謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)

1、動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)英語的時態(tài)是一種動詞形式.不同的時態(tài)用以表示不同的時間與方式. 英語動詞有16種時態(tài)，常用的有8種：一般現在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、過去將來時、現在進行時、過去進行時、現在完成時、過去完成時。但高中學生需要了解13種,除了以上8種,還須掌握以下5種:將來進行時(一般將來進行時、過去將來進行時)、一般將來完成時、完成進行時(現在完成進行時、過去完成進行時)。下面分別介紹。16種時態(tài)形式(以do為例)：一 般完 成進 行完 成 進 行現 在現在一般時do現在完成時have done現在進行時is doing現在完成進行時have been doing過 去過去一般時did過去完

2、成時had done過去進行時was doing過去完成進行時had been doing將 來將來一般時will do將來完成時will have done將來進行時will be doing將來完成進行時will have been doing過去將來過去將來一般時would do過去將來完成時would have done過去將來進行時would be doing過去將來完成進行時wouldhave been doing【注】構成時態(tài)的助動詞be (is, am, are), have (has), shall, will 等需根據主語的變化來選.一.一般現在時 1).表示經常性或習慣性

3、的動作或狀態(tài). 常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用.如:often, usually, always, sometimes, now, seldom, now and then, every day, occasionally等.I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning.We have meals three times a day.He is always ready to help others.2).表示客觀事實、普遍真理、諺語、格言、警句。Guangzhou is situated/lies in the south of China

4、. Everything is much lighter on the moon.There are four seasons in a year: spring, summer, autumn and winter.The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. The earth goes around the sun. Light travels faster than sound. Practice makes perfect. Pride goes before a

5、fall.驕者必敗。 Actions speak louder than words.注意：此用法如果出現在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現在時。Columbus proved that the earth is round. The day before yesterday I was told that in time of danger ones mind works fast.3).表示主語目前的特征、性格或說話時的感覺或狀態(tài)。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well.He works very hard. He

6、 is very happy. Im glad to see you again. You see what I mean.4). 在時間狀語從句、條件狀語從句或讓步狀語從句中，用一般現在時表將來。這時主句是將來時或祈使句.When he arrives, hell tell us all about the match. Tell him the news as soon as he comes.When I graduate, Ill go to countryside. What are you g

7、oing to be when you grow up.Were to go outing if its fine tomorrow. Ill not go unless Im invited.Even if she doesnt come this Saturday, Ill go fishing by myself.注意:make sure, take care, mind, it doesnt matter, I dont care 后跟從句時, 從句中用一般現在時表將來.We must take care that no one sees us.Our staff will do th

8、eir best to make sure you enjoy your visit.It doesnt matter where we go on holiday.5).表示按時刻表擬定（如火車、飛機、輪船等定點的駛進駛出，起飛降落。）或安排好將要發(fā)生的事情。這時句中都帶有一個表示將來的時間狀語。能用于此種用法的少量動詞有：begin, come, leave, go ,arrive, take off, start , stop, return, open, close等。The train leaves at 10 a.m. the plane for Canada departs/ta

9、kes off at 9:15 a.m.The film starts at 9:30 p.m. The new term starts at the beginning of September. The program ends at 11:10 pm When does the train stop at Jinan?6).在某些以here，there開頭的句子中用一般現在時表示正在發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。Here comes the bus!=the bus is coming here!There goe

10、s the thief!=the thief is going there!7).用于文章標題，小說、戲劇、電影等的劇本或圖片的文字說明中。Hundreds of people die in the earthquake. (新聞標題)When the curtain rises, Juliet is sitting at her desk.Mary, _ here everybody else, stay where you are.A. come B. comes C. to come D. coming二.一般過去時1).表示過去某一時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。常常與過去的時間狀語連用。

11、yesterday, last night, just now, at that time, 3 years ago, in1949, the other day, then等等He graduated from No.1 Middle School in 1978.I went to the movies/cinema last night. Marry worked in the company for five years.Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome2).表示過去經

12、?；蚍磸桶l(fā)生的動作，往往與often, usually, always, would, used to連用。He often asked a lot of strange questions when he was a boy.She used to walk dogs along the river in the morning.Often at night she would hear a long low whistle and a sound of metallic noise.3).用于一些常用結構，表示剛剛，剛才Oh, its you. I didnt recognize you

13、at first. I didnt know you were here.Sorry, I forgot to bring my money. You look young. I thought you were 30.Sorry, but I didnt mean to hurt you.Edward, you play so well. But I you played the piano. A. didn't know B. hadn't known C. don't know D. haven't known4).在時間、條件、讓步狀語從句中用一般過去時

14、代替過去將來時。這時主句中是過去將來時或表示將來意義的動詞。She said he would give me a gift when she came again. They planed to go outing if it was fine the next day.He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raiseHelen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home. 三.一般將來時1).表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。I

15、 will/shall do it again tomorrow. Tom will be here next week.He will be six years old next month. We shall know more and more as time goes on.2).表示事物固有的屬性或必然趨。Fish will die without water.Oil will float on water.一般將來時常與時間狀語tomorrow, soon, next week, in (the )future, in three days等連用。注意:wont可用來表示 “不能,

16、沒法”,表示主語不具備某種功能.The door wont open. This machine wont work.Whats the matter with the pen? The ink wont come out.除了用shall/will（美語中，一般不論人稱都用will）表示將來時之外，還有5種表達將來時的方法。be going to do (1)表示按照計劃或安排“打算做”（2）有跡象表明，注定要，必定要發(fā)生某事。He is going to watch TV this evening. Look, dark clouds are gathering .Its going to

17、 rain注意：be going to表示現在打算在最近或將來要做某事，這種打算往往經過事先考慮，甚至已做了某種準備。shall/will do表示未事先考慮過，即說話時臨時做出的決定?！癐 hear Jane is ill in hospital.” “Then Ill go to see her.”()If it is fine, well go finish.()If it is fine, we are going to go finishing.注意：be going to / will 用于條件句時，be going to表將來,will表意愿。If you are going t

18、o make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.be to do表示計劃、安排要發(fā)生的動作,還可表示責任、義務、命令或注定要發(fā)生的動作。 The examination is to take place next week.A meeting is to be held at 3 oclock this afterno

19、on.I feel that it is your husband who is to blame.You are to report to the police.The doctor says the patient is not to be moved.注意：be to多表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主觀的打算或計劃。表示按時刻表將要發(fā)生的事情。The bus leaves at ten a.m. The class begins at 2:30 p.m.表示位置移動或方向的動詞常用進行時表將來。表示計劃好、安排好要進行的動作。如：go, come, leav

20、e, arrive, return, work, start等。常會有一個表未來的時間狀語。He is leaving for Japan next month. Are you staying here till next week?be about to do或be on the point of doing表示立刻要、馬上要、眼下就要發(fā)生的動作。所以一般不能與具體的時間狀語連用。常與when表突然連用。The talk is about to begin. He is about to leave for Beijing.I was about to go to bed when the

21、 phone rang.3).在句型：“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”，這種結構中and/or后面的句子謂語一般用將來時或含有情態(tài)動詞。Work hard and you will succeed in time.Lets keep to the point or we will never reach any decision.Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.= If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance. One more effort, and y

22、ou'll succeed.= If you make one more effort, you'll succeed.四.過去將來時表示對過去某一時刻而言將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。（主要用于賓語從句中。）He said he would never come back again.He told me he would pay me a visit if possible.They wanted to know when I should/would finish the article.We were all surprised when he made it clear

23、 that he would leave office soon.五.現在進行時1).現在進行時主要表示1.說話人說話時正在發(fā)生的動作或進行的狀態(tài)。 2.現階段（不一定說話時）正在發(fā)生的動作或進行的狀態(tài)。She is reading in the next room. (說話時正在進行)Were having a meeting now. (說話時正在進行)He is teaching in the No.1 senior school of Tangyin. (現階段正在發(fā)生的動作)He is working in a paper-making factory. (現階段正在發(fā)生的動作)句中

24、往往有now，look等提示詞。有的則通過上下文暗示某動作正在進行。-Whats that terrible noise?-The neighbors _for a party.A. have prepared B. are preparing C. prepare D. will prepare注：短暫性動詞可以有進行時，表一種進行的動作或狀態(tài)，但不能與延續(xù)性的段時間連用。 Leaves are falling.2).現在進行時表將來。主要表示按計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作，主要用于表示趨向性的小動詞。常會有一個表未來的時間狀語。Im leaving now.Theyre getting marr

25、ied next month.現在進行時表將來與一般現在時表將來的區(qū)別：現在進行時表將來，其計劃性較強，并往往暗示一種意圖; 而一般現在時表將來，則其客觀性較強，多指飛機、火車、輪船等按時刻表或規(guī)定要發(fā)生的情況，多有具體的時間狀語。Im not going out this evening.What time does the train leave.The plane takes off at two oclock this afternoon.3).現在進行時表強烈感情色彩。可表示滿意、稱贊、驚訝、厭惡、不滿等感情色彩，通常與always, constantly, continually,

26、 forever等副詞連用。也可表示動作的暫時性。Shes always thinking of others never thinking of himself. (表贊許)She is constantly whispering to his desk-mate in English class. (表不滿和責備)He is constantly leaving his things about.（表不滿 ）She is always asking the same question. (表厭惡)You are always finding fault with others. (表抱怨)

27、 You are always changing your mind. (表抱怨)He is walking to work because his bike has broken down. (表動作的暫時性) 4).與少數系動詞連用，表動作的漸進性。這樣的動詞有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go等。The leaves are turning red. 葉子在變紅。Its getting warmer and warmer. 天越來越熱了。注意：不可用進行時的情況。 表示存在狀態(tài)的動詞及動詞短語，如have, appear, seem, stay, exis

28、t, lie, remain, cost, owe, ,weigh, belong to, depend on等.如:I have two brothers. This house belongs to my sister. 表示心理狀態(tài)和情感的動詞，如know, realize, think，see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, hope, wish, appreciate, love, hate等。如：I need y

29、our help. He loves her very much. 瞬間動詞，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, admit, promise, decide, refuse等。例：I accept your advice. 大多數系動詞，如seem, remain, lie, see, look, notice, hear, smell, feel, taste, sound等。例：You seem a little tired.5)under+名詞(construction, discussion, repair等 ).表進行和

30、被動.The question is under discussion.= the question is being discussed.六.過去進行時1).表示過去某一時刻或每一段時間內正在進行的動作。這一特定的過去時間可用時間狀語表示，也可由上下文暗示。He was watching TV this time yesterday.I was having breakfast at 7:30 this morning.-Have Sam finished his work today?-I have no idea. He_ it this morning.A. did B. has do

31、ne C. was doing D. had done2).某一動作發(fā)生時另一動作正在發(fā)生，其中一個動作發(fā)生在when/while引導的時間狀語從句中。延續(xù)性動作用過去進行時，短暫性動作用一般過去時。My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.Granny fell asleep while she was reading the newspaper.Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking.When I got to the top of the

32、mountain, the sun was shining.The reporter said that the UFO was traveling east to west when he saw it.3)come, go, leave, get, reach, start, arrive, set out等一些表示趨向性的動詞用作過去進行時可表示從過去某一時間看將要發(fā)生的動作，一般強調按計劃、要求、打算進行的動作。Mr. Smith said he was leaving for London soon.She said she was coming to see her grandpa

33、 the next month.4) 過去進行時也可表示滿意、稱贊、驚訝、厭惡、不滿等感情色彩，也通常與always, constantly, continually, forever等副詞連用。They were always quarrelling.The boy was continually asking questions.5) was/were doing或was/were about to常與when連用表示“正在/正要這時突然”相當于and at this time或and then.We were doing our home work when all the lights

34、 went out.I was about to leave when it began to rain.6)在介紹故事時,用過去進行時來描述故事情景或提供故事發(fā)生的背景.It was winter. The north wind was blowing and a heavy snow was falling. A poor little boy was walking in the street.七.現在完成時1)表示過去的動作對現在造成的影響或結果,著眼點在現在.常與非延續(xù)性動詞連用.并常帶有不確定的時間狀語(副詞),如already, yet, just ,before, lately

35、, recently, never, ever, not yet等.或無時間狀語.但不能和具體的過去時間狀語連用(如yesterday, last year, in 1993等)。這個動作到說話時可能已經停止或結束。His brother has joined the Party already. I have finished reading the book.We have just visited the farm. I have forgot his telephone number.They havent seen each other recently. I havent seen

36、 the film before.My father has just come back form work.2)表示動作或狀態(tài)在過去某時開始，一直持續(xù)到現在，并還可能繼續(xù)下去的動作或狀態(tài)。通常用延續(xù)性動詞。常與段時間狀語連用。如:so far, up to now, since, for+段時, in/over the past few years等。I have taught English for 15 years.Where have you been all these years？Up to now, we have received no mews from her.注意:現在

37、完成時還可和包括 “現在”在內的時間狀語連用.如:today, this morning, this month, these days, this year等,表示這個動作在這個特定的時間內完成.Have you seen her these days?Many students have graduated from this senior high school this year.但如果說話人感興趣的只是在這段時間內發(fā)生了某一動作,而不是這一動作與現在的關系時,須用過去時態(tài).The conference opened this month.Their company set up a

38、new lab this year.3).在時間、條件、讓步狀語從句中，用現在完成時表示將來完成的動作。（即用現在完成時代替將來完成時）。這時主句的謂語動詞是將來時或表將來意義的動詞（常為祈使句）。其特征為：狀語從句中的謂語動詞很明顯或需強調發(fā)生在主句謂語動作之前。They will go to work in the company as soon as they have graduated from the school. (強調畢業(yè)后)I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes. （強調先看到）I will

39、 go with you as soon as I have finished my work. （強調“干完”）Tell me your answer when you have solved the problem! （強調“解決”）When you have learned English, you will find it a bridge to so much knowledge.Dont get off the bus until it_.A. has stopped B. stopped C. will stop D. shall stop4).使用現在完成時的句型 It /th

40、is is the first / second time. that結構中的從句部分，用現在完成時。It is the second time that I have visited the city. This is the first time (that)Ive heard him sing.注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late. This is +形容詞最高級+名詞+that結構，that 從句要用現在完成時。This is the best film that Ive (ever)seen. This is the

41、most interesting book that I have read.This is the only book that he has written.5).比較since和for：Since 用來說明動作起始時間，for用來說明動作延續(xù)時間長度。I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born.注意：并非有for 作為時間狀語的句子都用現在完成時。I worked here for twenty years.（用于過去時）I will stay in Paris for

42、two months. (用于將來時)since的四種用法 since +過去一個時間點（如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點、1980, last month, half past six）。I have been here since 1989. since +段時間+ ago. I have been here since five months ago. since +從句。I have been here since I was born.Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，變化可大了。Great changes have ta

43、ken place since we were here. 我們走后，變化可大了。It is/has been +段時間+ since從句。注意：1.此句型中常用is來代替has been使結構更簡潔。2.since后的從句用一般過去時。3. since后的從句謂語動詞有延續(xù)性和非延續(xù)性之分，決定此句型意思的翻譯。若為短暫性動詞則表示這個動作從開始到現在總共多久。若為延續(xù)性動詞則表示這個動作從結束到現在總共多久。常見的短暫性動詞有close, die, come, go, leave, break, lose, buy, join, receive, borrow, become, start

44、, begin, arrive, fall, see, marry, put, pass, borrow, open等。since后從句為短暫性動詞It is five years since I joined the army.It is ten years since her father died.It is twenty tears since Nick left his hometown.It is three months since he came to our school.It is two years since Mary became a postgraduate stu

45、dent.since后從句為延續(xù)性性動詞It is many years since my father smoked.It is five years since he lived in Shanghai.It is three tears since he was a student.It is along time since he studied English.對比：It is two weeks/He was written to me frequently since I was ill. It is two weeks/He was written to me frequent

46、ly since I fell ill.注意：since后從句接延續(xù)性動詞的現在完成時意譯為“短暫性動詞”即從開始到現在總共多久了。Its years since I have enjoyed myself so much. 痛快的日子我已過好幾年了。Its years since I have had the car. 這輛車我已用了好多年了。Since I have been at this school, we have had 3 English teachers.I have seldom been to the theater since I have had a TV set.

47、It was +段時間+sincehad done或It had been +段時間+sincedid注意：1.此句型中主句常用was或had been. 2.since后的從句用過去完成時或一般過去時。3. since后的從句謂語動詞有延續(xù)性和非延續(xù)性之分, 決定此句型意思的翻譯。若為短暫性動詞則表示這個動作從開始到現在總共多久。若為延續(xù)性動詞則表示這個動作從結束到現在總共多久。It was two years since Tom had been a worker. 湯姆不當工人已有兩年了。It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful

48、 time. 我們有十來年沒這么高興了。before的用法一.五大含義1.在之前Please turn off all the lights before you leave.Tom had finished her homework before her mother returned.2.還沒來得及就Before I could speak to him, he ran away.Before she could think twice, the water was upon her.3. “才”The big fire lasted 4 hours before the firefigh

49、ters controlled it.4. “就”It didnt take long before the wooden building was swallowed by the fire.I had not waited long before he came back.5. “以免趁”Please go over the new words before you forget them.二.before用于固定句型1.It was/wasnt+段時間+beforeIt was three years before he came back.It wasnt long before he

50、 sensed the danger of the task.2.It will/wont +be +段時間+beforeIt will be three years before he comes back.It will be two weeks before everything returns to normal.It wont be long before we meet again.It wont be long before they understand each other.注意:1.在不同語境中靈活翻譯before的不同含義. 2.在3.4.含義中主句為肯定式譯為“才”主句

51、為否定式譯為. “就” 3.before所連接的前后兩分句的時態(tài)是一致的.4.注意對比掌握before與since的固定句型的差異.until/till的用法.(prep./conj.)1.用在肯定句中,主句的謂語動詞應為延續(xù)性動詞.until后時間狀語的動作一發(fā)生,主句謂語動詞的動作就停止. 表示“做直到”Mary waited outside until the boss called her in.He slept until ten oclock.他一直睡到10點。2.用于否定句中, 主句的謂語動詞應為短暫性動詞. until后時間狀語的動作一發(fā)生,主句謂語動詞的動作才開始. 表示 “

52、直到才”I didnt know how to use a computer until then/last class/you told me.Not until you told me did I know how to use a computer.(用于倒裝語序)It was not until you told me that I knew how to use a computer.(用于強調句)6).have/has been to 與have/has gone to表示“曾經到過某地（人已回來）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（還未回來）”用“have

53、/has gone to”.Where is Li Hua? He has gone to the reading-room.She knows a lot about Shanghai.She has been there.7). 短暫動詞（即瞬間動詞）, 不能延續(xù), 因此在完成時態(tài)中, 其肯定式不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用。()His grandpa has died for two years.His grandpa has been dead for two years.His grandpa died two years ago.Its two years since his gra

54、ndpa died.()I have left Shanghai for 3 days.I have been away from Shanghai for 3 days.I left Shanghai 3 days ago.It is 3days since I left Shanghai.常見的短暫性動詞有: buy, borrow, leave, go, come, arrive, die, marry, begin, start, join, lose, finish, complete, stop, break out, receive, graduate, give, fall等.

55、但短暫性動詞的否定式可以和表示一段時間的狀語連用。因為否定的狀態(tài)是可以延續(xù)的.I havent seen Mary for two years.八.過去完成時1)過去完成時的動作表示過去某一時刻或某一動作之前完成的動作或已經存在的狀態(tài)。句中常用by, before, until, when 等詞引導的時間狀語。By the end of last year we had built five new houses.By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.I had learnt 5000 w

56、ords before I entered the university.He had taught in Tangyin for eight years before he moved here.2)過去完成時的動詞還可表示過去某一時刻之前發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過去某個時間或繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。往往與for, since連用.Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.He said he had been in the Party for 10 years.注意:要使用過去完成時應具備下面兩個條件的其中一個.1.句中有一個過去的時間狀語作為參照,而另一

57、個動作發(fā)生在這個作為參照的一般過去時之前須要過去完成時應.2.句中有需用過去完成時應的時間狀語.3) 過去完成時應常用于以下情況.用在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句,表示動作發(fā)生在這些動詞之前.She said that she had never been to Paris.用在狀語從句中,.在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時。When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests