2022年2022年高中非謂語動詞講解

1、精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載非謂語動詞在句中充當(dāng)除謂語以外的句子成分的動詞形式叫做非謂語動詞；非謂語動詞分為三種形式： 不定式.動名詞和分詞（分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）不定式.動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化.不定式主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)與謂語動詞的關(guān)系一般式to doto be done動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之后進(jìn)行式to be doing與謂語動作同時(shí)發(fā)生完成式to have doneto have been done動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前動名詞主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)與謂語動詞的關(guān)系一般式doingbeing done與謂語動作同時(shí)發(fā)生完成式having doinghaving been do

2、ne動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前現(xiàn)在分詞主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)與謂語動詞的關(guān)系 一般式doingbeing done與謂語動作同時(shí)發(fā)生完成式having donehaving been done動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前不定式一.不定式的作用1. 作主語不定式作主語時(shí),謂語用單數(shù)；往往用it 作形式主語,把不定式放在謂語后面；如：it took us two hours to finish the job.it is impossible for us to get there on time. it is very kind of you to help us.留意：（ 1）其他系動詞如look、 appe

3、ar 等也可用于此句型；（ 2）當(dāng)不定式作主語的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語時(shí),不能用it isto的句型；試比較：it is to negate my own idea to believe him. （錯(cuò)）to believe him is to negate my own idea . （對）（ 3）it is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)中, 當(dāng)不定式的規(guī)律主語和前面的形容詞可以構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),用 of、否就用for.2. 作賓語（ 1）動詞 +不定式；如：he managed to escape from the fire.i find it hard

4、 to get along with him.（ it 作形式賓語）注：以下動詞通常用不定式作賓語：want、 try、 hope、 wish、 need、 forget、 know、 promise、 refuse、 help、 decide、 begin、 start、 learn、 agree、 choose、 get 等（ 2）動詞 +疑問詞 +to 、 “特別疑問句 +不定式”相當(dāng)于名詞,作賓語；如：精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載i don t know what to do next/ how to do it next. i can t decide when t

5、o go there.留意：不定式短語作賓語時(shí),假如仍帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語,往往把不定式短語放在賓語補(bǔ)足語之后,用it作形式賓語；如：i find it necessary to learn a foreign language.3. 作賓語補(bǔ)足語（ 1）動詞 +賓語 +不定式（ to do ）；如： he warned me to be careful.i want you to speak to tom.what makes you think so. （不帶 to 的不定式）注：可以用動詞不定式做賓補(bǔ)的動詞有：ask、 tell、 order 、want 、get、 would like、 l

6、ike、 advise、 invite、 allow、 help、 wish、warn、 expect、 prefer、 encourage（ 2）表見解.看法的動詞結(jié)構(gòu)可為：動詞+賓語 + to be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)；如：we consider tom to be one of the best students in our class.the book is believed to be useful. （被動語態(tài)）3there +不定式；如：we didn t expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會有那么多人在那里；留意：（ 1）有些

7、動詞需用as 短語作補(bǔ)語,像regard、 think、 believe、 take、 consider ；如：we regard tom as our best teacher. 我們認(rèn)為湯姆為我們最好的老師；mary took him as her father.瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親；（2）在動詞 feel （一感）,hear、 listen to（二聽）,have、 let、 make（三讓）,notice、 see、 watch、 observe、 lookat（五看） 即：吾看三室兩廳一感覺等后面的補(bǔ)足語中,不定式不帶to,但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)后, 必需帶 to；如：they saw t

8、he boy fall off the tree.the boy was seen to fall off the tree.3help 后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式可以帶to、 也可以不帶to. i often help him（ to） clean the room.i helped him to find his things.4. 作定語不定式作定語,修飾名詞或代詞,不定式和它所修飾的名詞之間有規(guī)律上的主謂關(guān)系.動狀關(guān)系.同位關(guān)系或動賓關(guān)系；不定式通常要放在這些被修飾的詞后；如：i have a lot of work to do. （動賓關(guān)系）he is looking for a ro

9、om to live in.（動狀關(guān)系）he is the first person to think of the idea. （主謂關(guān)系）he has got a chance to go abroad.（同位關(guān)系）留意： 1.不定式的規(guī)律主語為句子的主語時(shí),不定式用主動形式表被動；如： do you have anything else to say.2.假如作定語的不定式為一個(gè)短語,就要保留不定時(shí)短語中的副詞或介詞；如：i need a pen to write with .i will wirte with the pen 我需要始終鋼筆寫字i have a little baby

10、to look after .i must look after the little baby 我有一個(gè)嬰兒要照看作狀語, 表示目的.結(jié)果.緣由等,有時(shí)仍有一些固定搭配的不定式短語,如 in order to 、 so as to、 soas to、 suchas to、.enough to、 tooto 等；（ 1）做目的狀語,to、 only to（僅僅為了） 、 in order to、 so as to、 sosuch.as to（如此···以便·· ）如：he ran so fast as to catch the first bu

11、s. 他飛速地跑以便趕上第一班車；he came to the school to see his son.（ 2）作結(jié)果狀語,表事先沒有預(yù)料到的,要放在句子后面；如：he hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載he searched the room only to find nothing.（ 3）做緣由狀語；如：we were very excited to hear the news. i m glad to see you.（ 4）做條件狀語；如：to turn to

12、the left 、 you could find a post office.5. 作表語不定式可放在be 動詞后面,構(gòu)成表語；如： the question is how to put it into practice.my question is when to leave. his dream is to be a doctor.her work is to look after the babies.留意： 1.不定式在句中作表語時(shí),對應(yīng)的謂語動詞用單數(shù)；2.當(dāng)助于為不定式時(shí),表語不能用ving 形式,可用不定式；如： to see is to believe. （眼見為實(shí)）6. 獨(dú)

13、立結(jié)構(gòu)；如：to tell you the truth、 i don t agree with you. to make matters worse、 it began to rain.二.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)1. 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)（ 1）現(xiàn)在時(shí)：有時(shí)與謂語動詞表示的動作同時(shí)發(fā)生,有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之后；如：he seems to know this.i hope to see you again.（ 2）完成時(shí)：表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前；如：i m sorry to have given you so much trouble. he seems to have caught

14、a cold.（ 3）進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示動作正在進(jìn)行,與謂語動詞表示的動作同時(shí)發(fā)生；如：he seems to be eating something.（ 4）完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示動作從過去某個(gè)時(shí)間開頭,始終連續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,并有可能連續(xù)下去；如：she is known to have been working on the problem for many years.2. 不定式的語態(tài)當(dāng)不定式的規(guī)律主語為其動作的承擔(dān)者時(shí),就用被動式；如：he was seen to enter the hall.he asked to be sent to work in tibet.三.省 to 的動詞不定式1. 情

15、態(tài)動詞（除ought 外, ought to ）2. would rather、 had better.3. 感官動詞see、 watch、 look at、 notice、 observe、 hear、 listen to、 smell、 feel等后作賓補(bǔ),省略to.留意：在被動語態(tài)中to 不能省略掉；如：i saw him dance.he was seen to dance.the boss made them work the whole night. they were made to work the whole night.4. 使役動詞let、 have、 make.5. 由

16、 and、 or 和 than 連接的兩個(gè)不定式, 其次個(gè)to 可以省去； 如：he wants to move to france and marry the girl.6. help可帶to 、也可不帶to、 help sb. to do sth.7. why/why not8. but和except前 為 動 詞do時(shí) , 后 面 出 現(xiàn) 的 動 詞 用 不 帶to的 動 詞 不 定 式 ； 試 比 較 ：he wants to do nothing but go out.he wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.精品學(xué)習(xí)

17、資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載9. 通常在 discover、 imagine、 suppose、 think、 understand等詞后,可以省去to be .如： he is supposed to be nice.他應(yīng)當(dāng)為個(gè)好人； i usually go there by train. why not by boat for a change.ato try goingbtrying to gocto try and godtry going paul doesnt have to be made . he always works hard.alearnbto learnc

18、learneddlearning四.動詞不定式的否定式；如：tell him not to shut the window.she pretended not to see me when i passed by.mrs. smith warned her daughter after drinking.anever to drivebto never drivecnever drivingdnever drive the boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street、 but his mother told him .anot tobnot to

19、docnot do itddo not dothe patient was warned food before the operation.ato eat nobeating notcnot to eatdnot eating動名詞 （動名詞具有動詞和名詞的特點(diǎn),在句中作主語.表語.賓語和定語）一.動名詞的作用1. 作主語謂語用單數(shù)；it 代替動名詞作主語,常用于如下結(jié)構(gòu)：it s no good/use doing ··如： seeing is believing.playing with fire is dangerous. it s no good waiting

20、here.2. 作賓語i enjoy listening to music.he often practices playing the piano in the evening. he is fond of playing basketball.he has given up smoking.would you mind turning down your radio a little、 please.(1) 只能接動名詞作賓語的動詞：admit , advise 建議, risk, appreciate , envy 嫉妒, avoid 防止,consider 考慮, delay 推遲,

21、deny 否認(rèn), dislike 不喜愛, enjoy, escape 躲避, excuse 原諒.寬恕,finish 完成, forgive 原諒, understand 懂得, give up 舍棄, imagine 想象, keep 保持, mind 介意.在乎, miss未達(dá)到, practise 訓(xùn)練, put off 推遲, resist 抗擊, suggest 建議.示意cant help 禁不住, cant stand 無法忍耐, devote toto 為介詞 致力于·· , look forward to 期望.希望,stick to 堅(jiān)持, be us

22、ed to 習(xí)慣于, object to 反對, be busy 忙于··, fee like 想要·· be surprised at 對 感到驚奇 be proud of 以 為自豪 succeed in 在某方面勝利be afraid of 害 怕 give up 放 棄(2) 只能接不定式作賓語的動詞：happen 碰巧, offer主動提出, promise答應(yīng), agree 同意, refuse 拒絕, decide 打算,determine打算.決心,pretend假裝, fail 未能夠, learn ,wish 期望, hope ,ex

23、pect , afford負(fù)擔(dān)得起；精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載(3) 接動名詞.不定式均可,意義相同的動詞：like, love , dislike, hate, begin, star, continue , prefer ,cant bear/endure無法忍耐, cease 停止(4) 以下詞接動名詞和不定式均可,但意義不同的動詞：forget , go on, mean , regret , remember ,stop , try 等stop to do 停下來去做stop doing停止做forget to do遺忘要做forget doing遺忘做過reme

24、mber to do記得要做remember doing記得做過regret to do 遺憾要做regret doing懊悔做過try to do 妄想做,盡力做try doing試著做go on to do連續(xù)做（另一件事）go on doing連續(xù)做（同一件事）mean to do準(zhǔn)備做mean doing意味做in some parts of london、 missing a bus means for another hour. awaitingbto waitingcwaitdto be waiting答案： a(5) need、 require、 want作“需要”講,其后用動

25、名詞的主動式表示被動意義,be worth 也有類似用法；如：the flowers need watering/to be watered. the problem is worth discussing.3. 作表語此時(shí)的動名詞可以和主語調(diào)換位置；如：my hobby is collecting stamps.her job is washing、 cleaning and taking care of the child.4. 作定語動名詞作定語,一般表示用途；如：a waiting room , a diving board , a reading room, a dining hal

26、l there are a lot of swimming pools in the city.注：（ 1）現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表動作,它與所修飾的名詞之間存在規(guī)律上的主謂關(guān)系,可改寫成一個(gè)定語從句；假如為單詞,放在被修飾n 之前,為短語,放在被修飾n 之后；如： a sleeping boy =a boy who is sleepinga developing country =a country which is developing（ 2）動名詞作定語通常表示它所修飾的名詞的用途或性質(zhì),可改寫成一個(gè)for 的短語,兩者不存在規(guī)律上的主謂關(guān)系；如： a washing machine = a m

27、ashine for washing a swimming pool = a pool for swimming二.動名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)動名詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前,通常要用完成式,否就都用一般式；如：we are interested in playing chess.he was praised for having finished the work ahead of time. i m sorry for not having kept my promise.如主語為動名詞所表示的動作的對象,動名詞用被動語態(tài)；如：we must do something to preven

28、t water from being polluted. i remember having been told a story.he was afraid of being scolded by the teacher.精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載及物動詞不及物動詞主動被動主動一般時(shí)doingbeing donedoing完成時(shí)having donehaving been donehaving done分詞 （分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞；在句中作定語.狀語.表語和賓語補(bǔ)足語；）現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)分：在語態(tài)上,現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動意義,過去分詞表示被動意義；在時(shí)間上, 現(xiàn)在分

29、詞表示的動作往往正在進(jìn)行或者與謂語動詞同時(shí)發(fā)生,過去分詞表示的動作已經(jīng)完成或沒有肯定的時(shí)間性；如： falling leaves正在下落的樹葉fallen leaves已經(jīng)落在地上的樹葉一.分詞的作用1. 作定語（ 1）單個(gè)分詞作定語,分詞前置；如：the sleeping boy is my son.the excited people rushed into the building. a lost opportunity never returns.he is a retired worker.（ 2）分詞短語作定語,分詞后置；分詞修飾不定代詞something 等要后置；個(gè)別分詞如gi

30、ve, left 等作定語也后置；如：the girl standing under the tree is my niece. the building built last year is our library.this is the question given. there is nothing interesting.（ 3）過去分詞作定語與其修飾的詞為被動關(guān)系,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動語態(tài)的定語從句；如：most of the people invited to the party were famous scientiststhe first textbook for teaching

31、english as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.ahave writtenbto be writtencbeing writtendwritten答案： dwhat s the language in germany.aspeakingbspokencbe spokendto speak答案： bprices of daily goods through a computer can be lower than store prices. aare boughtbboughtcbeen boughtdbuying.答案： b

32、when i got back home i saw a message pinned to the door “sorry to miss you; will call later.”areadbreadscto readdreading答案： d解析：reading與 pinned to the door一樣作 message 的后置定語, 相當(dāng)于 which read、 pinned和 reading的規(guī)律主語都為message,它與 pin 為被動關(guān)系,用ed 形式,與read 為主動關(guān)系,用ing 形式2. 作狀語精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞在句中

33、可以作時(shí)間.緣由.方式.相伴.條件.結(jié)果等狀語；not receiving any letter from him、 i gave him a call.as i didn t receive any letter from him、 i gave him a call. given more attention、 the trees could have grown better.if more attention was given、 the trees could have grown better. 條件 walking along the street、 i ran across m

34、y old friend.bitten by a snake、 he was taken to hospital 緣由 .though defeated、 he didn t lose heart.讓步 he lay on the grass、 looking into the sky. 相伴 he came running to tell me the good news. 方式 some officials、 napoleon inspected his army.afollowedbfollowed bycbeing followeddhaving been followed答案： bt

35、here was a terrible noise the sudden burst of light.afollowedbfollowingcto be followeddbeing followed答案： b 、 liquids can be changed into gases.aheatingbto be heatedcheateddheat答案： c留意：（1） 挑選現(xiàn)在分詞仍為過去分詞,關(guān)鍵看主句的主語；如分詞的動作為由主句的主語發(fā)出,分詞就用現(xiàn)在分詞,反之就用過去分詞；試比較：（being） used for a long time、 the book looks old. 由于

36、用了很長時(shí)間,這本書看上去很舊；using the book、 i find it useful. 在使用的過程中,我發(fā)覺這本書很有用；（2） 分詞作狀語時(shí),其規(guī)律主語必需和主句的主語一樣,假如不一樣,就用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),即在分詞前加上它的規(guī)律主語；現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用于作狀語,一般不用作定語；when 、 the museum will be open to the public next year.acompletedbcompletingcbeing completeddto be completed答案： a精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載3. 作表語 such heav

37、y pollution already、 it may now be too late to clean up the river. ahaving sufferedbsufferingcto sufferdsuffered答案： a精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載現(xiàn)在分詞作表語多表示主語具有的特點(diǎn),過去分詞作表語多指主語所處的狀態(tài)；如：the film is touching. the glass is broken.she looked tired with cooking.he remained standing beside the table. im very with

38、 my own cooking. it looks nice and smells delicious. mm、 it does have a smell.apleasant; pleasedbpleased; pleasedcpleasant; pleasantdpleased; pleasant答案： d4. 作賓語補(bǔ)足語精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載分詞和不定式一樣,在一些感官動詞或使役動詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語；如：i smell something burning.i heard him singing the song. i heard my name called.i can t make myself understood in english.i found my car missing.i ll have