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1、可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞專講初中英語可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞專講、名詞:名詞是所有事物的名稱,包括人、物及抽象概念。名詞分為普通名詞和專有名詞兩大類 名詞在句子中作主語,賓語或表語等。Mike ,1. 專有名詞 : 專有名詞是某些人、事物、機(jī)構(gòu)、組織等特有的名稱。主要包括:人名、地名、國名、 黨派名稱等。 如:Churchill (丘吉爾)、Tokyo(東京)、China(中國) 等。Guangzhou , UNESCO , 一般情況下第一個字母要大寫,前面不加定冠詞 the。2普通名詞 普通名詞是某類人、事件、物體和抽象概念的名稱。根據(jù)所指代物體的特征,普通名詞 又可分為以下四類:個體名詞 : 表示人

2、或物體中可以數(shù)清的單個體。如: student (學(xué)生)、 pen(鋼筆)、 bird (鳥)等。B集體名詞 : (即集合名詞)表示由個體組成的集合體。如: people(人民)、police(警 察)、 family (家庭)、class 等C物質(zhì)名詞 : 表示構(gòu)成物體物質(zhì)的不可數(shù)名詞, 或表示無法分為個體的物質(zhì)的名詞。 如: water (水)、air (空氣)、 wood(木頭)、 milk (牛奶)等。D抽象名詞 : 表示動作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、情感等非具體化的抽象概念。如: work (工作)、peace(和平)、love(愛)等。一般來說,個體名詞和集體名詞多為可數(shù)名詞,物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名

3、詞多為不可數(shù)名詞二、可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。o 等連一) 不可數(shù)名詞 不可數(shù)名詞意味著這些名詞只能是單數(shù),沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,不能與數(shù)目字如 one, tw 用,也不能加不定冠詞 a(n) 。不可數(shù)名詞沒有單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)之分,但我們在生活中有時候又必 需給這些詞計(jì)量,我們于是采用這種方法:a+表示這些東西的單位 +of+ 不可數(shù)名詞我們?nèi)纾篴 cup of tea ,a box of milk ,a piece of paper 等。 如果為了表示多個的概念, 就將表示這些東西的單位變成復(fù)數(shù)即可。如:a cup of tea-3 cups of tea,a box of milk-12 boxes of

4、milk ,A piece of paper-100 pieces of paper*需要注意的是,a. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為個體名詞時為可數(shù)。 比較: Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一種食物。 (不可數(shù))These cakes are sweet. 這些蛋糕很好吃。 (可數(shù))b. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類時,可數(shù)。例如:This factory produces steel. (不可數(shù))We need various steels. (可數(shù))c. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時,可數(shù)。例如:Our country is famous for tea. 我國因茶葉而聞名。 Two t

5、eas, please. 請來兩杯茶。2) 抽象名詞表示具體的事例時也可數(shù)例如: four freedoms 四大自由the four modernizations 四個現(xiàn)代化注意事項(xiàng):1不可數(shù)名詞沒有復(fù)數(shù)變化,不能用 a,an,但可用 the,或不用冠詞,如: bread is the usual breakfast.2雖然不可數(shù)名詞沒有復(fù)數(shù)變化, 但量詞超過一時要加復(fù)數(shù)。如:three cups of coffee,five bottles of water 3有量詞修飾時注意名詞是否可數(shù),不可數(shù)時用單數(shù),可數(shù)時用復(fù)數(shù), 如:ten bags of rice ten baskets of

6、eggs二) 可數(shù)名詞 : 一般來說個體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來計(jì)算,稱為可數(shù)名詞??蓴?shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù) 數(shù)兩種形式。例如: a book, two books, a student, three students, a family, many families 。 名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)變化如下:1詞尾直接加 s 如: cat-cats bag-bags day days friend friends; cat cats; pieces class-classes match-matches box boxes flashes;box boxes; watch watches; actress a

7、ctresses; class classes; coach(長途 車) coaches; dress dresses; sandwich sandwiches; toothbrush toothbrushes ess(女侍者) waitressesstyle styles; sport sports; piece2以 s, x, sh, ch 結(jié)尾的詞加 es 如:dishes 例: bus buses;fox foxes;match matches; flashdish waitrfairy fairies;lady ladies; story stories strawberry str

8、awberries; baby babpuppy puppies; library libraries; dictionary dictionaries; cherry cherries; y activities ,country countries,fly flies.元音加 y 結(jié)尾的詞直接加 s, 如: partyparties citycities storystoriestoys monkey monkeys key keys holiday-holidays 等 .4 以 f 或 fe 結(jié)尾的詞 , 變 f 或 fe 為 v, 加 es, 如 knife knives; life

9、 leaf leaves; scar(f 圍巾) scarvesactivitboy lives;3以輔音加 y 結(jié)尾的詞變 y 為 i, 加 es. 如: candy candies; daisy(雛菊) daisies; ies;口訣:樹葉半數(shù)自己黃,妻子拿刀去殺牛;架后竄出一只狼,就像小偷逃命忙。解釋:leaf(樹葉) half(一半) self(自己) wife(妻子) knife(刀子) calf (小牛) shelf (架子) wolf (狼) thief (小偷) life (生命) 房。但是,也有例外。口訣海灣農(nóng)奴信酋長,懸崖證據(jù)上頂在這些詞中,由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)時,直接在詞尾加 -

10、s 構(gòu)成,即:海灣( gulf - gulfs )農(nóng)奴 (serf - serfs)信( belief -beliefs )酋長( chief - chiefs ),懸崖( cliff -cliffs )證據(jù)( proof - proofs ) 上頂房(即房頂、屋頂 roof - roofs )5以輔音加 o 結(jié)尾的詞常加 es, 如: tomatoes, potatoes, heroes. 元音加 o 結(jié)尾直接加 S.就加如:radios, zoos, pianos. 特殊情況 : photos 以-o 結(jié)尾的名詞, 如果不是外來詞或縮寫詞,-es , 否 則 加 -s 構(gòu) 成 復(fù) 數(shù) 。

11、( 有 生 命 的 加 es , 無 生 命 的 加 s ) 口訣:黑人和英雄吃土豆和西紅柿negroes and heroes eat tomatoes and potatoeszoos,反例: radio radios , piano pianos ( 外來 詞) ; photo photos; zoobamboo-bamboos , kimono-kimonos部分單詞的單復(fù)數(shù)同形 口訣:中日警察好友來聚會,鹿、羊、魚、牛齊齊把家回。 解釋: Chinese, Japanese ,police, people, deer, sheep, fish , cattle 但除人民幣的元、角、分

12、外,美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters在英語名詞復(fù)數(shù)中, 表示(某)國人的名詞復(fù)數(shù)有些加 S,有些又不加, 學(xué)生常常會出錯 這里有一條順口溜就能幫助學(xué)生解決這一問題??谠E:它是: “中日瑞不變,英法都要變,其他國人加 S。如 Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese, Swiss-Swiss Englishman- Englishmen, American-Americans German-Germans. 極少數(shù)單詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)]有任何規(guī)律??谠E:男士、女士 a變e; 鵝牙腳雙

13、o變雙 e; 孩子們想去天安門, 原形后面 r、 n; 老鼠虱子本愛牛, mouse, louse 和 ox.解釋: goose-geese; mouse-mice; foot-feet. man-men; woman-women; tooth-teeth; foot-feet , child-children ,louse-lice,ox-oxen另一些名詞則以復(fù)數(shù)詞出現(xiàn)的機(jī)會較多例 clothes; shoes (鞋子)、sunglasses (太陽鏡)、shorts 短褲; scissors 剪刀; spectacles 眼 鏡; shears大剪刀 trousers 長褲; wages

14、工資1、monkey _monkeys2、 boy_boys3、 duck _ducks_4、house_houses、5 bus buses_6、 ladyladies_7、sheep _sheep_、8deer _deer9、 child_children_10、foot _feet_11、 tomato_tomatoes_ 12、 roof roofs_13、desk_desks14、windowwindows_ 15 、pencil_pencils16、dish _dishes_17、 film _films 18、 day _days_19、plane _planes_ 20、mon

15、th _months_ 21、 inch inches_22、village _villages_ 23、 city _cities24、 familyfamilies_25、knife _knives26 、people _people_ 27、 man _men28、thief _thieves29、chinese_chinese_ 30、 glass _glassesII. 選擇填空:1The deer has four _A. footB. feetC. feets D. foots2Her two brothers are both A. policemanB. policemans

16、C. policemen D.policemens3There are four and two in the group.A. Japanese, GermenB. Japaneses, GermenC. Japanese, Germans4 Two _ would come to the village.A. woman-doctors B. womendoctorC. women doctors D. woman doctors5Can you see nine _ in the picture?A. sheepB. dog C. pig D. horseI 初寫出下例名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式6T

17、he _ has two . A. boys, watches B. boy, watch C. boy, watches D. boys,watch7The boy often brushes his before he goes to bed.A. toothB. toothsC. teethD. teeths8The Japanese will not leave China until she finishes her study.A. womanB. women C. man D. men9There are lots of _ in the basket on the table.

18、 A. tomatosB. tomato C. tomatoes D.tomatoss10. The cat caught two last night. A. mouses B. mice C. mouseD. mices參考答案: KEYS:B C C C A C C A C BIII. 用所給名詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1. How many(sheep) are there on the hill?2. There is some(food) in the basket.3. The baby has only two(tooth) now.4. There is a lot of(water

19、) in the bottle.5. There are five(people ) in his family.6. Let's take(photo), OK?7. I have lots of(tomato) here.8. The(leaf) on the tree turn-yellow.9. The(child) are playing games on the playground now.10. Their(dictionary) look new.11. I see you have a few white(hair).12. They are(woman) doct

20、ors.13. Can you give me some bottles of (orange), please?14. There are many(fox) in the picture.15. I would like some apple(juice). I am very thirsty.參考答案:1. sheep 2. food 3. teeth 4. water 5. people 6. photos 7. tomatoes 8. leaves 9.children 10. dictionaries 11. hair, hairs 12. women 13. orange 14.

21、 foxes 15. JuiceHow many 和 how much 的用法這兩個字雖然都是,很多的意思,但 many 后面是接可數(shù)名詞,而 much 后面是接不可數(shù)名詞一、所修飾詞的不同how many 用來修飾可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù),它的句式是 :How many+ 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 +一般疑問句 ?how much 用來修飾不可數(shù)名詞,表示數(shù)量,也可單獨(dú)使用。二、 how many 的用法1. 對 there be 句型中主語的數(shù)量如 :some, five, only one 等提問時 ,如果主語是可數(shù)名 詞 ,不管主 語是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)一般都用復(fù)數(shù)形式提問 ,因?yàn)閱栐捜瞬恢谰唧w的數(shù)量是多 少 ,而

22、且 many 只能接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式 ,所以 be 一定要用 are. 即用 How many+ 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) +are there+ 地點(diǎn)/時間狀語?的句型結(jié)構(gòu) .例如:( 1) There is a book on the desk. (用 how many 改為特殊疑問句 ) How many books are there on the desk?(2)There are seven days in a week. (對劃線部分進(jìn)行提問 ) How many days are there in a week? 記憶口訣 how many 在句首 ,名詞復(fù)數(shù)跟著走 ,一般問句緊相隨 ,其

23、它成分不要丟 .2. how much 的用法(1)用來詢問事物的數(shù)量,后接不可數(shù)名詞。例如: How much milk is there in the glass? 玻璃杯里有多少牛奶?( 2)用來詢問事物的重量。 例如:How much does the pig weigh? 這頭豬多重? Eighty kilos. 八十公斤。( 3)how much 意為“多少錢”時,可單獨(dú)使用,也可構(gòu)成詞組 how much money ,但英 語 中常省略 money,用來詢問某物的價(jià)錢、價(jià)格。(注意: how much 詢問價(jià)格時,它的回答若是中國的貨幣單位應(yīng)采用漢語拼音 yuan,fen 來

24、表示,幾角常采用幾十分來表示,字母用小寫,且不用復(fù)數(shù)。例如: How much is theeraser?這塊橡皮擦多少錢? Ninety two fen. 九角二分。( 4)用來詢問數(shù)字計(jì)算的結(jié)果,相當(dāng)于 what。例如:How much is three plus one? 三加一等于多少?It''''s four. 等于四。3、some 和 any 的區(qū)別some 用 于 肯 定 句 , any 用 于 否 定 句 和 疑 問 句 2. some 可 用 于 征 求 意 見 的 句 型 :Would you like some bread? Why not

25、 .? What abut .? Could you .?I 初寫出下例名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式1、monkey 2、 boy 3、duck _ _ _4、house _7、sheep _ foot _ desk_ dish _ plane _ village knife _ thief _10、13、16、19、22、25、28、5、 bus _8、 deer 11、 tomato_14、 window17、 film 20、 month _6、 lady9、child_12、 roof _15、 pencil_18、 day _ _ 21、 inch _23、 city 26、 people 29、

26、 chinese24、familyman _ _30、glass27、II. 選擇填空:1The deer has four 2Her two brothers are bothA. policemanB. policemans C. policemen D. policemens3There are four and two in the group.A. Japanese, GermenB. Japaneses, Germen C. Japanese, Germans4Two would come to the village.A. woman-doctorsB. women doctor

27、C. women doctors5Can you see nine in the picture? A. sheep B. dog6The _ has two . A. boys, watches B. boy, watchwatch 7The boy often brushes his before he goes to bed.A. toothB. toothsC. teeth D. teeths8The Japanese will not leave China until she finishes her study.A. womanB. womenC. manD. men9There

28、 are lots of _ in the basket on the table. A. tomatosA. footB. feet C. feets D. footsD. woman doctorsC. pig D. horseC. boy, watches D. boys,B. tomato C. tomatoes D.tomatossC. mouseD.mices10. The cat caught two last night. A. mousesB. miceIII. 用所給名詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1. How many(sheep) are there on the hill?2.

29、There is some(food) in the basket.3. The baby has only two(tooth) now.4. There is a lot of(water) in the bottle.5. There are five(people ) in his family.6. Let's take(photo), OK?7. I have lots of(tomato) here.8. The(leaf) on the tree turn-yellow.9. The(child) are playing gameson the playground n

30、ow.10. Their(dictionary) look new.11. I see you have a few white(hair).12. They are(woman) doctors.13. Can you give me some bottles of (orange), please?14. There are many(fox) in the picture.15. I would like some apple(juice). I am very thirsty.how many 和 how much 、some/any 練習(xí)題一 some, any 填空:1. I do

31、n' htave milk. 2. There is water in the glass.3. Do they have friends in China? 4. I want to buy vegetables.5. How about ideas?二用many,much 填空:1.How is that skirt?2. How people are there in your family?3. How rice do you need? 4. I have toys in my house.5. How bread is there in the box?三 句型轉(zhuǎn)化:(注意

32、 some 的轉(zhuǎn)變)1. I have some books .(否定句,一般疑問句,及回答 )2. There are some knives in the pencil-box. ( 同上 )3. She has some rulers in the desk. ( 同上 )4. There are two bottles of milk in the frige.( 對劃線部分進(jìn)行提問 )5. I would like five boxes of erasers.( 同上 )四 單選:1. We don't have water in the pool. A. any B. little C. some2. -How about rice? -Thank you. A. some B. any C. many3. -Do you have vegetables? -Here they . A. any, are B, some , is C. any

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