北師大版語法專題八：動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)(共13頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上高考必考語法精講精練語法專題八：動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)是高考必考考點(diǎn)。時態(tài)（tense）是一種動詞形式，同一動詞的不同變化形式表達(dá)不同的時態(tài)，英語中有16種時態(tài)。2017年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試大綱附錄語法項(xiàng)目表中對于時態(tài)列了十項(xiàng)：（1）一般現(xiàn)在時（2）一般過去時（3）一般將來時（4）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時（5）過去進(jìn)行時（6）過去將來時（7）將來進(jìn)行時（8）現(xiàn)在完成時（9）過去完成時（10）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時；此外還列了被動語態(tài)，并將其作為單獨(dú)一項(xiàng)。 2015年高考全國卷第61題（語法填空）考查了動詞arrive的一般過去時arrived；第71題（短文改錯）考查了

2、think變?yōu)檫^去時thought；第75題（短文改錯）考查了被動語態(tài)，刪掉been；第79題（短文改錯）考查了將動詞過去時的found變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在時的find。 2016年高考全國卷第62題（語法填空）考查了allow的一般過去時的被動語態(tài)was allowed；第74題（短文改錯）考查了將過去時had變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在時的have；77題（短文改錯）考查了將using變?yōu)楸粍觰sed。2017年高考全國卷第64題（語法填空）考查了remove的一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)are removed；第74題（短文改錯）考查了將動詞goes變成一般過去時went。各種時態(tài)構(gòu)成表：（以do為例）一般時態(tài)進(jìn)行時態(tài)完成時態(tài)

3、 完成進(jìn)行時態(tài)現(xiàn) 在do/doesis/am/are doing has/have donehas/have been doing過 去didwas /were doinghad donehad been doing將 來shall/will doshall/will be doingshall/will have doneshall/will have been doing過去將來would dowould be doingwould have donewould have been doing專心-專注-專業(yè)一、一般現(xiàn)在時：動詞原形或第三人稱單數(shù)1構(gòu)成：使用動詞原形，第三人稱單數(shù)須有變化。

4、 （1）直接加“s”：workworks，taketakes （2）以輔音加“y”結(jié)尾，變“y”為“i”，再加“es”：carrycarries （3）以“o, s, x, ch, sh”結(jié)尾的動詞加“es”：gogoes，dressdresses，watchwatches，finishfinishes 2功能： （1）表現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)、狀態(tài)或動作。例如：I have a dream. She loves music. Mary's parents get up very early. （2）表習(xí)慣性動作或職業(yè)，常與often，sometimes，usually，always，every

5、week，occasionally，frequently，seldom等時間副詞連用。例如：I always take a walk after supper. She writes to me very often. She is an English teacher. （3）表客觀真理，格言警句或事實(shí)。例如： The earth moves around the sun. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Two and two makes four. No man but errs. （4）表示將來發(fā)生的動作：A在由when，

6、after, before，as，as soon as，although，because，if，even if，in case，till，until，unless，as long as，where，whatever，wherever 等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來發(fā)生的動作。例如： I'll tell her when she comes tomorrow. Even if it rains this afternoon, I'll meet you.Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed. I'll be ri

7、ght here waiting for you wherever you go. B按時間表將要發(fā)生的動作或事件，用一般現(xiàn)在時表達(dá)將來時概念。例如：The play begins at 6:30 this evening. When does the plane take off? He leaves for that city next week. According to the timetable, the train starts at 9 oclock. 二一般過去時：動詞的過去式 1表示過去某個特定時間或某一段時間發(fā)生的動作或情況。例如：We visited the school

8、 last spring.I went to school by bike when I was in middle school. China was founded in 1949. 2在表示時間或條件等的狀語從句中代替過去將來時。例如：She told me she wouldt go with us if it rained the next day.They would not leave until she came back.His girlfriend promised to marry him once he bought her a big house. 三一般將來時：sh

9、all / will + 動詞原形 1表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如：He will graduate from the college next year. We shall finish our work as quickly as possible. 2將來時的其它結(jié)構(gòu)。 例如：I .is/am/are going to do sth.（美國口語中常讀作be gonna） I'm going to buy a new car this fall. He is going to sell his house. 注意：be going to與will的對比：下列情況須用will

10、 I will be sixteen years old next year. It will be the 20th of August tomorrow. When he comes, I will give him your message. II. is/am/are + to do sth.表示計劃安排做某事或征求意見。例如：Am I to take over his work? We are to meet at the gate. III. is/am/are about to do sth. 即將做某事。例如：The talk is about to begin. 四一般過去將

11、來時：would + 動詞原形 1.表示過去某時之后將出現(xiàn)的情況，通常用于中。例如：He said that they would meet me at the station. She told me that she would come to see me. 2.表示過去習(xí)慣性動作（不管什么人稱都用would）。例如：Whenever he had time,Tom would go to see his grandma.The old couple would go for a walk after supper. 注意句型：was/were about to do sth. when

12、正要做某事,這時=was/were on the point of doing sth. when（when引導(dǎo)的從句要用一般過去時）例如：He was about to go out when the telephone rang.I was about to go shopping when it rained.She was on the point of having supper when the light went off.五現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時：is / am / are +現(xiàn)在分詞1表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動作。例如：The water is boiling. Shall I make te

13、a? The workers are building a new bridge across the river. 2表現(xiàn)階段正進(jìn)行的動作。例如：He is taking physics this semester.We are preparing for our final examination this week. Don't you think you eat too much? You're putting on weight. 3go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return, join, etc.用

14、于進(jìn)行時態(tài)時表示即將開始的動作。例如： Look! The bus is coming.The old man is seriously ill, and he is dying. Alice is leaving for Shanghai with her mother.4與 always, forever, continually, constantly 等副詞連用，表示說話人帶有感情色彩：贊賞或厭惡。例如：He is always thinking of others.The boy is continually making noises.The teacher is constant

15、ly criticizing her for being late.六過去進(jìn)行時：was /were +現(xiàn)在分詞1表示過去某一時刻或階段正在發(fā)生的動作。 例如：I was playing chess at 8 yesterday evening. When I arrived, they were watching TV. They were doing housework this time last week. 2用于條件狀語從句中表示過去將來進(jìn)行的動作。例如：She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping. I asked my friend

16、 to warn me about it as long as I was driving too fast. 3過去某時將發(fā)生的事。例如：They told me that they were leaving for New York. He was going out when I arrived. 七將來進(jìn)行時：shall / will be + 現(xiàn)在分詞1表示將來某個時刻正在進(jìn)行的動作。例如：What will you be doing this time tomorrow? I will be having dinner this time tomorrow.2用將來進(jìn)行時詢問別人的

17、計劃、打算比用一般將來時更顯禮貌。例如：Will you be having supper with us this evening? Will you be coming to see us tomorrow?3將來進(jìn)行時表示對即將發(fā)生的動作的推測。例如：She will be arriving at Shanghai tomorrow morning. The car will be going at the speed of 100 miles an hour.八現(xiàn)在完成時：have / has +過去分詞1表示過去所發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。常與yet，just，before

18、，recently，lately，ever，never等表時間的副詞搭配使用。例如：He hasn't seen her lately. I haven't finished the book yet. 2表示一個從過去某個時間開始，延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能持續(xù)下去的動作，常與表示一段時間的時間狀語連用。如：so far（迄今為止），up till now（直到現(xiàn)在），for a long time（很長時間），in the past / in the last few years（在過去的幾年里），these days（這些日子）。例如：He has worked here for

19、15 years. I have studied English since I came here.The foreigner has been away from China for a long time. So far, I haven't received a single letter from my brother. 3某些非延續(xù)性動詞（即：動作開始便終止的動詞），在現(xiàn)在完成時中不能與表示一段時間狀語搭配。 I常見的非延續(xù)動詞：die, arrive，join，leave，go, refuse，fail，finish，buy，marry，divorce，awake ，bu

20、y，borrow，lend 等。 II這類動詞并非不能用現(xiàn)在完成時，而是不能接常由for引導(dǎo)的時間狀語。 III但若是用在否定句中，非延續(xù)動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時可以與表示一段時間的狀語連用。例如：She has gone away for a month.（誤）She has been away for a month （正）The man has died for two years.（誤）The man has been dead for two years.（正）How long have you bought the book?（誤）How long have you had the boo

21、k.（正） 4幾組對比：He has gone to Shanghai. 他去上海了。 He has been to Shanghai. 他去過上海。She has gone.她已走了。 She is gone.她缺席了。（or她死了。）The door has been closed.門關(guān)上了。（動作）The door is closed.門是關(guān)著的。（狀態(tài)）九過去完成時：had + 過去分詞1表示過去某個動作或某個具體時間之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作，即“過去的過去”。例如： They had got everything ready before I came. The play had b

22、egun before I got to the theater with my boyfriend. 2過去完成時常用于 hardly / scarcely . when, no sooner . than（“一就”）等固定句型結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：She had hardly / scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang. =Hardly/Scarcely had she gone to bed when the bell rang. He had no sooner arrived at the railway station than he met her

23、 parents. =No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.注意 ：hardly /scarcely/no sooner 在句首時要用部分倒裝。 3intend（打算），mean（打算），plan（計劃）hope（希望），want（想要）等動詞的過去完成時用來表示“本打算/本計劃/本希望/本想要做而沒有”做的事。例如：I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was abo

24、ut to leave.They had planned to hold a football match last week, but they had to cancel it because of the bad weather.十將來完成時：shall / will have +過去分詞。表示將來某時之前已經(jīng)完成的動作。例如：They will have been here for 5 years next Friday. By the end of this month, he will have finished the book. 十一現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時：have / has + b

25、een + 現(xiàn)在分詞 1表示從過去某時開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作，并且還將持續(xù)下去。 例如：I have been waiting for an hour but she hasn't come. He has been running after her for 8 years.I have been learning English since six years ago. 2表示一個從過去開始延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可以包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一個階段內(nèi)，重復(fù)發(fā)生的行動，例如：She has been playing tennis since she was eight. 3.表某種感情色彩。例如：I&

26、#39;ve been wanting to see you for so many years. Who's been telling you such nonsense. 現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時對比：現(xiàn)在完成時強(qiáng)調(diào)“結(jié)果”，而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時強(qiáng)調(diào)“動作的延續(xù)”。例如：I have thought of it.（我已想到了這一點(diǎn)。）I have been thinking of it.（我一直在想這一點(diǎn)。）Jim has painted the door.（杰姆已將門油漆過了。）Jim has been painting the door.（杰姆一直在油漆門。）注意：表示狀態(tài)的不能

27、用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時。例如，我們可以說：I have known him for years.但是不能說：I have been knowing him for years.這類不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的動詞還有：love，like，hate等等。十二過去完成進(jìn)行時：had been + 現(xiàn)在分詞表示過去某個時間之前一直在進(jìn)行的動作。例如：She said that she had been typing a paper before I came in. I had been waiting for him before he arrived.十三過去將來進(jìn)行時：would be + 現(xiàn)在分詞表

28、示從過去某時看將來某個時侯正在進(jìn)行的動作。例如： He asked me what I would be doing when he came the next day. He said that he would be reading the book all morning tomorrow. 十四過去將來完成時：would have +過去分詞表示從過去某個時間看將來某時之前動作已經(jīng)完成。例如：He said that they would have arrived by seven o'clock. I thought she would have told you somet

29、hing by then. 十五將來完成進(jìn)行時：shall / will have been + 現(xiàn)在分詞表示某一動作從某時間開始一直延續(xù)到將來某一時間，是否繼續(xù)下去由上下文決定。例如：By the end of next year，we will have been doing business with each other for 20 years.We shall have been staying here for four weeks when Tom arrives.It will have been raining for a week if it does not stop

30、tomorrow. 十六. 過去將來完成進(jìn)行時：would have been + 現(xiàn)在分詞表示從過去的某一時間開始一直延續(xù)到過去將來的某一時間。動作是否繼續(xù)進(jìn)行，由上下文決定。例如：He said that by the end of the spring term he would have been studying English for three years.She told me that she would have been teaching in that university for 10 years by that summer.被動語態(tài) 一 .被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成：被動語態(tài)

31、由“be動詞+及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成，其中be動詞本身沒有意義，但有人稱、單復(fù)數(shù)以及時態(tài)的變化。(不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài))一般時態(tài)完成時態(tài)進(jìn)行時態(tài)完成進(jìn)行時態(tài)現(xiàn) 在is /am/are donehas/have been doneis/am/are being done 無過 去was/were donehad been donewas /were being done無將 來shall /will be doneshall/will have been done無 無過去將來would be donewould have been done無 無常見各種時態(tài)對應(yīng)的被動語態(tài)：（以do為例）二

32、.含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)：由情態(tài)動詞must/can/could/may/might/should/would+be done構(gòu)成。例如：The task must be finished before this weekend.He should be punished because he told lies.The book may be taken away by someone. 三. 被動語態(tài)的用法：1.不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者，或沒有必要指明誰是動作的執(zhí)行者,被動語態(tài)中的介詞短語by sb.通常省略。例如：The streets are swept every day.His ca

33、r has been stolen.Rice is grown in many countries.This kind of advertisement can be seen everywhere.2.帶雙賓語的及物動詞變成被動語態(tài)有兩種變法，指人的間接賓語用作被動語態(tài)的主語更常見。例如：He gave her a beautiful gift yesterday.A beautiful gift was given to her (by him).或者 She was given a beautiful gift (by him).3.get +過去分詞表被動，表示一種結(jié)果或狀態(tài)。常見結(jié)構(gòu)

34、有：get killed/cheated/burnt/wounded/paid/hurt/lost/married/caught.例如：He got killed in the traffic accident last week.Dont get cheated by her beauty.He got caught by the police because he exceeded the speed limit.4.have sth done以及get sth done（主要用于口語中）常常表示安排別人把事情做好或談?wù)撘馔獾?、不好的事情。例如：I need to have my hair

35、 cut.Your watch is broken,youd better get it repaired.If you dont get out of my house, I will have you arrested . We had our money stolen when we were on holiday.Joe had his leg broken in a fight.5.have sth to be done表示主動提出請求幫助別人做某事。例如：I am going shopping ,do you have anything to be bought?I intend

36、to spend my holiday in our hometown,do you have anything to be taken to your parents?Do you have anything to be typed,sir? 四主動形式表被動意義：1.look，feel，taste，sound，smell，appear，seem，prove，turn，stay，become，fall，get，keep，grow等系動詞+形容詞或名詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：The ice feels cold.His plan proved practical.2.表示開始、結(jié)果、運(yùn)動的動詞，如

37、begin，finish，start，open，close，stop，end，shut，run，move等。例如：Work began at 7'clock this morning. The shop closes at 6 p.m every day.3.形容詞easy，hard，fit，nice，dangerous，difficult等后面接動詞不定式，且不定式和句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系時，常用不定式的主動形式表示被動意義。例如：This kind of water is fit to drink.The text is easy to understand.4.某些動詞如r

38、ead,write,sell,wash,clean,lock,open,dry等在表示主語的某種性質(zhì)時，常用主動表被動。例如：The clothes washes well.Your pen writes smoothly.5.其他的主動表被動的情況。例如：The book is worth reading.My bike needs/wants/requires repairing.=My bike needs/wants/requires to be repaired.Who is to blame?高考英語短文改錯及語法填空分析與訓(xùn)練·時態(tài)與語態(tài)考點(diǎn)規(guī)律分析:動詞時態(tài)考點(diǎn)主要涉

39、及一般現(xiàn)在時與一般過去的區(qū)別，其命題方式通常是在一個一般現(xiàn)在時的背景下誤用某個一般過去時；或者反過來，在一個一般過去時的背景下誤用某個一般現(xiàn)在時。從所涉及的動詞來看，主要涉及be 和 have兩個常用動詞。有時也涉及其他時態(tài)，如一般將來時，現(xiàn)在完成時等，但很少見。語法填空主要涉及動詞的時態(tài)及語態(tài)的變化。時態(tài)語態(tài)單句改錯之真題訓(xùn)練：1. We were driving along a narrow road when the car stop2. and had returned to the car! Bill is standing at the side of the car.3.Two

40、months ago they were back in America. Last Sunday, police cars hurry to the4. Today, it is much easier to be healthy than it is in the past.5. Also, scientists and doctors had learned how to deal with many diseases.6. Anyone may borrow books, and it cost nothing to borrow them. 7. If the book you wi

41、ll want is out, you may ask for it to be called back for you. 8.I had always wanted to return to the village after moving away and it is really great to see most of my old friends again. 9. They offered me coffee and other drinks. We have a good time talking and laughing together. 10. I learn about

42、you from my English teacher, Miss Fang. 11. My favourite sport is football. I was a member of our school football team. 12. I am happy with any programme but the others spent a lot of time arguing and there was no way of settling the matter except by selling the set.13. Id like very much to come but

43、 I had an examination on Monday morning. It is a very14.I remembered her words and calm down.15.They did not want me to do any work at home; they want me to devote all my time to 16. He said he is busy. 17. On the way up I was busy taking pictures since the scenery was so beautiful. The time passes

44、quickly. 18.But his parents think going to college is more important than playing sports and college was the only place for a smart boy like his son. 19. At once I apologize and controlled myself at my best till the dinner started.20.Sometimes, we talked to each other very well in class, but after c

45、lass we become stranger at once. 21. She stopped to look out of the window and find a cloud of smoke coming out of her neighbors house. 22. We were living in a big family. We treat each other as brothers and sisters. 23. I am always young when I was staying with them.24.Every day he makes sure that

46、fresh vegetables and high quality oil are using for cooking.25（2017·全國，73）.but once I started the car, my mind goes blank.時態(tài)語態(tài)單句改錯之模擬訓(xùn)練：1. Just now Jim tells me his mother was ill.2. I phone the other students a moment ago.3. We often played together when we are children.4.What are you doing wh

47、en I called you?5. I see you in the park. You were talking to a pretty girl.6. She doesnt hear the doorbell, for she was watching TV.7.Well stay at home playing cards if it will rain tomorrow. 8. Please let me know if you will have any trouble.9. He hurt his back when he is playing football with his

48、 classmates.10. Ill write to him when I finished the book.11. Charles worked hard since leaving school. 12.In fact, I am very thin when I was young.13. Hes kind to me. Though he is very busy, he still came to see me. 14. How long have you been here? How did you like our city?15.As is known to us all

49、, the earth turned around the sun.16.Im interested in English, so I spoke it better than the others do. 17.Dont worry about it. I promise you I come to help you.18. Now everything is dear. Even a small piece of bread cost one yuan.19.Remember to turn off the lights before you will leave. 20.I forget

50、 to tell him the news. Shall we telephone him now?時態(tài)語態(tài)單句改錯之提升訓(xùn)練：1. He said that he will see you off at the airport the next day.2. When he will come back， Ill let you know.3. He said that he has had the bike for two years.4. I work on a farm in North China in the 1970s.5. A new bridge was being buil

51、t in our city at present.6. I finished my homework before I left school.7. I feel regretful now that I dont study hard when I was in my high school.8. If I am you, I would do it.9. She buys a bike yesterday.10. I come here in two days.11. I dont think we met before.12. He taught here since he came t

52、o this town.13. She said she would call me but I didnt heard from her so far.14. I am tired because I had been working all day.15. Look! Here the bus coming.16. I meet him in other time.17. By this time tomorrow we have finished the work.18. Sometimes I will get up at eight in the morning.19. We hav

53、e to cancel the match if it will rain tomorrow.20. I didnt seen my best friend for nearly two years.時態(tài)語態(tài)單句語法填空之真題訓(xùn)練：1.(2016·全國，62)I_(allow)to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre.2.(2016·全國，43)Leaving the less important things until tomorrow _(be) often acceptable.3.(2

54、016·全國，42)Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic.Truly elegant chopsticks might _(make)of gold and silver with Chinese characters.4.(2016·全國，49)Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and _(be) too violent for use at the table.5.(2016·北京，21)Jack_(work) in the lab wh

55、en the power cut occurred.6.(2016·北京，25)I_(read) half of the English novel, and Ill try to finish it at the weekend.7.(2016·北京，30)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will_ (reward) success in the end.8.(2016·四川，閱讀D)Night milk quickened the start of sleep and _(cause) the mice to sleep longer.9.(2016·四川，61)The giant panda_(love) by people throughout the world.10.(2016·浙江，14)When the time came to make the final decision for a course, I decided to apply for the one that _(reflect) my interest.11.(2017·全國，6