L、土木工程概論論文

1、Introduction to Civil Engineering PapersZhang Liwei(China Machine PRESS,Beijin 100081)Abstract: Civil engineering in the long history of mankind “science and thecnology”as system of civil engineering activity a substantial pro duction process .Civil engineering and construction of engineering scienc

2、e and technology it refer to the engineering construction coll ectively objects,namely,ground,built in undergroundengineering facilities also refers to water used materials ,equipment and inspinspection in design,construction,maintenance,repair,etc.Keywords: Equipment and inspection in design Archit

3、ecturalconception Construction Environment protectionCivil Engineering for the development of a key role, first as a material foundation for the civil engineering construction materials, followed by the subsequent development of the design theory and construction technology. Every time a new quality

4、 of building materials, civil engineering will be a leapstyle development. People can only rely on the early earth, wood and other natural materials in the construction activities, and later appeared in brick and tile that artificial materials, so that the first human to break the shackles of natura

5、l building materials. China in the eleventh century BC in the early Western Zhou Dynasty created the tile. The first brick in the fifth century BC to the third century BC, when the tomb of the Warring States Period. Brick and tile better than the mechanical properties of soil, materials, and easy to

6、 manufacture. The brick and tile so that people began to appear widely, to a large number of housing construction and urban flood control project, and so on. This civil engineering technology has been rapid development. Up to 18 to the 19th century, as long as two thousand years, brick and tile has

7、been a major civil engineering construction materials, human civilization has made a great contribution to the even was also widely used in the present. The application of a large number of steel products is the second leap in civil engineering. Seventeen 1970s the use of pig iron, the early ninetee

8、nth century, the use of wrought iron bridges and the construction of housing, which is a prelude to the emergence of steel. From the beginning of the midnineteenth century, metallurgical industry,smelting and rolling out high tensile and compressive strength, ductility,uniformity of the quality of c

9、onstruction steel and then produce highstrength steel wire, steel cables. As a result of the need to adapt to the development of the steel structure have been flourishing. In addition to the application of the original beam, arch structure, the new truss, a framework, the structure of network, cable

10、 structures to promote the gradual emergence of the structure of Yan in the form of flowers. From the brick building longspan structures, stone structures, a few meters of wood, steel structure to the development of tens of meters, a few hundred meters, until modern km above. So in the river, cross

11、the bridge from shelves, on the ground since the construction of skyscrapers and high-rise tower, even in the laying of underground railway, to create an unprecedented miracle. In order to meet the needs of the development of steel works, on the basis of Newton's mechanics, material mechanics, s

12、tructural mechanics, structural engineering design theory came into being, and so on.Construction machinery,construction technology and construction organization design theory also development, civil engineering from the experience of rising to become science, engineering practice and theoretical ba

13、sis for both is a different place, which led to more rapid development of civil engineering. During the nineteenth century, 20, made of Portland cement, concrete has come out. Concrete can aggregate materials, easy to concrete structures forming, but the tensile strength of concrete is very small,li

14、mited use. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the surge in steel production, with the emergence of this new type of reinforced concrete composite construction materials, which bear the tension steel, concrete bear the pressure and play their own advantages. Since the beginning of the 20th cent

15、ury, reinforced concrete is widely used in various fields of civil engineering. From the beginning of the 1930s, there have been prestressed concrete.Prestressed concrete structure of the crack resistance, rigidity and carrying capacity, much higher than the reinforced concrete structure, which uses

16、 an even wider area. Civil Engineering into the reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete dominant historical period. Concrete buildings to bring about the e- mergence of new economic, aesthetic structure in the form of engineering, civil engineering so that a new construction technology and engi

17、neering design of the structure of the theory. This is another leap in the development of civil engineering. The characteristics of Civil Engineering. A project to build the facilities in general to go through the investigation, design and construction in three stages, require the use of geological

18、prospecting projects, hydrogeological survey, engineering survey, soil mechanics, mechanical engineering, engineering design,building materials, construction equipment, engineering machinery,building the economy , And other disciplines and construction technology, construction and other fields of kn

19、owledge, as well as computer and mechanical testing techniques. Civil engineering is therefore a broad range of integrated disciplines. With the progress in science and tectechnology development and engineering practice, the civil engineering disciplines have also been developed into a broad connota

20、tion, the number of categories, the structure of complex integrated system. Civil Engineering is accompanied by the development of human society dev- eloped. It works in the construction of facilities reflect the various historical periods of socioeconomic, cultural, scientific, technological develo

21、pment outlook, which civil society has become one of the historical development of the witness. In ancient times, people began to build simple houses, roads, bridges and still water channel to meet the simple life and production. Later, in order to adapt to the war, production and dissemination of r

22、eligious life, as well as the needs of the construction of the city, canals,palaces,temples and other buildings. Many well-known works shown in this historical period of human creativity. For example, the Great Wall of China, Dujiangyan, the Grand Canal,Zhaozhou Bridge, Yingxian Wooden Tower, the py

23、ramids of Egypt,Greece's Parthenon, Rome's water supply project, colosseum amphitheater (Rome large animal fighting Field), as well as many other well-known churches,palaces and so on. After the industrial revolution, especially in the 20th century, on the one hand, civil society to put forw

24、ard a new demand; On the other hand, all areas of society for the advancement of civil engineering to create good conditions. Thus this period of civil engineering has been advanced by leaps and bounds. All over the world there have been large-scale modernization of industrial plants, skyscrapers, n

25、uclear power plants, highways and railways, long-span bridges, and large-diameter pipelines long tunnel, the Grand Canal, the big dams, airports, port and marine engineering, etc. For civil engineering continually modern human society to create a new physical environment, human society, modern civil

26、ization has become an important part. Civil Engineering is a very practical subjects. In the early days, through the civil engineering practice, summing up successful experience, in particular, to draw lessons from the failure of developed. From the beginning of the 17th century, with Galileo and Ne

27、wton as a pilot with the mechanics of the modern civil engineering practice, gradually formed the mechanical, structural mechanics, fluid mechanics, rock mechanics, civil engineering as the basis of theoretical subjects. This experience in civil engineering from the gradually developed into a scienc

28、e. In the course of the development of civil engineering, engineering practice often first experience in theory, engineering accidents often show a new unforeseen factors, triggering a new theory of the research and development. So far a number of projects dealing with the problem, is still very muc

29、h rely on practical experience. Civil Engineering Technology with the main reason for the development of engineering practice and not by virtue of scientific experiments and theoretical studies, for two reasons: First, some of the objective situation is too complicated and difficult to faithfully ca

30、rry out laboratory or field testing and analysis. For example, the foundation, tunnel and underground engineering and deformation of the state and its changes over time, still need to refer to an analysis of engineering experience to judge. Second, only a new engineering practice in order to reveal

31、new problems. For example, the construction of a highrise buildings,highrise tower and mastspan bridges, wind and earthquake e- ngineering problems highlighted in order to develop this new theory and technology. In the longterm civil engineering practice, it is not only building great attention to t

32、he arts, has made outstanding achievements; and other works, but also through the choice of different materials, such as the use of stone, steel and reinforced concrete, with natural Environmental art in the construction of a number of very beautiful, very functional and good works. Ancient Great Wa

33、ll of China, the modern world, many of the television tower and the bridge ramp Zhang, are cases in point.土木工程概論論文張立偉（機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,北京 100081）摘要：土木工程是人類歷史上年代最久遠(yuǎn)的“技術(shù)科學(xué) ”，作為一種系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)活動(dòng)，土木工程的實(shí)質(zhì)是生產(chǎn)了一種技術(shù)過程。土木工程也建造各類工程設(shè)施科學(xué)技術(shù)統(tǒng)稱它既指工程建設(shè)對(duì)象即建在地上、地下、水中各種工程設(shè)施也指所應(yīng)用材料、設(shè)備和所進(jìn)行勘測設(shè)計(jì)、施工、保養(yǎng)、維修等技術(shù)。關(guān)鍵詞：勘測設(shè)計(jì) 建筑理念 施工 生態(tài)環(huán)境對(duì)土木工程的發(fā)展起關(guān)鍵

34、作用的，首先是作為工程物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)的土木建筑材料，其次是隨之發(fā)展起來的設(shè)計(jì)理論和施工技術(shù)。每當(dāng)出現(xiàn)新的優(yōu)良的建筑材料時(shí)，土木工程就 會(huì)有飛躍式的發(fā)展。 人們在早期只能依靠泥土、木料及其它天然材料從事營造活動(dòng)，后來出現(xiàn)了磚和瓦這種人工建筑材料，使人類第一次沖破了天然建筑材料的束縛。中國在公元前十一世紀(jì) 的西周初期制造出瓦。最早的磚出現(xiàn)在公元前五世紀(jì)至公元前三世紀(jì)戰(zhàn)國時(shí)的墓室中。磚和瓦具有比土更優(yōu)越的力學(xué)性能，可以就地取材，而又易于加工制作。 磚和瓦的出現(xiàn)使人們開始廣泛地、大量地修建房屋和城防工程等。由此土木工程技術(shù)得到了飛速的發(fā)展。直至1819世紀(jì)，在長達(dá)兩千多年時(shí)間里，磚和瓦一直是土木工程的重要建

35、筑材料，為人類文明作出了偉大的貢獻(xiàn)，甚至在目前還被廣泛采用。 鋼材的大量應(yīng)用是土木工程的第二次飛躍。 十七世紀(jì)70年代開始使用生鐵、十九世紀(jì)初開始使用熟鐵建造橋梁和房屋，這是鋼結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)的前奏。 從十九世紀(jì)中葉開始，冶金業(yè)冶煉并軋制出抗拉和抗壓強(qiáng)度都很高、延性好、質(zhì)量均勻的建筑鋼材，隨后又生產(chǎn)出高強(qiáng)度鋼絲、鋼索 。于是適應(yīng)發(fā)展需要的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)得到蓬勃發(fā)展。除應(yīng)用原有的粱、拱結(jié)構(gòu)外，新興的桁架、框架、網(wǎng)架結(jié)構(gòu)、懸索結(jié)構(gòu)逐漸推廣，出現(xiàn)了結(jié)構(gòu)形式百花爭艷的局面。 建筑物跨徑從磚結(jié)構(gòu)、石結(jié)構(gòu)、木結(jié)構(gòu)的幾米、幾十米發(fā)展到鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的百米、幾百米，直到現(xiàn)代的千米以上。于是在大江、海峽上架起大橋，在地面上建造起摩天大

36、樓和高聳鐵塔，甚至在地面下鋪設(shè)鐵路，創(chuàng)造出前所未有的奇跡。 為適應(yīng)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)工程發(fā)展的需要，在牛頓力學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上，材料力學(xué)、結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)、工程結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)理論等就應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。施工機(jī)械、施工技術(shù)和施工組織設(shè)計(jì)的理論也隨之發(fā)展，土木工程從經(jīng)驗(yàn)上升成為科學(xué)，在工程實(shí)踐和基礎(chǔ)理論方面都面貌一新，從而促成了土木工程更迅速的發(fā)展。 十九世紀(jì)20年代，波特蘭水泥制成后，混凝土問世了?；炷凉橇峡梢跃偷厝〔?，混凝土構(gòu)件易于成型，但混凝土的抗拉強(qiáng)度很小，用途受到限制。 十九世紀(jì)中葉以后，鋼鐵產(chǎn)量激增，隨之出現(xiàn)了鋼筋混凝土這種新型的復(fù)合建筑材料，其中鋼筋承擔(dān)拉力，混凝土承擔(dān)壓力，發(fā)揮了各自的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。 二十世紀(jì)初以來，鋼筋混凝土廣泛應(yīng)用于土木工程的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域。 從三十年代開始，出現(xiàn)了預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土。預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的抗裂性能、剛度和承載能力，大大高于鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)，因而用途更為廣闊。土木工程進(jìn)入了鋼筋混凝土和預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土占統(tǒng)治地位的歷史時(shí)期?；炷恋某霈F(xiàn)給建筑物帶來了新的經(jīng)濟(jì)、美觀的工程結(jié)構(gòu)形式，使土木工程產(chǎn)生了新的施工技術(shù)和工程結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)理論。這是土木工程的又一次飛躍發(fā)展。 土木工程的特點(diǎn) 建造一項(xiàng)工程設(shè)施一般要經(jīng)過勘察、設(shè)計(jì)和施工三個(gè)階段，需要運(yùn)用工程地質(zhì)勘察、水文地