新課標高考閱讀理解主旨大意題解題技巧

1、新課標高考閱讀理解主旨大意題解題技巧在高考閱讀理解中，主旨大意題的考查占有十分重要的位置。掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意也是英語課程標準和考試說明對考生的基本要求之一。只有通過閱讀掌握了文章的主題，才能正確理解文章，進而根據(jù)文章的事實細節(jié)推測作者的態(tài)度和觀點。主旨大意題主要是測試考生對一篇文章或一段文字的深層理解程度以及在速讀中準確把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般針對某一語段或某一語篇的主題標題或目的設題。這類題目考查的范圍是： 基本論點、文章標題、主題或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎上能較好地運用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法，對文章進行高度概括或總結(jié)，屬于高層次題。一、題型特點與命題方

2、式【設題類型】1、概括文章大意；2、選出最佳題目（標題）；3、概括人物特點。【設問形式 】1、標題類常見的標題型題干：1) the best title / headline for this passage might be_. 2) the text (passage) could be entitled _. 3) what is the best title for the passage? 4) which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage? 2、大意類常見的主題型題干：1) this pass

3、age chiefly deals with _. 2) what s the topic of the article?3) what is the subject discussed in the text? 4) with what topic is the passage chiefly concerned? 【命題趨勢】考查考生對文章的主題、標題、中心思想的理解程度及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力。常見題型為最佳標題（title ）或中心思想（main idea）等。主題思想是文章的核心，能否抓住文章的主題思想，是考生閱讀能力最主要的體現(xiàn)。高考中閱讀理解的測試，自然也以此作為檢驗考生閱

4、讀理解能力最重要的標準。要準確地抓住文章的主題思想，就要十分留意文章的開頭和結(jié)尾， 要抓住文中具有概括性的信息，從上下文連貫的意思來理解全文，看作者主要談的是什么， 透過文字敘述的過程來歸納主題，再從選擇項中找出最符合表達主題思想的選項。 有些干擾項， 從局部看也許不算錯，但從全局看卻又片面。這類干擾項與正確答案之差，其實是局部與全局之差。考生在做題時不要為局部現(xiàn)象迷惑，而忽略了文章的整體思想。二、解題思路與應試技巧做這類題時常用略讀法?？焖匍喿x文章找出各個段落的主題句。把各個段落的主題句聯(lián)系起來著眼于全文結(jié)構安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的標題是中心思想最精煉的表達形式，選

5、擇的標題意義范圍要能涵蓋全文，不能太大也不能太小。命題者在出這類題時， 常常利用生活常識編造干擾項，把文中的細節(jié)當主旨，利用局部信息編造干擾項，編制超出文章范圍的標題或不能涵蓋文章中心意義的標題來考查考生的理解程度，考生要特別留意。下面結(jié)合高考試題，談談標題類和大意類主旨大意題的解題技巧。1、標題類標題是段落中心思想最精煉的表達形式。在閱讀中不僅要求考生能夠通過自己已知的信息概括出段落的中心思想，而且還要對概括出的中心思想加以提煉，擬定出段落的標題。在測試中能夠迅速而準確地選擇標題。文章標題可以是單詞，短語， 也可以是句子。 標題可幫助讀者迅速推測出整篇文章的主要內(nèi)容，抓住文章討論的中心，把握

6、作者的觀點和意圖。它的特點是：短小精悍，多為一短語；涵蓋性強，一般要求能覆蓋全文，其確定的范圍要恰當，既不能太大，也不能太??；精確性強，不能隨意改變語言表意的程度及色彩。【考例】(2009 全國卷 i，a 篇) 59. what can be the best title for the text? a. a mother s love b. a brave act c. a deadly river d. a matter of life and death 【解析】 a。整篇文章敘述的是小牛掉到河里，母牛采取一切措施來進行保護小牛，體現(xiàn)了濃濃的母愛。文章最后一段點題：while i was

7、 wondering what i could do next, i heard the sound of a mother s love. (2009 天津卷， d 篇) 55. what would be the best title for the passage? a. drinking for better social relationships b. experiments of personality evaluation c. developing better drinking habits d. physical sensations and emotions 【解析】d

8、。 本文第一段中 “the physical sensation （感覺） of warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise decisions those are the practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist john a. bargh. ”就已點明本文的主題思想：身體對溫度的感覺與情緒有關。(2009 湖北卷， c 篇) 62. which would

9、be the best title for the passage? a. timex or rolex? b. my childhood timex c. watches? not for me! d. watches a valuable collection 【解析】 c。文章通篇講述在現(xiàn)代許多移動設備都能報時的前提下，還花費很多錢購買名表究竟是否合適，因此選擇c“手表？我不要！ ”為標題較為形象生動，也很貼切。a“天美時還是勞力士” ，b“我的孩童時代的天美時”，d“手表昂貴的選擇”都不符合文章主題。2、大意類解答該題型最關鍵的是找出主題句，把握文章主旨。通常情況下主題句在文中的位置:

10、 說明文議論文記敘文在開頭( 較常見 ) 在結(jié)尾( 較少見 ) 在中間中心貫穿全文( 較常見 ) 概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段開頭再看全文找主題句，若無明顯主題句，就通過關鍵詞句來概括(如議論文中尋找表達作者觀點態(tài)度的詞句，記敘文尋找概括情節(jié)和中心的動詞或反映人物特點的形容詞。) 。文中出現(xiàn)兩種或兩種以上的不同觀點時，務必牢記作者的觀點才是體現(xiàn)全文中心的。此時，要注意一些轉(zhuǎn)折詞，如 but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary 等。當文章中表示相反的觀點時，往往用到這些詞。答題時要弄清哪個是作者

11、的觀點，排除迷惑性信息，準確歸納主旨大意。【考例】(2009 北京卷， d 篇) 71. what is the main idea of the passage? a. music education deserves more attention. b. music should be of top education priority. c. music is an effective communication tool. d. music education makes students more imaginative. 【解析】 a。文章第一段引出話題：when students

12、 and parents are asked to rate subjects according to their importance, the arts are unavoidably at the bottom of the list. music is nice, people seem to say, but not important. too often it is viewed as mere entertainment, but certainly not an education priority （優(yōu)先） . this view is shortsighted. in

13、fact, music education is beneficial and important for all students. 表明人們對音樂不重視，然后作者從不同方面來論證自己的觀點：音樂應該得到人們更多的關注。(2009 湖北卷， e 篇) 70. what is the main idea of the passage? a. our life is governed by the law of time. b. how to organize time is not worth debating. c. new ways of using time change our soc

14、iety. d. our time schedule is decided by social customs. 【解析】 a。文章通過論述現(xiàn)代社會人們對工作與休息時間的界限比較模糊，旨在說明我們的生活受到時間法則的約束，法律約束著我們對學習、工作與休息時間的安排，因此選擇 a“我們的生活由時間規(guī)律掌控”符合文章主題。b“怎樣安排時間不值得討論”，c“利用時間的新方法改變了我們社會”，d“我們的時間日程由社會習慣決定”都不合文章主題或表達不正確。(2009 山東卷， d 篇) 75. what s the main idea of the text?a. universities have r

15、eceived more applications. b. economics is attracting an increasing number of students c. college students benefit a lot from economic uncertainty d. parents are concerned with children s subject selection.【解析】 b。通讀全文可知，由于全球金融危機的蔓延，不僅選擇經(jīng)濟學專業(yè)的學生數(shù)量增加了， 還有很多非經(jīng)濟學專業(yè)的學生也參加經(jīng)濟學方面的講座，并且有多達三分之二的父母也要求學校教授學生經(jīng)濟學

16、方面的知識。因此，整篇文章主要講的是經(jīng)濟學對學生的吸引力。(2009 四川卷， e 篇) 60. what does the author mainly discuss in the text? a. technology b. sustainability c. ethanol energy d. environmental protection 【解析】 b。文章從玉米制造乙醇的行為入手，說這樣的“可持續(xù)發(fā)展”會引起其他方面的問題，是不實際的。因此文章的話題是sustainability “可持續(xù)性發(fā)展” 。鞏固練習：（1）when we talk about intelligence,

17、we do not mean the ability to get good scores in certain kinds of tests or even the ability to do well in school. by intelligence we mean a way of living and behaving, especially in a new or anxious situation. if we want to test intelligence, we need to find out how a person acts instead of how much

18、 he knows what to do. for example, when in a new situation, an intelligent person thinks about the situation, not about himself or what might happen to him. he tries to find out all he can, and then he acts immediately and tries to do something about it. he probably isn t sure how it will all work o

19、ut, but at least he tries. and, if he can t make things work out right, he doesn t feel ashamed that he fails; he just tries to learn from his mistakes. an intelligent person, even if he is very young, has a special outlook( 人生觀 ) on life, special feeling about life, and knows how he fits into it. i

20、f you look at children, you ll see great difference between what we call “ bright ” children and “ not bright ” children. they are actually two different kinds of people, not just the same kind with different amounts of intelligence. for example, the bright child really wants to find out more about

21、life he tries to get in touch with everything around him. but the unintelligent child keeps more to himself and his own dream world; he seems to have a wall between him and life in general. 1. according to this passage, intelligence is the ability . a. to behave immediately b. to do well in school c

22、. to deal with life d. to know what to do 2. in a new situation, an intelligent person . a. knows more about what might happen to him b. is sure of the result he will get c. concentrates on the situation d. cares more about himself 3. according to the passage the biggest difference between “ bright”

23、children and “ not bright ”children lies in . a. the amount of intelligence b. the different situations they face c. the different attitudes to life d. the background of life 4. what s the main idea of the passage? a. what s real meaning of intelligence? b. what s the “ bright ” children s behavior?

24、 c. what s a special outlook on life? d. how to live and behave in a new situation? 5. in the next part of the passage, the author might continue to talk about . a. how to determine what intelligence is b. how education should be changed c. how to judge whether a person is intelligent d. how an unin

25、telligent person should be taught (2) a chemical important of brain development may play a role in explaining why some people are genetically (由基因決定地 ) likely to suffer from anxiety and could lead to new treatments, u.s. researchers said. they said highly anxious rats which were kept had very low le

26、vels of a brain chemical called fibroblast growth factor 2 or fgf2, compared with rats that were more relaxed. but when they improved the anxious rats living conditions giving them new toys to explore and a bigger cage to live in levels of this brain chemical increased and they became less anxious.

27、“ the levels of this brain chemical increased in response to the experiences that the rats were exposed to. it also decreased their anxiety ” . javier perez of the university of michigan said in a telephone interview. “ it made them behave the same way as the rats that were relaxed” , he said. in a

28、former study of people who were severely depressed before they died, the team found the gene that makes fgf2 was producing very low levels of the growth factor, which is known primarily for organizing the brain during development and repairing it after injury. perez thinks the brain chemical may be

29、a marker for genetic vulnerability (脆弱性 ) to anxiety and depression. but it can also respond to changes in the environment in a positive way, possibly by preserving new brain cells. while both the calm and anxious rats produced the same number of new brain cells, these cells were less likely to surv

30、ive in the high-anxiety rats, the team found. giving the rats better living conditions or injecting them with fgf2 helped improve cell survival. “ this discovery may pave the way for new, more specific treatments for anxiety that will not be based on sedation(藥物鎮(zhèn)靜 ), but will instead fight the real

31、cause of the disease,”dr. pier vincenzo piazza from france said in a statement. 6. we know from the passage that with the levels of fgf2 decreasing, the rats will . a. die of anxiety soon b. suffer from a headache c. become more relaxed d. become more anxious 7. what s the better way to increase the

32、 levels of fgf2? a. introducing more companions to the anxious rats. b. improving the living conditions of the anxious rats. c. injecting the anxious rats with some special medicine. d. giving the anxious rats more time to relax. 8. the underlined word “ it” in paragraph 4 refers to . a. the team b.

33、 the gene c. the growth factor d. the brain 9. what s the main influence of the new discovery? a. doctors won t use any medicine to cure anxiety. b. doctors may treat anxiety more efficiently. c. doctors will find the real cause of anxiety. d. doctors may find new medicine for anxiety. 10. which of

34、the following would be the most suitable title for the passage? a. anxious rats and relaxed rats b. anxiety a serious mental disease c. scientific research into the brain is important d. brain chemical may play key role in anxiety (3) the earth s axis(軸) is an imaginary line that runs through the mi

35、ddle of the earth from the north pole to the south pole. the axis of the earth is tilted (傾斜 ) about 23.5 degrees. this tilt of the earth results in our seasons. in june, the northern hemisphere (半球 ) is tilted toward the sun, so the people in the northern hemisphere have longer and warmer days. the

36、 days are shorter and colder in the southern hemisphere in june, because the earth is tilted away from the sun. the days start getting shorter in the northern hemisphere and longer in the southern hemisphere after about june 21. this is the first day of summer in the northern hemisphere and the firs

37、t day of winter in the southern hemisphere. daytime lasts exactly as long as nighttime on the first day of autumn (about september 21) and the first day of spring (about march 21). the first day of winter in the northern hemisphere, usually december 21, is the shortest day of the year in the norther

38、n hemisphere and the longest day of the year in the southern hemisphere. the days are longer in summer and shorter in winter the further you move from the equator. it s generally dark on a summer night in florida by 8:30 p.m., but in vermont, there will still be some light at 10:00 p.m. the situatio

39、n is reversed(相反的 ) in winter, where the sun will go down in vermont by 3:45 p.m. while there remains light in florida until 5:15 p.m. northern alaska is called the “ land of the midnight sun” because it never gets dark during the summer months. that part of the earth is facing the sun all day and a

40、ll night. antarctica never sees daylight during those months. the situation is reversed in december and january when northern alaska never sees the sun while it continues to light the sky at night in antarctica. 11. which of the following statements is not true? a. the earth s axis does not exist in

41、 reality. b. the earth s axis is tilted about 23.5 degrees. c. the earth s axis is east west. d. the tilt of the earth causes seasons to take place. 12. according to the second paragraph, we can know that . a. the southern hemisphere is tilted away from the sun in june b. june 21 is the longest day

42、of a year in the southern hemisphere c. december 21 is the coldest day of a year in the northern hemisphere d. there is only one day in a year when daytime lasts exactly as long as nighttime 13. according to the passage, we can infer that . a. in the northern hemisphere, the more northern, the longe

43、r daytime in summer b. in the southern hemisphere, the more northern, the shorter daytime in winter c. florida is further to the equator than vermont d. in china, changchun s daytime in winter is longer than that of guangzhou 14. northern alaska gets the name “ land of the midnight sun ” because _.

44、a. it is always daytime during the summer months b. it is located in the center of the earth c. it is located on the equator of the earth d. only at midnight can people there see the sun 15. if we want to make science research in antarctica, we may choose the following months except _. a. december b

45、. january c. february d. june 16. what might be the most suitable title for the text? a. season and space b. the change of daytime c. land of the midnight sun d. northern and southern hemisphere 答案與解析：(1) 1. c。 細節(jié)理解題。 a 項中的 immediately 與原文的意思有出入；根據(jù)文章第一段第一句when we talk about intelligence, we do not m

46、ean the ability to get good scores in certain kinds of tests or even the ability to do well in school. 可知，聰明并非意味著在某些考試中得高分或者在學校學習好，由此排除b 項；由第一段最后一句可知d 項不正確；由文章第一段第二句by intelligence we mean a way of living and behaving, especially in a new or anxious situation.可知c 項正確：聰明指的是處理生活中實際事物的能力。2. c。細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段第一句for example, when in a new situation, an intelligent person thinks about the situation, not about himself or what might happen to him.可知 c 項正確，且可以排除a、d 兩項；根據(jù)文章第二段第三句he probably isn t sure how it will all wor