容詞。例如:armored cars裝甲車a gifted boy 有天賦的孩子salaried class工薪階層a detailed account 詳細(xì)的敘述a bearded man留絡(luò)腮胡子的男人5. 有些過去分詞短語用在所修飾詞后面作定語 ,作用相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。例如 : Suddenly there appeared a young woman dressed in green突.然出現(xiàn)一個穿綠衣的女子。分析 : 過去分詞短語 dressed in green放在名詞短語 a young woman后面作定語 ,相當(dāng)于一個定語從句 who was dr

18、essed in green。The play put on by the teachers was a big success老.師們上演的戲很成功。分析 : 過去分詞短語 put on by the teachers放在名詞短語 the play 后面作定語 ,相當(dāng)于一個定語從句 that was put on by the teachers。6. 單一的過去分詞有時(shí)也可跟在名詞后面作定語。例如:The designers decided to change the materials used設(shè).計(jì)者決定改變所用的材料。分析 :單一的過去分詞 used跟在名詞短語 the materia

19、ls后面作定語 ,相當(dāng)于一個定語從句 that were used。7. 過去分詞的進(jìn)行形式作定語表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動作:We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here我們.須對正在討論的問題保密。分析 :過去分詞 discussed的進(jìn)行形式 being discussed作名詞短語 the things 的定語 , 相當(dāng)于一個定語從句 which are being discussed。I knew nothing about the experiment being conducted there我.對在那里進(jìn)行的實(shí)驗(yàn)一無

20、所知。分析 :過去分詞 conducted 的進(jìn)行形式 being conducted作名詞短語 the experiment的定語 ,相當(dāng)于一個定語從句 which was being conducted。四、過去分詞作狀語1. 過去分詞短語作狀語 (多放在句首 ,也可放在句尾或句中 ):Seen from the hill, thecity looks magnificent.從山上看這座城市非常壯觀。 He soon felt asleep, exhausted by the journey.由于旅途勞頓 ,他很快就睡著了。分析 :過去分詞短語 seen from the hill和 e

21、xhausted by the journey 分別放在句首和句尾作狀語 ,修飾相應(yīng)的主句。2. 單獨(dú)的過去分詞有時(shí)也可用作狀語 :Depressed, he went to see his elder sister他.情緒很低沉 ,于是便去看他的姐姐。 He turned away, disappointed他.失望地走開了。分析 :單個過去分詞 depressed和 disappointed 分別放在句首和句尾作狀語 ,修飾主句。3. 過去分詞短語和連詞連用 ,作狀語 :I went on talking, though continually interrupted by George.

22、我繼續(xù)講我的 ,盡管一直被喬治打斷。They would never do this unless compelled除.非受到強(qiáng)迫 ,否則他們決不會做這種事。分析 : 上面兩個句子中 ,過去分詞短語 continually interrupted by George 和過去分詞compelled 分別和連詞 though 和 unless一起作狀語。4. 過去分詞還可引導(dǎo)一個狀語從句 :Provided (that) there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting there如.果沒有人反對 , 我們將在那里開會。分析 :過去分詞 prov

23、ided 引導(dǎo)出句子 (that) there is no opposition并和該句子一起作狀語 ,修飾主句 we shall hold the meeting there。真題演練請按要求將下列句子翻譯成英語：1. 下午四點(diǎn)半主席宣布閉會。（過去分詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語）2. 她臉上的愁容加重了。（用過去分詞作定語）3. 最后威爾遜提出的計(jì)劃通過了。（過去分詞短語放在所修飾名詞后作定語）4. 你對正在維也納召開的峰會有什么看法？（用過去分詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)形式）5. 連續(xù)的暴雨使橋身受損，這座橋已不再安全。（過去分詞短語作狀語）6. 當(dāng)別人對他以友善相待時(shí)，他非常和藹可親。（過去分詞和連詞連用作狀語）7

24、. 如果你早上六點(diǎn)鐘到達(dá)車站，你就會趕上最早的火車。（用過去分詞引導(dǎo)狀語從句）答案及解析1. At 4:30 p.m. the chairman declared the session closed.分析 :過去分詞 "closed"作名詞短語 "the session"的補(bǔ)語 ,并和該名詞短語一起構(gòu)成謂語"declared"的復(fù)合賓語。2. The worried look deepened upon her face.分析 :過去分詞 "worried" 作定語 ,修飾主語 "look"

25、。3. In the end the program offered by Wilson was adopted.分析 :過去分詞短語 "offered by Wilson" 放在名詞 "pro-gram"后面作該名詞的定語 ,相當(dāng)于一個定語從句 "that was offered by Wilson"。4. What do you think of the summit meeting being held in Vienna?分析 :過去分詞 "held" 的進(jìn)行時(shí)形式 "being held&quo

26、t;和介詞短語 "in Vienna" 一起作名詞短語 "the summit meeting"的定語 ,相當(dāng)于一個定語從句 "which are being held in Vienna"。5. Weakened by successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe.分析 :過去分詞短語 "weakened by successive storms"放在句首作狀語表示原因 ,修飾整個主句。6. When treated with kindness, he was

27、very amiable.分析 :過去分詞短語 "treated with kindness"和連詞 "when"連用 ,一起作狀語修飾整個主句。7. Provided (that) you arrive at the station at 6:00 a.m., you will catch the earliest train. 分析 :過去分詞 provided (that)引導(dǎo)出分句 "you arrive at the station at 6:00 a.m.",并和該分句一起作狀語修飾整個主句。定語從句即在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)定語的

28、從句，定語從句修飾名詞或者代詞放在所修飾名詞或代詞之后，這種名詞或者代詞叫先行詞。引導(dǎo)先行詞的有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞： that， which ， who，whom ，whose .that 指人、物，在從句中做主語（不可以省略）或賓語（可省略）which 指物，在從句中做主語（不可以省略）或賓語（可省略）who 指人，在從句中做主語（不可省略）或賓語（可省略）whom 指人，在從句中做賓語可省略，但在其之前有介詞時(shí)不可以省略。whose 通常指人也可指物，在從句中做定語。注意：that 的用法1.定語從句的先行詞被all， some， any，no， little ， few ， m

29、uch， very,only 等修飾時(shí)You should hand in all that you have.2.定語從句的先行詞被序數(shù)修飾或在它前面有一個序數(shù)詞時(shí)He is the last person（ that） I want to see.It is the first American movie of this kind that I've ever seen.3.定語從句的先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時(shí)This is the best film that I have ever seen.4.定語從句的先行詞是不定代詞 everything ， anything ， no

30、thing 等不定代詞時(shí) Is there anything else that I can do for you?5.定語從句的先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)They talked about the persons and the things that they remebered in the old days.6.主句中已有一疑問詞who 或 which 時(shí)Which is the bike that you lost.Who is the woman that was was praised at the meetings?7.有兩個定語從句，其中一個關(guān)系代詞已用which ，另外一個宜用t

31、hat.Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.8.that 不可以用于非限定定語從句。which 的用法1.which 可以用于引導(dǎo)非限定定語從句2.介詞 +which ，其中的 which 不可以省略，有時(shí)候相當(dāng)于 where，when， why 的用法介詞 +關(guān)系代詞：介詞 +whom ，介詞 +whichwho 的用法1.先行詞是one,ones,anyone 時(shí)用 who。One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares t

32、o tell the truth.2.先行詞為those 時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用who。Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.3.先行詞有較長的后置定語時(shí)用who。I met a foreiner in the street yesterday who could ask me questions in Chinese.4.一個句子中帶有兩個定語從句時(shí)，其中一個定語從句的關(guān)系代詞用關(guān)系副詞： where， when， whythat，另一個定語從句who 。where 做地點(diǎn)狀語This is the house I was born

33、in the house.=This is the house I was born there.=This is the house where I was born.=This is the house in which I was born.=This is the house that/which I was born in.where 代替先行詞 the house 在從句中地點(diǎn)狀語， 代替 there（副詞）或 in the house（介詞短語 ),where=in which.when 的用法He came at a time when we needed help.=He came at a time at which we n