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1、咼中英語語法總結(jié)第一章主謂一致(一)語法一致原則:即主語為單數(shù),謂語用單數(shù),主語為復數(shù),謂語也用復數(shù).以下為 注意事項:1. 單數(shù)主語即使后面帶有with , along with, together with, like (像) ,but(除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than (而不是) ,including,in addition to 引導的短語,謂語動詞仍用單數(shù).如:Air as well as water is matter. 空氣和水都是物質(zhì).No one except two servants was

2、 late for the dinner.除了兩個仆人夕卜,沒有一個人遲來用餐。2. 用 and 連接的并列主語,如果主語是同一個人,同一事,同一概念,謂語動詞用單 數(shù),否則用復數(shù).如:The poet and writer has come.那位詩人兼作家來了 .(一個人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools.錘子和鋸都是有用的工具.(兩樣物)用 and 連接的成對名詞習慣上被看成是一個整體,如:bread and butter(黃油抹面包),knife and fork(刀叉)等作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。3. 不定式(短語),動名詞(短語),或從句作主語時

3、,謂語動詞用單數(shù).如:Serving the people is my great happ in ess.為人民服務是我最大的幸福.When we ll go ot for an outing has been decided.我們什么時候出去郊游已決定了。the nu mber of + 名詞”The rest of the bikes are on sale today.剩下的自行車,今天出售。4. 用連接的并列主語被 each, every 或 no 修飾時,謂語動詞用單數(shù).Every boy and every girl likes to go swimmi ng.每個男孩和每個女孩

4、都喜歡去游泳.No teacher and no stude nt was abse nt from the meeti ng. 沒有老師也沒有學生開會 缺席.Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每個男人和每個女人都被請去幫 忙。5. each of +復數(shù)代詞,謂語動詞用單數(shù).復數(shù)代詞+each,謂語動詞用單數(shù).女口:Each of us has someth ing to say.我們每個人都有話要說。6. 若主語中有 more than one 或 many a/an ,盡管從意義上看是復數(shù),但它的謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)。但 more+復數(shù)名

5、詞+than one 做主語時,謂語動詞仍用復數(shù).如:Many a boy likes playi ng basketball. 許多男生都喜歡打籃球 .More tha n one stude nt was late.不只一個學生遲至 UMore persons tha n one come to help us. 不止一個人來幫助我們。7. none 做主語時,謂語動詞可用單數(shù),也可用復數(shù);但在代表不可數(shù)的東西時 總是看作單數(shù),因而謂語動詞要用單數(shù).如:None of us are (is) perfect. 人無完人。None of this worries me.這事一點不使我著急。8

6、. 名詞如:trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語時,謂語動詞必須用 復數(shù).如:His clothes are good.但這些名詞前若出現(xiàn)a pair of ,謂語一般用單數(shù).如:A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼鏡。9. 形復意單名詞如:news ;以 ics 結(jié)尾的學科名稱如:physics,mathematics,economics;國名如:the United States;報紙名如:the New Times;書名如:Arabian Night ;以及 The United Na

7、tions 等作主語時,謂語動詞用 單數(shù)。10.a + 名詞 +a nd a half “,“ one and a half + 名詞”等作主語時,謂語動詞要用單數(shù).如:Only one and a half apples is left on the table.注意:one or two +復數(shù)名詞作主語,謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式,如:One or two places have been visited. 參觀了一兩個地點。(二)內(nèi)容一致原則:1.主語中有 all, half, most, the rest 等,以及”分數(shù)或百分數(shù)+名詞”做主語時,謂語 動詞單復數(shù)取決于連用的名詞.如:60%o

8、f the apple was eaten by little boy.這個蘋果的 60%都被這個小男孩吃了。Most of the apples were rotte n.大部分的蘋果都是爛的。Most of the apple was eate n by a rat. 這個蘋果的大部分被老鼠吃了。2. 不定數(shù)量的詞組 ,女口:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of ,plenty of 等作主語時,謂語動詞的單復數(shù)取決于量詞后面名詞的數(shù).如:A part of the textbooks have arrived.一小部分教科

9、書已運到。A part of the apple has bee n eate n up by the pig. 這個蘋果的一部分被豬吃光了。3. 加減乘除用單數(shù).如:Fifteen minus five is ten . 15 減去 5 等于 10。4. 表示時間,金錢,距離,度量等的名詞做主語時,盡管是復數(shù)形式,它們做為 一個單一的概念時,其謂語動詞用單數(shù).如:Ten miles is a good distanee.十英里是一個相當?shù)木嚯x。5. (1)通常作復數(shù)的集體名詞.包括 police,people,cattle 等,這些集體名詞通常 用作復數(shù).如:The British poli

10、ce have only very limited powers.通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞.包括 equipme nt,furniture,cloth ing,luggage等.(3)可作單數(shù)也可作復數(shù)的集體名詞.包括 audienee,committee,government,family,en emy,group,party,team,public 等.女口:The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. 委員會決定解雇他。6. the +形容詞/過去分詞形式”表示一類人或事物,作主語時,謂語動詞用復數(shù).如:The injured were

11、saved after the fire.(三) 就近原則1.由 here,there,where 等引導的倒裝句中,(有時主語不止一個時)謂語動詞與靠 近它的主語在數(shù)上一致.如:Here comes the bus 公共汽車來了 .Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙。Where is your wife and childre n to stay while you are away? 你不在這兒的時候,你愛人和孩子在哪兒呆呢?2.用連詞 or,either. or,neither .nor,not only

12、.but also 等連接的并列主語,謂 語動詞與靠近它的主語在數(shù)上一致。女口:Neither the stude nts nor the teacher knows anything about it 學生和老師都不知道這 事.He or you have taken my pen.他或你拿了我的鋼筆。注意:one of +復數(shù)名詞+who/that/which 引導的定語從句中,定語從句的動詞為 復數(shù)。如:Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 瑪麗是飼養(yǎng)寵物者之一。The only one of +復數(shù)名詞+ who/that./which

13、引導的定語從句中,定語從句的動詞應為單數(shù)。Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets.瑪麗是唯一一個飼養(yǎng)寵物的人。第二章:非謂語動詞不定式(infinitive )、分詞(participle )、動名詞(gerund)是非謂語動詞,在句子中不能作謂語。以下表格列出了他們各自在句中的作用。( 表 示可以在句中擔任的語法成分,x 則表示不可以。)乍用種類主語賓語賓語補足語表語定語狀語不定式VVVVVV動名詞VVxVVx分詞xxVVVV非謂語動詞在句中的特點、性質(zhì)、用法、區(qū)別及使用注意事項分述如下:第一節(jié)、非謂語動詞作主語可作主語的非謂語

14、形式為:不定式和動名詞。其表達形式為:不定式: 主動態(tài) to do;被動態(tài) to be done;動名詞: 主動態(tài) doing;被動態(tài) beingdone。例 1 : To act like that is foolish.例 2: It is impossible for me to buy the car with cash. 要我用現(xiàn)金買那輛車是不可 能的。例 3: Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old.例 4:-What made you so late for work today ?-Driving to

15、 the office was very slow this morning because ofheavytraffic.因為交通擁擠,今早開車上班非常慢。一般說來,動名詞和不定式作主語,可以互換,其意義沒有多大差別,但須注意以下兩點:1 .表示具體的,尤其是未發(fā)生的動作,傾向用不定式(如例 2)。表示無時限的泛指動作(如例 3)或描述當時的情況(如例 4),傾向用動名詞。2.在下列句型用動名詞作主語It is no good doing.(.沒有用)There is no doing. (.不可能)It is no good arguing with him. 禾口他爭論沒有用。There

16、 is no knowing what may happe n. = It is impossible to know whatmay happe n. 練習 1.(改錯)As is known, learn a foreign Ianguage wellrequires great efforts.2.(改錯) Though flying balloons are easy, balloonists must watchthe weather carefully.3._ (選擇) to sun light for too much will do harmto one s skin.A. E

17、xposed to B. Expos ing C. Having exposed D. Being exposed答案 1. learnlearning原形動詞不能作主語。2. are 宀 is 單個動名詞作主語,謂語用單數(shù)。3.答案 D。句義:遭太陽暴曬對皮膚有害。本題考查動名詞作主語。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,待選項在句中作主語,又因為人與expose為被動關系,所以選 Do第二節(jié)、非謂語動詞作表語可作表語的非謂語動詞為:不定式,動名詞。1.Your task this morning is to deliver the mail to Professor Smith. 你今天上午的任 務是把這個

18、郵件送給史密斯教授。(不定式解釋主語內(nèi)容)2.My hobby is collecting stamps.(動名詞解釋主語內(nèi)容)練習 1. The purpose of new tech no logies is to make life easier,_itmore difficult.(99 全國)A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make2.分析句子是否正確:What we do is prepare our stude nts to facefierce competiti ons whe n they en ter

19、society.答案 1、B ois 后有兩個表語,兩者必須在結(jié)構(gòu)上對稱。 第一個表語為不定式 to makelife easier,則第二個表語也應該為不定式,所以選B。2、正確。當主語部分有實義動詞do 時,作表語的不定式可以省略to;若沒有實義動詞 do,表語中 to 不能省略。第三節(jié)、非謂語動詞作賓語可作賓語的非謂語動詞為:不定式和動名詞。1 .不定式作賓語例 1. He demanded to know the truth.例 2. The car failed to stop at the red light.那輛轎車看到紅燈沒有停。英語中有相當數(shù)量的動詞, 只能以不定式作賓語。

20、女口: agree (同意) ,decide,refuse, prete nd(假裝),man age(設法),promise, seem, happe n, hope,wish, offer to do(表 示愿望) afford to do(買得起, 承擔得起) , bother todo(特意),choose to do(愿 意或決定) attempt / seek to do(試圖)learnto do (學習或?qū)W會)短語 would like (love) to do,would prefer to do (更愿意),be about todo (即將), 介詞 but / exce

21、pt to do例 1) I have no choice but to give up the plan.2)There was nothing we could do except wait.注:but / except 前有實義動詞 do,其后 to 必須省去請注意以下幾點:1)疑問代詞如 what,which ;疑問副詞如 when, whether (why 除外)引導的不定式可作 know, decide 等的賓語,在意義上相當與一個未曾發(fā)生的賓語從句。例 1. We haven t decidedwhat steps to take next.TWe havent decided

22、 what steps we should take next.2 . I really don t whowher to write to her or give her a phone call.TI really don t know whether I should write to her or give her a phonecall.這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可以作主語和表語例 1. What to do next remains to be discussed.下一步該怎么辦有待于討論。例 2. Our difficulty is where to get eno ugh mon ey.2)為

23、了避免重復,不定式可省去與前邊重復的動詞原形,而保留“例:- Would you like to go for a picnic with me ?I d love to, but I canpicnic with you )3)不定式的時態(tài)與語態(tài):主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)形式時間概念形式時間概念to do (一般時)1)未發(fā)生 2)和謂語動作 同時to be done同左to be doing (進行 時)謂語動作發(fā)生時,正在進行to have done (完成時)發(fā)生在謂語動作之前to have beendone同左不定式的進行時和完成時常用在下歹 U 句型中:seem / appear (似乎)

24、tohappen (碰巧)to pretend to be said (據(jù)說)to be reported (據(jù)報導)to be thought/supposed/considered/ believed(據(jù)認為)to be known(知道)to請注意:考查不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài),主要集中在以上句型中,是高考的重點和熱點。go for aI happe ned to be sta nding n ext to him whe n he fell dow n.The bank is reported in the local n ewspaper to have bee n robbed inbr

25、oad daylight yesterday.據(jù)當?shù)貓蠹堉笇В@家銀行昨天在光天化日之下遭到搶劫。He is known to have been arrested by the police.人們都知道他曾被警察逮捕過。4) was / were to have done ; would like to have donewished (hoped / wan ted / inten ded / mea nt) to have done表示當時想做,而實際不能做到I was to have picked you up at the airport, but I forgot about it

26、.I inten ded to have helped you out but I had no money the n. 我當時真想幫助擺脫困境,可是我那時身無分文。2.動名詞作動詞或介詞的賓語I can t imagine marrying a girl of that sort.我很難想象與那種女子結(jié)婚后的情形。I n arrowly missed being killed in the car accide nt. 在那次車禍中我死里逃生。He admitted havi ng stole n my bicycle.他承認偷了我的自行車。There is no point in arg

27、uing any further. 再爭議下去毫無意義。1 )下列動詞必須帶動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語:understand(理解),admit(承認),keep(on)(繼續(xù)),practise(練習),finish (完成),imagine (想象),miss (錯過,避免),avoid(避免),escape(逃 避), suggest(建議),dislike(討厭) ,enjoy (喜歡),delay (推遲),excuse(原諒),mind(介意),appreciate(感激),oppose(反對)。另外,有的詞既可帶動名詞做賓語,亦可帶不定式做賓語補足語,請區(qū)別清楚。女口:allow doin

28、g(比較:allow sb. to do)advise doing(比較:advisesb. to do)2 )下列短語必須帶動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語:be worth (值得),pay attention to (注意),object to (反對),can t help 不 自禁),devote on eself to (致力于),put off (推遲) ,be / get used to (習慣于), feel like (想要),look forward to (盼望),get down to (開始做,認真做某 事),how / what about(.怎么樣),There is no p

29、oint (in) doingsth (做某事毫無意義)3 下列動詞可以用不定式作賓語,也可以用動名詞作賓語,但有明顯的語義差別。remember doing 回憶起過去做過的事remember to do 記住要做的事f forget doi ng 忘記了曾做過的事-forget to do 忘記該做的事regret doing 對已發(fā)生的事表示后悔regret to do 對現(xiàn)在要發(fā)生的事表示抱歉mea n doing 意味著,意思是、mea n to do 打算,想要try doing試一試某種方法kry to do設法去做一件事比較 1.1 don t mean to give up

30、the pla 我不打算放棄這個計劃。A break dow n on our way would mean our walk ing for hours.汽車半路拋錨意味著我們要步行幾個小時。比較 2. I have always deeply regretted selling ( having sold) the farm.我一直為賣 掉這個農(nóng)場而后悔不已。We regret to tell you that you owe the bank &100. 我們很遺憾地告訴你,你欠銀行 100 英鎊。第四節(jié)、非謂語動詞作狀語作狀語的非謂語動詞為:分詞和不定式1. 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞

31、的區(qū)別1) 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動,譯為“令人”;過去分詞表示被動,譯為“感到這”是兩者最重要的區(qū)別The weather of this summer is disappo in ti ng.My pare nts will be disappo in ted with me if I fail the exam.描述事物或事情的性質(zhì)一般用現(xiàn)在分詞。描述人的情感一般用過去分詞。I don t think it surprising for such a bad man to have been punished.(it 指 “象這 樣的壞人受到懲罰”這件事)There was a surprise

32、d expressi on in her eyes.她的眼里流露出驚訝的神情。(人的表情是情感的具體表現(xiàn),故應用過去分詞來修飾expressi on)2)現(xiàn)在分詞通常表示動作正在進行;過去分詞通常表示動作已完成。Power stati ons employ falling water to produce electricity.The gro und is covered with fallen leaves.2. 現(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài)主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)形式時間概念形式時間概念doi ng1)正在進行2)與謂語動作同時being done動作正在進行hav ing done分詞動作發(fā)生在謂語動

33、作之前hav ing bee n done同左3 .分詞表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、伴隨或補充說明等a)分詞做時間、原因、條件、讓步狀語的表達形式如下:doi ngdonehaving done S (主語)+ Vhaving been done S (主語)+ V(主動關系)(被動關系)Not un dersta nding its meaning, he asked the teacher to expla in the word.(表原因: understanding 與句子主語 he 之間是主動關系,同謂語動詞asked 同時發(fā)生)Havi ng made a decisi on, t

34、hey immediately set out to work. (表時間:make a decisi on 與句子主語之間是主動關系且發(fā)生于謂語動詞 set out 之前)Having been experimented many times, this new product will be put intomass production.由于這一新產(chǎn)品已實驗過多次,不久將投入批量生產(chǎn)。(表原因:experimented 與主語 product 為被動關系,且先于謂語動詞put 之前發(fā)生)詞作上述狀語時,它的位置可置于主句之前,也可置于主語之后。例: They, having made a

35、 decision, set out to work.選擇: The research is so desig ned that once_no thi ng can be doneto cha nge it.(02 全國) A. beg insB. havi ng begu nC. begi nningD. begu n本題考查狀語從句的省略,難度較大。若時間、原因、條件和讓步狀語從句的主 語與主句主語相同,且從句部分有 be 時,可省略從句主語及 be。省略后的形式 如下:(1) when(while, until, once, as, if, though 等)+ doing 從句謂語動

36、詞與主語為主動 關系(2) when(while, until, once, as, if, though 等)+ done 從句謂語動詞與主語為被動關系表示“某一事件的開始” ,begin 既可用主動態(tài),也可以用被動態(tài)。狀語從句表達形式:(1) Once it beings。這種形式,不具備省略條件。(2)Once it is begun。具備省略條件(有 be)。省略后的形式為:Once begun。 所以本題選 D。b)分詞作伴隨狀語時,其形式為:(1)doing ( 2)done。究竟用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過 去分詞,取決于該動作與句子主語是主動還是被動關系“ We can t going o

37、ut in this weather, d Bob, lookingsoiiit of the window.( 04 重慶)The boy sat in the dark room, frighte ned and trembli ng. 男孩一個人做在黑洞洞的 房間里,嚇得渾身發(fā)抖。注意:作伴隨狀語的分詞,與謂語動作同時。這是判斷一個動詞是否作伴隨狀 語的主要尺度。請注意下列固定短語在作狀語時的表達形式:Gen erally speak ing 般地說Strictly speak ing 從嚴格意義上說Judging from / by 根據(jù)判斷Given / Allowing for 考

38、慮到Given their inexperienee, they have done a good job. 在缺少經(jīng)驗的情況下,他 們的工作算是做得不錯。4.不定式用作表目的,結(jié)果,方式和形容詞原因狀語1)目的To win over the un decided voters, they are work ing twice as hard.為了把尚未拿定主意的選民爭取過來,他們正在加倍努力工作。He got up early not to miss the first bus. (not to 也可用 so as not to 或in order not to 這一強調(diào)形式)2)結(jié)果不定式

39、作結(jié)果狀語,常見結(jié)構(gòu)有:too adj / adv to do ; too adj + a + n to doso adj / adv as to do ; such + n as to doThe boy is too young to dress himself.He was too shrewd (精明的) a bus in essma n to accept our offer.他是個非常精明的商人,不會接受我們的開價。Will you be so kind as to turn dow n the radio ? 請把收音機開小一點。He can t have done such a

40、 terrible thing as to keep you waiting solong. 他不可能做出這樣糟糕的事,讓你等這么長的時間。注意:表示一種事先沒有預料的結(jié)果,用不定式。不定式前可用only 來加強意想不到的語氣。女口: (04 福建卷)The news reporters hurried tothe airport ,only to be told the film stars had left. 然而,要表示在事情發(fā)展過程中必然會產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果,就要用分詞來表達。分詞前可加thus,加強必然的語氣。The newmach ine will work twice as fast,

41、thus greatly reduci ng costs.新機器的運轉(zhuǎn)速度提高一倍,因而大大降低了成本。3)方式狀語結(jié)構(gòu): S (人,物)be + adj to do特點(1)句子的主語在邏輯關系上為不定式動作的賓語(2) 形容詞為:easy, hard, difficult, comfortable, dangerous 等。1.Some books are interesting to read, but boring to learn.有些書讀起來很有趣,但學起來很討厭。2. The teleph one nu mber is easy to remember. 他的電話號碼很難記。3.

42、 That man is difficult to deal with. 那個人很難對付。4. The river is dan gerous to swim in.注意:以上句子,盡管句子的主語和不定式動作為被動關系,但只能用主要形式;若不定式動詞為不及物,應加上適當介詞,如例4。4 )形容詞原因狀語。這類形容詞通常是表示情感或評價行為表現(xiàn)的形容詞。I am shocked to hear the n ews of his sudde n death.You were silly not to have locked your car. (04 湖南 )第五節(jié)、非謂語動詞作賓語補足語作賓語補

43、足語的非謂語動詞是不定式.和分詞。英語中有相當一批動詞 必須以不定式作賓語補充語。My parents don t allowonstey out late.She waited impatie ntly for him to make up his mind.這些動詞和短語為:wish, want, ask, require / request (要求) ;order, warn (警告) allow / permit,forbid (禁止),expect, remi nd (提醒),en courage, in spire (激勵)call on (號召,要求), depend on, l

44、ong for sb. to do (渴望)請?zhí)貏e記住下列動詞的賓補形式,表達的意義及判斷的依據(jù)。1 make (使)+ O + C + do賓語與賓補動作為主動關系。done 賓語與賓補動作為被動關系。S + be made to do 主語與不定式動作為主動關系?!?done 主語與分詞動作為被動關系。注:句型“ O”代表賓語,為名詞或代詞;“ C”代表賓補。例:Those who won t work should be made to work.那些不愿工作的人應強制 他們?nèi)スぷ?。He couldn t make himself hea 他無法讓別人聽到他說的話。2.Keep (lea

45、ve) + O + C doing 賓語與賓補動作為主動關系。(使處于某種狀態(tài))、do ne 賓語與賓補動作為被動關系。S + be + kept (left) doing 主語與分詞動作為主動關系。done 主語與分詞動作為被動關系。例: Now students are kept burying themselves in books all day.現(xiàn)在的學生被迫整天埋頭讀書。His work was left undone. 他丟下工作不去干。3.find (發(fā)現(xiàn))+ O + C doing 賓語與賓補動作為主動關系。do ne 賓語與賓補動作為被動關系。S + be +found d

46、oing 主語與分詞動作為主動關系。一 done 主語與分詞動作為被動關系。例: (03 全國) A cook will be immediately fired if he is foundsmoking in thekitche n.4.do ing賓語與賓補動作為主動關系with + O + C “ done賓語與賓補動作為被動關系I to do (動作未發(fā)生)例: 1.He lay on the grassland with his jacket covering his stomach. 他躺在草地上,把上衣蓋在肚子上。2.With a lot of difficult proble

47、ms to settle, the n ewly-elected preside nt ishav ing a hard time. (02 上海春季)由于很多棘手的問題要解決,那為新當選的總統(tǒng) 處境艱難。5.catch sb. doing ; be caught doing該句型表示(偶然或突然)撞見、發(fā)現(xiàn)。例: He looked around and caught a man putting his hand into thepocket of apassenger.(04 北京春季)他向四周看,突然發(fā)現(xiàn)一個人把手伸進一個旅客的口袋6.do 賓語與賓補動作為主動關系。讓某人做某事。hav

48、e(使)+ O + C Y doing 賓語與賓補動作為主動關系。讓某一動作一直進行。do ne 賓語與賓補動作為被動關系。(表示:1)讓某事由別人做。2)表達主語的遭遇。)例:I.Whom would you like to have han dle the complicati on problem?2. Paul had his hand burned seriously while cooking dinner. 保羅在做飯時,手被嚴重燙傷。7. get+ O + C to do 賓語與賓補動作為主動關系。Get sb to do =have sb. do。I done 賓語與賓補動作

49、為被動關系。get sth done =have sth. done。例: You ll never get her to agree.When are going to get your hair cut ?8.感官動詞 hear, listen to, see, look at, notice, watch, observe, feel 等。do 賓語與賓補動作是主動關系。該動作全過程已結(jié)束,或經(jīng)常hear + O + C性發(fā)生doi ng 賓語與賓補動作是主動關系。該動作正在進行。、done 賓語與賓補動作是被動關系。to do 主語與不定式動作為主動關系。該動作全過程已結(jié)束或經(jīng)S +

50、be +hea 叫常發(fā)生doing 主語與分詞動作為主動關系。該動作正在進行。done 主語與分詞動作為被動關系。例:He has never heard her sing so well before.I didn t notice you carrying a pack when you came in.Never before had he felt himself so powerfully attracted to thescie ntific idea.改錯:1) Now more talented young people are hoped to go to work inWe

51、stern China.ABCD2) I dema nd you all to take your work quite seriously.ABC D3) His appearance immediately made all the. children becomingexcited.ABCD4) This song has never been heard to be sung so well.ABC D5) With much work remained to be done, we have to put off the tripuntil next week.ABCD答案:1) B

52、 錯are hopedTare wished hope sb. to do典型病句2) B 錯to takeT(should ) takedema nd句型:1)dema nd to do 2)dema nd that (should)do3) C 錯beco mingTbecome 現(xiàn)在分詞doing 不能做 make 的賓補。4)C 錯to be sungTsung5) B 錯remainedTremai ning 。 remai n剩下” 是不及物動詞,只有主動形式。注意:以上動詞的賓補形式的考查是高考的重點和難點。第六節(jié)、非謂語動詞作定語1 .不定式作定語在三種情況下需用不定式作定語:

53、1)動作未發(fā)生,被修飾的名詞在邏輯關系上是不定式動作的賓語。不定式 用主動形式還是被動形式,由句子的主語與不定式的邏輯關系決定。It seems to me that I have nothing to take home to my childre n.在我看來今天我們沒有東西可以帶給孩子了She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role toplay in making the earth a better place to live . (03 上海春季)她會告訴我們?yōu)槭裁此?強烈地認為在使地球成為

54、更好住處這一點上, 我們每個人都有可以發(fā)揮的作用。若作定語的不定式動詞為不及物動詞,需加適合介詞。如:Now I feel very Ionely because I can t find aiwitlne totalk2) 被修飾的詞為抽象名詞,如n eed, way, reaso n, right 等,不定式解釋其內(nèi) 容。There is no n eed to quarrel with him.Please give your reas on to refuse him.3) 被修飾的詞,其前有序數(shù)詞first, seco nd, last, only 作定語。Heis always t

55、he first (one) to get to school every day.She was the only one to survive in the air crash. 她是這次空難中唯一的幸存 者。2 分詞作定語以下情況常用分詞作定語:1)被修飾名詞與作定語的動詞為主動關系,該動作正在進行,或與謂語動作 同時進行,或是經(jīng)常性行為時,用現(xiàn)在分詞。When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door reading“ sorry to miss you; will call later. ” (99 全國)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語在意

56、義上相當于一個時態(tài)為進行時或一般時的定語從句。reading “sorry to miss you; will call later. ” = which read “sorry tomiss you; will call later. ”2)若被修飾的名詞與作定語的動詞為被動關系, 動詞采用以下三種形式:a) 動作已發(fā)生或為經(jīng)常性行為,用done。b) 若動作正在進行用 bei ng done。c)動作未發(fā)生,用 to be done。例 1: Many things _ impossible in the past are com mon today.A .considering B .t

57、o considerC. consideredD.being considered2: People are talking about the play _ in two days at thetheatre.A . to perform B . being performed C. performed D . to beperformed 例 1 答案為 C。例 2 答案為 D。典型例題1) They knew her very well. They had see n her_up from childhood.A. grow B. grew C. was grow ing D. to

58、grow 答案:A.因題意為,他們看著她長大,因此強調(diào)的是成長的過程,而非正在長 的動作,因此用 see sb do sth的句型。2) The miss ing boy was last see n_n ear the river.A. playi ng B. to be playi ng C. play D. to play 答案:A.本題強調(diào)其動作,正在河邊玩,應此用see sb. doing sth 句型。第三章倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)一 全部倒裝(全部倒裝是指將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時。)常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有:1. here, there, now, then

59、, thus 等畐 U 詞置于句首 ,謂語動詞常用 be, come,go, lie, run。例如:1) There goes the bell. 鈴聲漸漸消失了。2) The n came the chairma n. 然后主席就來了3) Here is your letter. 這是你的信。2. 表示運動方向的副詞或地點狀語置于句首,謂語表示運動的動詞。例如:1) Out rushed a missile from un der the bomber. 轟炸機下面發(fā)出了一顆導彈。2) Ahead sat an old woma n.注意:上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語必須是名詞,如果主語是

60、人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。例如:1) Here he comes.他來了。2) Away they went. 他們走了。二部分倒裝(部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞,則需添加助動詞do, does 或 did,并將其置于主語之前。)1.句首為否定或半否定的詞語,女口no, not, n ever, seldom, little, hardly,at no time,in no way, not until 等。例如:1) Never have I seen such a performanee. 我從來沒看過這樣的表演。2) Nowhere w

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