2022年2022年初中英語定語從句語法及考點歸納

1、精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載定語從句定語從句（ attributive clauses）通常皆放在它所修飾的名.代詞之后,這種名.代詞就叫做先行詞；引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞；1. 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句在下面幾種情形下必需用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句 :(1) 先行詞為不定代詞all 、few、 little、 everything 、nothing anything、none等；如：is there anything that you want to buy in the shop.你在商店里有什么東西要買嗎？(2) 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾

2、、 或本身為序數(shù)詞.基數(shù)詞.形容詞最高級；如：this is the best movie i ve ever seen.這為我看到過的最好的一部電影；(3) 先行詞被 all、 any 、every 、each、 few、 little、 no 、some等修飾時；如：i have read all the booksthat you gave me.我讀了你給我的全部的書；(4) 先行詞被 the only 、 the every 、the same、 the last修飾時；如：he is the only person that i want to talk to .他就為我要談話的那

3、個人；(5) 當(dāng)并列的兩個先行詞分別表示人和物時；如：they are talking about things and persons that they remembered.他們在談?wù)撍麄兯芑貞浧饋淼娜撕褪拢?6) 為防止重復(fù),在以who或 which開頭的特別疑問句中；如： who is the girl that is crying .正在哭泣的那個女孩為誰？ which of the books that borrowed from the library is yours從圖書館借的哪一本書為你的？(7) 用作關(guān)系代詞,修飾表示時間的名詞如day、 time 、 moment代

4、替when；如：it happened on the day that/when he was born.這事碰巧發(fā)生在他誕生的那天；(8) 假如有兩個定語從句,其中一個關(guān)系詞已用which就另一個用 that；如：the country built up a factory which produced things that have never been seen before.這個國家建立了一個工廠,生產(chǎn)以前未曾見到過的東西；(9) 主句以 there be開頭；如：this is a seat in the corner that is still free.那個角落仍有個座位空著；

5、2. 限制性定語從句(1) who引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句關(guān)系代詞 who用于指人,通常在句中作主語；在非正式文體中,who可以代替whom在句中作動詞賓語和介詞賓語,而且常常省略；在作介詞賓語時,不能位于介詞之后；如：精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載a doctor is a person who looks after peoples health.醫(yī)生為關(guān)照人們健康的人；nobody who understands the subject would say such a thing.懂這一行的人為不會說這樣的話的；the man who i saw is ca

6、lled smith.我見到的那個人名叫史密斯； there s no one works harder than you. 沒有比你更用功的人了；no one 后省去了用作 主語的 who(2) whom 引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句the gentleman whom she encountered addressed her with courtesy.她相遇的那位先生很有禮貌地和她講話；i have just met a lady whom i saw last week.我剛遇到一位我上個星期見過的貴婦人；關(guān)系代詞 whom 用于指人, 為 who 的賓格形式, 在從句中作動詞賓語或介詞賓語

7、,常常省略； whom 作介詞賓語時,介詞可位于 whom 之前或句末,在非正式文體中常位于句末；緊接介詞的 whom 不能省略；he wanted to find someone with whom he could discuss books and music.他想找個能共同研討書和音樂的人；this is the teacher whom we have talked about.這就為我們談?wù)撨^的那個老師；(3) whose 引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句whose為關(guān)系代詞 who的全部格形式,在從句中作定語；whose通常指人,也可指動物或無生命的事物：you're the onl

8、y one whose advice he might listen to.只有你的話他可能會聽；i'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.我想要一個窗戶面臨大海的房間；(4) which 引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句she was not on the train which arrived just now.她不在剛才到達(dá)的那列火車上；關(guān)系代詞 which在從句中作主語或介詞賓語,作賓語經(jīng)常常省略；which作介詞賓語時,介詞可位于為which之前或句末,在非正式文體中常位于句末；緊 接介詞的 which不能省略；which主要

9、用于指無生命的事物,除此之外,仍可指嬰兒.動物.以及某些表示單數(shù)意義的集體名詞；(5) 關(guān)系代詞 that引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句關(guān)系代詞 that 既可指人,又可指物；它在從句中可以作主語.動詞賓語.介詞賓語和表語； that 作動詞賓語或介詞賓語經(jīng)常常省略；在作介詞賓語時,介詞須位于句末,而不能位于 that 之前；water that is impure often causes serious illness.水不潔凈常會引起重??；fanny ,bring the water and put it down in the middle of the room,lazy creature t

10、hat you are.范妮,拿水來,放在屋子當(dāng)中,你這懶鬼；精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載(6) when等引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句關(guān)系副詞 when指代和修飾主句中表示時間的先行詞,在從句中作時間狀語,可以省略；在語義上, when相當(dāng)于 “介詞+which” ；如：july and august are the months when the weather is hot.七八月為天氣很熱的月份；every hour since i came has been most enjoyable.我來之后的每一個小時都為特別好玩的；on the day before

11、 we left home there came a snow storm.在我們離家的前一天,下了一場暴風(fēng)雪；(7) where引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句關(guān)系副詞 where指代和修飾主句中表示地點的先行詞,在從句中作地點狀語,當(dāng)先行詞為 place時, where可以省略；在語義上, where相當(dāng)于 “介詞+which”：the knee is the joint where=at whichthe thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.膝蓋為大腿骨和小腿大骨相連處的關(guān)節(jié)；she s going home where she can

12、rest.她要回家了,在家里她可以休息；a stone marks the spot where the treaty was signed.有一塊石頭標(biāo)著那個簽訂條約的地方；(8) why引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句關(guān)系副詞 why的先行詞只有 reason, 在從句中作緣由狀語,可以省略：the reason why he left is not convincing.他離開的理由無法令人信服；there was no definite reason why she should do so.她這樣做并沒有什么肯定的理由；(9) 關(guān)系代詞 as 引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句關(guān)系代詞 as 既可指人,又可指

13、物,在從句中作主語.賓語.狀語或表語；其詳細(xì)用法如下： as 與 the same連用：this is the same computer as i have bought.這臺運算機和我買的那臺一樣；（as 作賓語）i ll do the experiment the same way as he does.我將采納和他同樣的方法做這個試驗；as 作方式狀語 he studies in the same college as i do.他和我在同一所高校學(xué)習(xí)；as 作地點狀語 as 與 such連用：they returned with coffee,wine ,and such provi

14、sions as were needed.他們帶著咖啡.葡萄酒以及所需的給養(yǎng)回來了；（as 作主語）here are such questions as are of ten asked by the college students.這為些高校生們常常問的那類問題；（as 作主語）i have never seen such kind of girl as she is.我從未見過像她這樣的女孩；（as 作表語）精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載he didnbtelieve such reason as she did so.他不信任她那樣做的理由；（as 作緣

15、由狀語） as 與 as 連用：there is as good fish in the sea as ever came out of it.海里有的為魚（天際何處無芳草）；（主語）she tried to make as few mistakes as she could avoid.她盡可能地防止犯錯誤；（動詞賓語） as 與 so 連用：he can tell so interesting a story as moves us to tears.他能講把我們感動得流淚的故事；（主語）here is so big a stone as no one can lift.這為一塊沒人能搬得

16、動的大石頭；（動詞賓語）(10) “介詞+ 關(guān)系代詞 ”引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句在介詞后引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞為whom, whose和 which ,介詞的挑選取決于它與先行詞的搭配或與從句中謂語動詞的搭配：精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載the family at whose house we stayed were friends of my father我們曾住過的那家的主人為我父親的伴侶；this is the book for which you asked.這為你所要的書；the official to whom we applied for a permit w

17、as most obliging.我們向他申請許可證的那位官員特別熱忱；s.精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載3. 非限制性定語從句(1) who引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句our guide,who was a french canadian,was an excellent cook.我們的向?qū)?一個法裔加拿大人,善于于烹飪；then he met mary, who invited him to a party.后來他遇到瑪麗,瑪麗邀請他去參與晚會；(2) whom引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句關(guān)系代詞 whom用于指人,在句中作動詞賓語和介詞賓語,作介詞賓語時,介詞可位于句末；如：pet

18、er、 whom you met in london、 is now back in paris.彼得現(xiàn)在回巴黎了,你在倫敦見過他；mr. smith,from whom i have learned a lot,is a famous scientist.史密斯先生為一位聞名的科學(xué)家,我從他那兒學(xué)了很多東西；(3) whose引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句whose為關(guān)系代詞 who的全部格形式,在從句中作定語；whose通常指人,也可指動物或無生命的事物；如：the boy、 whose father is an engineer、 studies very hard.那位小男孩學(xué)習(xí)很努力,他的父

19、親為位工程師；the play,whose style is rigidly formal,is typical of the period.這劇本為那個時期的典型作品,風(fēng)格拘謹(jǐn)刻板；(4) which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句關(guān)系代詞 which在非限制性定語從句中所指代和修飾的可以為主句中的名詞.精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載形容詞.短語.其他從句或整個主句,在從句中作主語.動詞賓語.介詞賓語或表語； which指代主句中的名詞,被指代的名詞包括表示物.嬰兒或動物的名詞.表示單數(shù)意義的集體名詞以及表示職業(yè).品行等的名詞；如：these apple trees,w

20、hich i planted three years ago, have not borne any fruit.這些蘋果樹為我三年前栽的,仍沒有結(jié)過果實；she is an artist, which i am not.她為一位藝術(shù)家,而我不為；water , which is a clear liquid,has many uses.水為一種清亮的液體,有很多用途；the two policemen were completely trusted,which in fact they were.那兩個警察完全受到信任,事實上,也真為如此； which指代主句中的形容詞；如：she was

21、very patient towards the children,which her husband seldom was.她對孩子們很耐心,她丈夫卻很少這樣；she is always careless,which we should not be.她總為馬虎大意,我們可不應(yīng)當(dāng)這樣； which指代主句中的某個從句；如：he said that he had never seen her before, which was not true.他說以前從沒見過她,這不為真的； which指代整個主句；如：in the presence of so many people he was lit

22、tle tense、 which was understandable.在那么多人面前他有點緊急,這為可以懂得的；he may have acute appendicitis, in which case he will have to be operated on.他可能得了急性盲腸炎,假如為這樣,他就得動手術(shù)；when deeply absorbed in work, which he often was,he would forget all about eating and sleeping.他常常全神貫注地工作,這時他會廢寢忘食；(5) when引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句關(guān)系副詞 whe

23、n在非限制性定語從句中作時間狀語,指代主句中表示時間的詞語；如：he will put off the picnic until may 1st、 when he will be free.他將把郊游推遲到5 月 1 號,那時他將有空；(6) where引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句關(guān)系副詞 where在非限制性定語從句中作地點狀語,指代主句中表示地點的詞語；如：they went to london,where they lived for six months.他們?nèi)チ藗惗?在那兒呆了六個月的時間；they reached there yesterday、 where a negotiation

24、of sale will be held.他們昨天抵達(dá)那里 、有一個關(guān)于銷售的談判在那兒舉辦；精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載(7) as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句as 引出非限定性定語從句時,代替整個主句,對其進(jìn)行說明；但通常用于像as we all know、 as it is know、 as is know to all、 as it is、 as is said above、as always mentioned above、 as is usual、 as is often the case、 as isreported in the newspaper等

25、句式中； as 在非限定性定語從句中作主語.表語或賓語,且引出的從句位置比較敏捷, 可位于句首或句末, 也可置于主句中間；通常均由逗號將其與主句隔開；as 有“正如, 就像”之意；如：as it known to the united states、 mark twain is a great american writer.美國人都知道,馬克 . 吐溫為一位宏大的美國作家；（as 在從句中作主語）he forgot to bring his pen with him、 as was often the case.他忘了帶筆,這為常事；（as 在從句中作主語）he is absorbed in

26、 work、 as he often was.他正在全神貫注地工作,他過去常常這樣；（as 在從句中作表語）boy as he was, he was chosen king.他雖為孩子,卻被選為國王；（as 在從句中作表語）as we all know、 the earth is round.眾所周知,地球為圓的；（ as 在從句中作賓語）taiwan is, as you know,an inseparable part of china.你知道,臺灣為中國不行分割的一部分；as 在從句中作賓語 (8) “介詞+ 關(guān)系代詞 ”引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句在介詞后引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句；關(guān)系代詞 w

27、hich 有時并不代表主句中某一確定的詞,而為概括整個主句的意思； 介詞的挑選取決于它與先行詞的搭配或與從句中謂語動詞的搭配；they were short of sticks to make frames for the climbing vines,without which the yield would be halved.他們?nèi)贝钇咸鸭艿臈U兒,沒有它們產(chǎn)量會削減一半；they thanked tom,without whose support they would not have succeeded.他們對湯姆表示了感謝,由于沒有他的支持他們就不會勝利；these new neig

28、hbors, to whom i was introduced yesterday,have come here from beijing.這些鄰居為北京來的,昨天我被介紹同他們熟悉了；(9) “名詞/ 代詞+of+which / whom”引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句it now has 20,000 hectares of land,more than two-thirds of which are under cultivation.現(xiàn)在它擁有兩萬公頃土地,其中三分之二之多已經(jīng)耕種；light is the fast thing in the world、 the speed of which

29、 is 300.000 kilometers per second.世界上光的速度為最快的,其速度為每秒三十萬公里；there are 30 chairs in the small hall、 most of which are new.大廳里有三十把椅子,絕大部分為新的；the textile mill has over 8, 000 workers and staff,eighty per cent of精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載whom are women.這家紡織廠有 8 千多職工,女職工占百分之八十；考點歸納【命題趨勢】依據(jù)對定語從句部分全國各省市

30、中考試題的分析可知,其考查重點為：1. 定語從句的功用和結(jié)構(gòu)2. 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的功用3. 各個關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的詳細(xì)用法【考點詮釋】一.考查以 that與 which引導(dǎo)的定語從句1 通常只能用 that的情形1 ）當(dāng)先行詞為不定代詞a11 ,few ,little, much ,something,anything,nothing, everything等時；2 ）先行詞被序數(shù)詞.形容詞的最高級以及被a11 ,any ,every,each ,few ,little,no ,some ,the only,the very, the last等修飾時；3 ）假如先行詞既指人又指物,應(yīng)用

31、關(guān)系代詞that ；【考例】 without friendship、 one can't be happy although he is rich enough. as for me、 i will never forget the days i spent with my dearest friend.a. thatb. whenc. who 答案a ； 解析 在定語從句中,引導(dǎo)詞who 指人which指物that指人或物 ；由先行詞 the days作 spent的賓語可判定用that引導(dǎo)；2 通常只用 which的情形(1) 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句,用關(guān)系代詞which指代前面整個

32、句子的內(nèi)容；(2) 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句,而且先行詞指物時只能用which ,不用 that ；(3) 假如句中有兩個定語從句, 假如兩個從句都可以用that引導(dǎo),那么其中一個應(yīng)改用 which引導(dǎo)；【考例】many young people love the songs have great lyrics.a. whob. thosec. which 答案c ； 解析 考查定語從句；定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞有which ,who ,where,that ,故排除 b,who指人,又排除了a ,先行詞為物,應(yīng)選c；二.考查以 who ,whom與 whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句(1) 假如先行詞為指人的不定

33、代詞anyone,anybody,everyone, everybody,someone,somebody,nobody,one ,ones ,those ,all 指人 等作先行詞,作主語用who ,作賓語用 whom ；who而不用 which ；(2) 在非限制性定語從句中,指人作主語用who ,作賓語用 whom,who ；(3) 在定語從句中, 作定語的關(guān)系代詞只能用whose ,它相當(dāng)于 the+名詞+of+whichwhom ；非限制性定語從句中仍有“代詞數(shù)詞 +of +whichwhom"結(jié)構(gòu)；【考例】 the man gave us a talk on science yesterday is a精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載famous scientist.a. whob. whosec