高考閱讀理解解題技巧

1、高考英語閱讀理解解題技巧閱讀理解題在各類英語考試中占有最大比重，突破了閱讀理解題是成功的關(guān)鍵，所以掌握閱讀技巧非常重要。一閱讀理解的測試要點如下：1理解主旨大意；2尋讀具體信息；3理解細節(jié)；4根據(jù)上下文提供的語境，推測生詞詞義，進而加深對文段的理解；5簡單的判斷和理解；6理解文段的基本邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)；7理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度；8理解文段的文化信息；9理解圖表信息；10理解指代關(guān)系。從高考命題的實際情況看，命題者常用下述方法提問：1 what is the purpose of the text? 2 what does the author mainly tell us about in the pa

2、ssage? 3 what can we infer from the passage? 4 what can be inferred from the passage? 5it can be concluded from the text that ? 6 what can we learn from the text? 7 what is the general idea/main idea of the text? 8. the passage mainly focuses on. 9. what is the main subject discussed in the text? 10

3、. it can be inferred from the passage that? 12. what is the best title of the text/for the article? 13. the best title for this passage is? 14. what can we infer from the last/the first two paragraphs? 15. the meaning of the word/sentence in paragraph x is related to? 16. in paragraph x, x x x can b

4、e replaced by? 17. the underlined word x /sentence in paragraph x probably mean. 18. the text is mainly written to explain. 19. which of the following statements is true? 20. which of the following is not mentioned in the text? 對于英語基礎差的考生，背下以上句子，很重要，關(guān)鍵是并不難?；谏鲜鰷y試要點，考生在閱讀過程中必須具備下列技能，才能獲取和處理信息：1略讀；2找讀

5、；3預測下文；4理解大意；5分清文章中的事實和觀點；6猜測詞義；7推理判斷；8，了解重點細節(jié)；9。理解文章結(jié)構(gòu)；10.理解圖表信息；11.理解指代關(guān)系；12.理解邏輯關(guān)系；13.理解作者意圖；14.評價閱讀內(nèi)容。要具備上述技能，應該做到：1.學會使用3500個左右的單詞、400-500 個合成詞與派生詞和400-500 個習慣用語或固定搭配；2.除教材外，課外閱讀量應累積達到30萬詞以上，換言之，長度300詞左右的文段1000篇；3.能通過分析句子的結(jié)構(gòu)理解難句和長句(能理解語言結(jié)構(gòu)有一定難度或有一定新語言現(xiàn)象的文段 )；4.能根據(jù)閱讀目的和文段的不同，調(diào)整閱讀速度和閱讀方法，閱讀速度每分鐘7

6、0-80 詞。二、文章分類分析文章一般可分為說明文、論說文、敘述文以及廣告等。根據(jù)歷年考試的情況看，說明文、論說文的文長基本控制在300 詞左右。因此，文章的主旨大意多出現(xiàn)在第一段，甚至第一段的前幾句，最后一段多與第一段呼應；至于中間的部分，多是論據(jù)或說明文的展開部。閱讀理解的問題也以如下形式出現(xiàn)：1. what is the best title for/of the passage? 2. what can be inferred from the passage? 3. what does the author mainly tell us about in the text ？4. w

7、hat is mainly discussed in the article/passage/text? 做答這類問題時，將閱讀重點放在首尾部分，中間部分則可采用略讀或掃讀的方式，一則省時間，二則目標明確，正答率自然也相應提高了。 (一 )閱讀理解之細節(jié)題的解題思路主題思想只是文章的框架，作者在構(gòu)思過程中，還必須對要表達的觀點或信息進行具體的陳述，讀者應能準確記住作者在陳述中談到是何人、何處、何事、和何時何故，這是十分重要的。因此，讀者必須重視人名、日期、事實、數(shù)據(jù)和地點等。對于這類細節(jié)性的問題，多數(shù)文章都比較明顯地提供了事實和細節(jié)，其答案必定在文章論述范圍之內(nèi)。讀者應該找出文章中為所作的選擇

8、提供依據(jù)的單詞和句子，而不能脫離原文去獲取信息， 也不能倉促地作出沒有原文根據(jù)的假設。細讀是獲取事實和細節(jié)不可缺少的方法之一，它使讀者能夠接受信息、記憶信息、分析信息，從而較深入地領會一篇文章。這類題型主要有三種形式：問句式，不完整的陳述句和排除法。1問句式a其發(fā)問形式主要有以下幾種：how did something happen? which of the following people should(not) do it? which of the following did somebody have to deal with. ? where should somebody do

9、something? b解題技巧在解這類題時，可采用“對號入座”的辦法，即帶著問題找句子，先看文章后面的問題 (這常常被認為是非常有效的方法)，注意記憶關(guān)鍵的詞語，如。人物、時間、事件等，確定每道題目的發(fā)問中心，也，就是說，某個問題是針對什么提問的。這樣我們就可以帶著問題去閱讀文章，做到有的放矢。把每個問題的發(fā)問中心反饋到原文中去。當讀到有關(guān)解答發(fā)問中心的信息時，可在有關(guān)信息下面畫一直線以示突出。如果問題的順序沒有按順序給出，可以在原文信息下畫線的同時，把問題的題號也標出來，便于最后檢查，并節(jié)約時間。在原文中找出對發(fā)問中心的解答信息后，可把原文信息放到問題中去，與每一選項進行對照，與原文信息相

10、符的那項，即是正確的答案。cattle have served humanity since prehistoric( 史前 ) days as beasts of burden and as supplier of leather, meat, and milk. some of the earliest written records concern the sale of cattle. these valuable animals are unusual in that they do not have front teeth in their upper jaw. instead t

11、hey chew with their back teeth and gums (齒齦 ). cows swallow their food quickly and store it in the fat stomach or rumen, the first of the four compartments stomachs in their. questions: according to the passage, what is the rumen? a. the first stomach compartment. b. the name of the upper jaw . c. t

12、he stomach where digestion (消化 ) takes place. d. the name of the bacteria( 細菌 ) in the cows stomach. 帶著發(fā)問中心及選擇項目閱讀原文。當我們讀到rumen 這個詞時，可在它下面畫一橫線，緊接此詞下面一句“first of the four compartments in their stomachs ” ，正是解釋rumen 的，可在它的下面畫一虛線并可標出題號和選擇項。2不完整的陳述句式a常見形式有：something can be best classified as _ . a certa

13、in kind of person is someone who _ . people are looking for better ways to _ . according to the author,“ it ” was caused by_ . b解題技巧：這類題的答案與原文在字面上的差異很大，有時還要找出與前句的內(nèi)容在邏輯上的聯(lián)系，因此答這類題時準確理解是關(guān)鍵，一定要冷靜，仔細分析。在做不完整的陳述式題目時候，仍可參考上面列舉的解題步驟。第一步，閱讀題目，找出問題的發(fā)問中心。第二步，帶著這些問題來閱讀文章。第三步，根據(jù)前兩步的分析和判斷，選擇出最符合題意的答案。3排除式a常見形式有：

14、which of the following are not mentioned in the passage? which of the following is true? which of the following is not listed in . ? which of the following is not included in the passage? b解題技巧：做這類題時，首先要仔細閱讀題后的選項，牢記各個選項所闡述的不同內(nèi)容，然后閱讀原文。凡是原文中的信息與選擇項內(nèi)容相同的，我們可以在這些信息下面劃線，以作為排除的內(nèi)容。如果基本選項的內(nèi)容在原文找不到相應的信息，那么該

15、選項即為該題的答案。這類題與前兩種題型不同，后者答案應包括在原文內(nèi)容中，即與所述的事實具有直接或間接的聯(lián)系，而前者的答案是被排除在原文內(nèi)容之外的，因此在答題時要將與原文內(nèi)容有關(guān)的三個選項排除，剩下的一個才是答案。life on land life on land probably began about 430 million years ago, though it has existed in the water for perhaps as long as 3000 million years. when we think of the first life on land, we pr

16、obably think of strange animals coming out of the oceans, but, in fact ,no animals couldhave been living if plants had not been on land first. plants had to be on land before animals arrived. they supplied the first land animals with the surrounding and food necessary, since they-the plants are the

17、only form of life that is able to get and store energy. the first plants to exist out of the water were probably certain kinds of algae (海藻 ) which were followed by other plants that grew close to the ground and needed water in which to reproduce. which of the following is true? a. algae have existe

18、d for more than 430 million years. b. it is impossible that algae might be the earliest plant on land. c. plants get food from animals in the oceans. d. evolution began after animals appeared on land. 這是一道事實詢問題。需要把短文第一段首句“l(fā)ife on land probably began about 430 million years ago”和短文第二段首句“the first pla

19、nts to exist out of the water were pr obably certain kinds of algae”聯(lián)系起來考慮， 正確答案為 a。b、 c、 d 三項與短文內(nèi)容均不符，應排除。(二)閱讀理解之準確找出主題句閱讀理解的技巧中非常重要的一點是在閱讀中迅速地抓住文章或段落的中心思想。段落的構(gòu)成有其內(nèi)在的規(guī)律，其中心思想往往是通過段落中的主題句來體現(xiàn)的。因此了解并掌握這些規(guī)律，迅速找出主題句，從而抓住中心思想對于提高閱讀理解能力大有益處。這些規(guī)律主要是通過主題句在段落中所處的不同的位置體現(xiàn)的。因此同學們首先應對以下四種段型有所了解，然后通過一系列有意識的訓練掌握它

20、們。1首句是主題句的規(guī)律給予例證、解釋或說明的段落；下定義的段落；對兩個或兩個以上的事物作比較或?qū)Ρ鹊亩温洌槐砻髟蚝徒Y(jié)果(往往結(jié)果交代在前)的段落。主題句是首句的段落總是用演繹法撰寫，遵循從一般到個別或特殊的寫作程序，即以概述開段，隨之輔以細說。這樣的段落在文章中出現(xiàn)得最多，據(jù)專門研究閱讀理論與技巧的專家們統(tǒng)計，概率達到70%。請看下例：people who talk and sing to plants have no mental problems at all, according to an agricultural expert. in fact, singing and talk

21、ing to plants makes them grow better, says dr braymar. the reason is quite simple. when we sing or talk to plants, we exhale(呼出 ) co2 which plants need to survive (continue to live)and grow better. plants absorb (take in) co2 through their pores(小孔 ) during the sunlight hours and produce oxygen whic

22、h people to survive. singing and talking have good effect on plants, however, only during the daytime. singing or talking at bedtime will not help plants to grow better or grow faster. 本段的首句是主題句，其后的句子或是解釋說明“ 對植物說話或唱歌有益于植物” ，或是為這一主題思想提供論據(jù)。本段的結(jié)尾句呼應主題句，在給予主題思想又一論據(jù)的同時，幽默地收尾。2段落尾句是主題句的規(guī)律(1)闡述一個不常見的或難以令人接

23、受的觀點的段落。(2)旨在說服讀者相信甚至信服其論點的段落。尾句是主題句的段落總是用歸納法撰寫的，其程序是先表述細節(jié)或交代論據(jù)，最后作出概括性的結(jié)論，以總結(jié)性的句子收尾。這種寫作方法的特點是從個別到一般，由特殊性到共性。請看下例：if you hadnt known them, you would have thought joe and jim were quite alike. they were both tall and wore long and fair hair. they both walked with a steady stride (堅定的步伐 ). they both

24、spoke in a deep voice that made them selves seem much older than they really were. both of them wore dark clothes as a rule, and they liked light coloured ties. but that was all the likeness they had. in other things they were sharply different. joe was considerate and helpful, and everyone liked hi

25、m. jim, however, was very selfish and often flared into terrible anger (勃然大怒 ) at little things that displeased him. alike as joe andjim were on the surface, they were really very different in nature. 這段文字從喬與吉姆兩個人相像和不同的細節(jié)敘述，最后一句作了歸納總結(jié)：這兩人表面相似，但實質(zhì)極不相同。3段落中間句是主題句的規(guī)律表述某種觀點的段落的主題句往往處于段落的中間。這樣段落先以一句或幾句為主

26、題句的出現(xiàn)作鋪墊，或是交代一個細節(jié)或論據(jù)。在主題句出場后，仍有適當數(shù)量的句子陳述細節(jié)或繼續(xù)給予例證。這類段落包括幾個層次：引題 主題思想 解釋或 “ 提問 ” 回答問題或繼續(xù)給予例證。 這樣段落的撰寫總是遵循這條規(guī)律：先歸納后演繹。給出一兩個例證之后，作出概括性的總結(jié)，然后根據(jù)這一結(jié)論再給予例證來證實其論點。請看下例：when you throw a ball up into the air as fast as you can, the ball reaches a point where it seems to pause for a moment, and then it comes d

27、own. when a bullet (子彈 ) is shot straight up, it will travel much faster and higher than a ball, but it, too, will come down. whatever goes up must come down. we have al-ways thought this to be true. an airplane may climbto a height of seventeen miles and then travel far and long. y et it does not s

28、tay up forever. finally, like every-thing else, the plane must come down. 本段文字中間劃線的這句話是主題句。其行文順序與寫作方法與上述的發(fā)展程序完全吻合。(三)如何抓住長句的核心閱讀較難的讀物時，經(jīng)常遇到很長的句子。這些長句往往是初學者在閱讀理解中的攔路虎。倘若初學者具備準確找出長句的核心的能力，那么這只攔路虎也就變成了紙老虎，一點也不可怕了。1.找出長句的核心何為句子的核心?所謂句子的核心(the core of a sentence) ，就是指句子最主要的成分：主語、謂語動詞及其賓語或表語。這三種句子成分是句子最基本

29、的要素。雖然有的句子表面上很長，其實它們的核心部分只不過是幾個關(guān)鍵詞。其他的部分統(tǒng)統(tǒng)都是為這幾個核心詞服務的，或是描述修飾它們，或是解釋說明以下細節(jié)：時間(when)、地點(where)、原因(why)、方式(how)、何物(what)、數(shù)量(how many或how much)及何種結(jié)果(what result)等。下面將對曾在近年高考試題中出現(xiàn)的一個長句進行分析，因其具有權(quán)威性、代表性和實用性。twenty students had just climbed their way to the top rung (最高的臺階 ) out of four million students ta

30、king part in the fifth national hua luogeng gold cup mathematics contest on tuesday evening at jintan county, jiangsu province. 分析過程的演示：句子的核心：students climbed way 句子的一系列細節(jié)：how many： twenty out of four million what result: to the top rung what thing: the fifth national hua luogeng gold cup mathematic

31、s contest doing what: taking part in the. contest when: t uesday evening where: jintan county, jiangsu province 抓住句子的核心后，我們首先準確地理解了句子最主要的成分：學生登上最高的臺階。再經(jīng)過對這個長句的一系列細節(jié)的分析，我們可以更進一步地了解到：四百多萬參加“ 全國第五屆華羅庚數(shù)學金杯賽” 中的中學生里有二十個學生在星期二于江蘇省金壇縣登上了最高的臺階。2找出謂語動詞是抓住核心的關(guān)鍵英語與漢語的一個區(qū)別就是英語中有三種非謂語動詞形式：動詞不定式、 分詞與動名詞。這三種非謂語動詞形

32、式又各自有其一系列的形式，如果在句子中不能迅速而又準確地找到謂語動詞， 勢必會對理解形成嚴重的障礙。因此找出句子的謂語動詞就成了抓住核心的關(guān)鍵。找出句子的謂語動詞后，用who或 what 放在謂語動詞前發(fā)問，就可以輕而易舉地找到主語，然后再用whom 或 what 發(fā)問，就可迅速找出其賓語或表語，以及一系列狀語，這樣正確理解長句或難句就會變得輕松而容易。請看下面例證中的劃線的句子：sometimes an animal has a plant partner. the relationship develops until the two partners cannot manage with

33、out each other. this is so in corals(珊瑚 ) of the sea. in their skins, corals have tiny plants which act as dustmen, taking some of the waste products from the coral and giving in return oxygen which the animal needs very much to breathe. 乍看劃線的這個句子，第一印象是這個句子很長，再看下去，就會感到這個長句中動詞很多，多至六個。那么哪一個是謂語動詞呢?根據(jù)我們

34、已掌握的基本知識，經(jīng)過語法分析，不難看出這個句子的謂語動詞是have。 于是我們用what 放在 have前提問：what have ?回答這個問題的過程就是找出主語的過程： corals have 。然后再用what放在謂語動詞后發(fā)問：corals have what?找出這個問題的答案也就找到了這個謂語動詞have的賓語：have tiny plants。這樣該句的最核心的部分： 主語、謂語和賓語就都準確地找到了。3語法分析法是準確理解細節(jié)行之有效的方法通過對上例的分析，我們可以令人信服地讓同學們接受我們關(guān)于如何抓住句子核心的觀點和方法。但是僅有這些，就想正確理解這么長這么復雜的句子，那是

35、不現(xiàn)實的。要想進一步正確而又深入地理解這個句子，語法分析法在實踐中已被反復地證實了是行之有效的。在上例劃線的句首處，用了介詞詞組：in their skins(在它們的皮膚上)，交代了corals have tiny plants 的地點狀語，實際上回答的是where(何處 )的問題；在plants之后用的是限制性的定語從句：which act as“dustmen ”(起到是清潔工作用的微生物)，實際上回答的是 what effect do they have(它們起的是什么作用)的問題。在這個定語從句后出現(xiàn)的是現(xiàn)在分詞短語：taking some of the wasted product

36、s from the coral and giving in return oxygen 。經(jīng)過語法分析，不難看出此處的分詞短語起的是解釋說明的作用，其意為：從珊瑚中清理掉一些廢料的產(chǎn)物而歸還其氧氣。在oxygen之后又出現(xiàn)了一個定語從句：which the animal needs very much to breathe( 此種動物非常需要呼吸的氧氣)。誠然，對于一個訓練有素的考生，上述這一切是在很短的時間內(nèi)完成的。但是其閱讀、理解及思維等過程，必須經(jīng)過上面敘述的每一個細節(jié)，因此他的正確理解結(jié)果必然是：在珊瑚的皮膚中，有著一些微生物，這些微生物在它們身體上充當著“ 清潔工 ” ，清理掉它們

37、身體產(chǎn)生的廢料，而還給珊瑚這種動物非常需要呼吸的氧氣。(四)猜詞技巧閱讀理解的測試中經(jīng)常有猜測詞、短語、習語意義的題目，這些詞、短語、習語要么是生詞， 要么是熟詞新義，單靠平時積累是不夠的，還要掌握一定的做題技巧?？偨Y(jié)如下：(1)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(轉(zhuǎn)化、合成、派生)進行判斷：在英語中，有很多詞可以在前面加前綴(prefix) ，或在后面加后綴(suffix)，從而構(gòu)成一個詞，乍看起來，這個詞可能是生詞，但掌握了一定的構(gòu)詞法，就不難猜出它的詞義。例如：our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10, anaclerio said, and theyre very interactiveand creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject. 文中 interactive 是由前綴inter(相互的 )和 active(活動的，活躍的)構(gòu)成的，同時根據(jù)上下文的意思可以判斷，該詞的含義應是“ 互動的 ” 。(2)根據(jù)上下文解釋作出判斷：有時短文中出現(xiàn)一個需猜測其意義的詞或短語，下面接著出現(xiàn)其定義域或解釋，這就是判斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。請看下例：shanghai bashi tourism car rental cen