【英語】2021年度全國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)考博英語統(tǒng)考-閱讀理解全解及詳解

1、2021 年度全國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)統(tǒng)考博士英語閱讀懂得翻譯及詳解2021 年passage oneparents are ona journeyofdiscovery witheach childwhose temperament, biology, and sleep habits result in a unique sleep-wakepattern. it can be frustrating when children s scloenefporhmabits do notto the household schedule. helping the child develop good slee

2、p habits in childhood takes time and parental attention, but it willhave beneficial results throughout life. an understanding of the changing patterns of the typical sleep-wake cycle in children willhelp alleviate any unfounded concerns. maintaininga sleep diary for each child willprovide the parent

3、s with baseline information in assessing thenature and severity of childhood sleep problems. observantpatents willcome to recognize unusual sleep disruptions or those that persist oinr tensify.一對(duì)父母發(fā)表了一篇關(guān)于孩子的性情 （temperament：predisposition）、生理以及睡眠習(xí)慣會(huì)導(dǎo)致不一樣睡眠- 覺醒模式；當(dāng)孩子的睡眠習(xí)慣不能遵從 conformto 遵從家庭的規(guī)劃時(shí)間睡眠是很困惑

4、的一件事情；幫忙孩子養(yǎng)成好的睡眠習(xí)慣，需要花費(fèi)時(shí)間和父母的操勞，但好 的睡眠習(xí)慣對(duì)孩子終生受益； 明白孩子典型的睡眠周期可以削減父母的無故徘徊 ，堅(jiān)持為每個(gè)孩子寫睡眠日記，能夠供應(yīng)最基本的信息， 用來評(píng)估孩子睡眠問題的 本質(zhì)和嚴(yán)峻程度；善于觀看的 父母就能夠意識(shí)到反常睡眠的困惑所在或那些連續(xù)睡眠反常或嚴(yán)峻的問題 ；developmental changes throughout childhood bring differences in thesleep-wake cycle and in the type and frequency ofparasomnias that may inter

5、rupt sleep. medical consultation to rule out illness, infection of injuryis prudent if the child s sleep problems prevent adequate sleep and resultin an ongoing sleep deficit. as reported by news-medical in child healthnews, children s sleep problems should be taken seriously as they may be a “ mark

6、er ” for predicting later risk of eaardlyolescent substance use. inthe same article. university of michigan psychiatry professor kirk brower,who has studied “ theinterplay of alcohol and sleep in adults” stressedthat“ the finding does not mean there-and seaffecacturseelationship.”童年時(shí)間發(fā)育的變化會(huì)引起睡眠周期和類型

7、的變化，頻繁的睡眠反常會(huì)困擾睡眠； 假如兒童睡眠問題阻擋了充分的睡眠和導(dǎo)致進(jìn)行性睡眠匱乏， 需要就診于醫(yī)院謹(jǐn)慎的排除疾病以及感染的損耗引起；在child health news 報(bào)道醫(yī)療新聞稱兒童睡眠問題應(yīng)當(dāng)被重視， 它可能是少年時(shí)期體質(zhì)多病的 “預(yù)警”；美國(guó)的 brower 教授寫了一篇相同的文章，他爭(zhēng)論了成年酒精和睡眠的相互影響， 強(qiáng)調(diào)他發(fā)覺兩者之間并不是因果關(guān)系；1. parasonmials 異睡癥2. prudent謹(jǐn)慎的；精明的；節(jié)省的3. adolescent 青春期4. interplay相互影響consultation with child psychologist may

8、be helpful if frighteningdreams intensifyand become more frequent as this may indicate aparticular problem or life circumstance that needs to be changed or onethat the child may need extra help working through.假如孩子做噩夢(mèng)的程度和頻率惡化， 可能說明有特殊問題或者需要改變生活環(huán)境， 或者遇到了需要額外幫忙才能應(yīng)對(duì)的問題，這時(shí)可能仍需要詢問 心理學(xué)家 ；most childhood sl

9、eep disturbance will diminish over time as the brain matures and a regular sleep-wake cycle is established. parental guidance is crucial to development of healthy sleep habits in children.隨著大腦的成熟，多數(shù)兒童睡眠困擾都會(huì)消逝以及規(guī)律的睡眠周期的建立；在兒童期在建立良好的睡眠習(xí)慣父母的指導(dǎo)是特別重要；61. to have a journey of discovery with each child, ac

10、cording to the passage, is.a. to discover their unique sleep-wake cycles62. in the first paragraph, the author suggests that parents.d. keep a diary on sleep pattern for their children63. when there exists a“ marker ” in the child according to the passage, .a. it might lead to his or her early subst

11、ance use64. what is the author trying to tell us in the third paragraph.b. sometimes parents need to seek professional assistance.65. what is the main idea of the passage.c. parents role in building their child s healthy sleeping habit.passage twothe united states and england each has a major anduni

12、que-health- care challenge, according to a study comparing the health of seniorcitizens in the two countries. the study, conducted by researchers from rand corporation in the united states and institute for fiscal studies in the united kingdom, found that disease and health disorder incidence was hi

13、gher among u.s. senior citizens, but mortality rates were higher among english senior citizens.依據(jù)美國(guó)和英國(guó)老年人爭(zhēng)論對(duì)比，這兩個(gè)國(guó)家面臨著重要和特殊的挑戰(zhàn)， 這項(xiàng)爭(zhēng)論主要有美國(guó)的蘭德公司和英國(guó)的財(cái)政機(jī)構(gòu)參加的， 發(fā)覺在美國(guó)老年人的疾病的發(fā)生率和患病率明顯高于英國(guó)，但是死亡率卻明顯低于英國(guó)；americans aged 65 and older have almost twice the rate of diabetes found among their english counterparts

14、and more than double the rate of cancer. nevertheless, death rate among americans 65 and older lowe美r.國(guó) 65 歲以上的老年人患糖尿病概率是相應(yīng)年齡英國(guó)人的2 倍，并且癌癥的發(fā)生率也大于2 倍，然而，美國(guó) 65 歲以上老人的死亡率卻比英國(guó)人的低；“ americans are a sicker group of people who tend to live longer, james smith, a study co-author. he attributes the u.s. healt

15、h problems tolifestylefactors,includingpooreatinghabitsandinadequateexercise. americans tend to eat muchlargerservings of food , forexample, there is what i call an americanplate . when we go to arestaurant, it s plate i can t even eat any more. it s a plate withfood on if it s even appealing一to個(gè)m共e

16、同. 爭(zhēng)論者認(rèn)為美國(guó) “患者小病不斷，壽命不短” ，包括不良的因素習(xí)慣和缺乏錘煉，美國(guó)人傾向于吃大量食物，例如，我們稱之為的美國(guó)人的盤， 當(dāng)我們進(jìn)入餐廳時(shí)， 那種多食物我是吃不下的，假如食物沒有足夠好吃的話；smithalso says that englishadults are generallymuch more physically active than americans. biking and walking are much commonin everyday life in english. he observes that“ there is a lot of walkin

17、g london ” a, nd there is a lot of bicycle riding.i don st ee people indowntown los angeles on their bicycles也表”示s英mi國(guó)th成年人有更多的錘煉， 騎車和散布是最常見的英國(guó)人的日常生活方式；他觀看到在倫敦有很多的散布和自行車騎行的人，而在洛杉磯沒有看到這些；on the other hand, england s problem is that doctors fail to diagnose serious conditions early enough. americans d

18、octors tend toscreen patients for cancer, diabetes, and other illnesses more frequently. smithnotes “ americanmedicine is much more aggressive.”it leads to high costs, but it has benefits, too. 換句話說，在英國(guó)醫(yī)生不能早期診斷出疾病的嚴(yán)峻性，而美國(guó)醫(yī)生多傾向于篩查癌癥、糖尿病以及常見病， smtih 表示美國(guó)的醫(yī)療多是侵襲性有創(chuàng)的檢查花費(fèi)很高，但是同樣有好處；66 the study s reisnud

19、litcsated-a. an urgent call for health promotion among english and american senior citizens.b. health disparities between english and american senior citizens. 次選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容正常但不是indicated 是 noted；c. a close relation between disease incidence and mortality rate不. 一樣d. a significant rise in mortality rates am

20、ong senior citizens.本文沒有indicated 說年齡大了死亡率會(huì)上升，只是說患病率和死亡率不一樣；67 which of the following is a unique health care challenge for england senior citizens when compared with their american counterparts .a a higher death rate.b a higher rate of cancer. lower 才對(duì)c a higher incidence of disease. lower 才對(duì)d a lo

21、wer tendency of have diabetes. 本文只是說了對(duì)比美國(guó)老男人， 英國(guó)老年人沒有想美國(guó)人那樣常規(guī)篩查cancer、diabetes等，indicated 有很多 cancer、diabetes沒有診斷出，沒有說 lower diabetes；68. what does james smithimply american plate.a. a sedentary american lifestyles. 不愛運(yùn)動(dòng)的的生活方式， 缺乏活動(dòng)， 此題問的是吃相關(guān)；b. american junk foods on the table. 垃圾食物c. a large porti

22、on offood consumed by americans. 很大一部分，很多d. severe malnutrition among american senior citizens.69. the americans unique health-care challenge according to jamessmith, is derived froma. their unusual forms of physical activities 本文沒有指出b. their different geographic location本文沒有指出c. their genetic likel

23、ihood of obesity本文沒有指出d. their unhealthy lifestyle factors.70. even though it is much more aggressive, the american medicinea. better improves the quality of life among its medicine care.b. benefits more seniors who need medicine care.c. facilitates its senior citizens to live longer.d. helps its se

24、nior citizens live healthier.單詞小結(jié)1. counterpartn.相對(duì)物；相對(duì)應(yīng)的人2. sedentaryadj. 久坐的；坐慣的；定棲的；靜坐的 ,3. junk foods 垃圾食物4. senior citizens老年人5. fiscal英 'f.sk.ladj. 會(huì)計(jì)的，財(cái)政的；國(guó)庫(kù)的passage threeless meat and dairy in our diets could help reduce agricultural greenhouse gases by as much as 80% by 2025, according

25、to a recent study by the potsdam institute for clinmate impact researchpik.the researchers created global lan-duse model to project likely outcomes given different scenariosinvolving consumer dietary trends and changesin agriculture production methods. the models take into considerationpopulation gr

26、owth, the world economy, and other factors. 最近波士頓氣候影響爭(zhēng)論組織（ pik ）提出削減飲食中肉類和奶類，到 2025 年，能削減 80%農(nóng)業(yè)溫室氣體； 爭(zhēng)論者創(chuàng)建了全球土地使用模式， 來依據(jù)不同模式產(chǎn)生的可能的結(jié)果， 這些模式涉及到消費(fèi)者飲食趨勢(shì)以及農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式的轉(zhuǎn)變； 這個(gè)模式也考慮到人工的增長(zhǎng)、 世界的經(jīng)濟(jì)以及其他因素；the researchersfound that, if meat and dairy consumption patterns remain constant of increase, the associated gl

27、obal agricultural omissions willincrease significantly. one the other hand, a 25% reductionover the next 40 years would help bring levels to where they were around1995. 爭(zhēng)論者發(fā)覺，假如肉類和奶類消費(fèi)模式仍連續(xù)增加，就相應(yīng)的全球農(nóng)業(yè)氣體也顯著增加，換句話也就是說，在過去40 年里有 25%的氣體削減，那是氣體水平與 1995 年相當(dāng)；methane and nitrous oxide in particular could be

28、 reduced if less meat and dairy is produced and consumed. these gases are caused largely by livestockwasteandsyntheticfertilizers.aroundtwo-thirdsof nitrous-oxide emissions come from agriculture andmost of that as a result of either raising animals or producing the feed used to raise them.consumers

29、food choices, combined with what one pik researcher terms“ technicalmitigationoptions on the producers side ”could make an enormous impact on these emissions.假如削減肉類和奶類的生產(chǎn)和消耗，特殊是甲烷和一氧化氮會(huì)削減； 這些氣體主要是有家畜糞便和化學(xué)肥料引起， 有三分之二的一氧化氮來自于農(nóng)業(yè)，主要是由飼養(yǎng)動(dòng)物或者生產(chǎn)的肥料來喂養(yǎng)動(dòng)物引起， 消費(fèi)者對(duì)食物的挑選， 結(jié)合 pik 爭(zhēng)論者提出的技術(shù)減排正確方案會(huì)對(duì)這些氣體排放產(chǎn)生龐大的影響；wh

30、ile not nearly as much methane or nitrous oxide is released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, both are significantly more potent and they form substantial pieces of the greenhouse gas pie. both of these gases trap heat and radiation in the atmosphere much more effectively than does carbon dioxi

31、de. the u.s. environmental protectionagency cites methane as being“ 21 times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide over a 100-year time period. ”nitrous oxide is more than 300 times more effective than co2； 雖然甲烷和一氧化氮排放至大氣層沒有二氧化碳多， 但甲烷和一氧化氮具有更大威力和能形成龐大的溫室氣體層； 這兩種氣體能比二氧

32、化氮更有效的產(chǎn)生滯留熱和輻射； 美國(guó)環(huán)境愛護(hù)機(jī)構(gòu)提出在過去的 100 年間甲烷產(chǎn)生的滯留熱比二氧化碳大 21 倍，一氧化氮作用是二氧化碳的 300 倍；while the pik study doesn dtetail exactly which consumer choices and eating habits can help reverse the trend, it -seems clear that less ismore when it comes to consuming meat and dairy products.雖然 pik 的爭(zhēng)論并沒有準(zhǔn)確的表示消費(fèi)者的挑選和eat

33、習(xí)慣能夠幫忙扭轉(zhuǎn)這一趨勢(shì)，但好像很明顯，提到消費(fèi)肉類和奶制品仍是少食為好；單詞小結(jié)project rev展ea現(xiàn)l ，揭露scenariosn. 情節(jié)；腳本；情形介紹（ scenario 的復(fù)數(shù)）71. the currentpik study .a. was nothing but a what-ifb. was based on the global land-use modelsc. managed to reduce agricultural greenhouse gasesd. changed the patterns of meat and dairy consumption.72

34、. as thepik results imply, it ispossible.a. to keep consumption patterns unchanged over the next 40 yearsb. to reduce the emissions by 25% over the next 40 years.c. to maintain a constant drop in the consumption.d. to return to the emission levels around199573. simply put, to produce and consume les

35、s meat and dairyis to .a. to reduce more methane and nitrous oxide emissionsb. produce more economic benefits for agriculture.c. cut two-thirds more of nitrous-oxide emissionsd. have more technical mitigation options.74. the greenhouse gas pietells us.a. the importance of being a vegetationb. no nee

36、d to worry about carbon dioxide.c. the priorities in the environmental protectiond. the best consumer choice for meat and dairy products75. what can be the best title for the passage.a. eating healthyb. from farm to platec. green house effect.d. diet for a healthierpassage fourtoday this dangerous s

37、ituation has been largely alleviated. henry, a 77-year-old pensioner from east london, stilllives alone and happily practices golf swings in his back garden safe in the knowledge that his body is able cope with the extra exertion.現(xiàn)在這種危急的形勢(shì)大部分得到緩解， henry，一位倫敦東部的靠退休金過日子的77 歲老人，仍然獨(dú)自生活， 并知道自己身體能應(yīng)對(duì)額外運(yùn)動(dòng)的情

38、形下， 他在自家后花園高興的揮舞著高爾夫球桿打著高爾夫；what has altered henrylifesis not some wonder drug but a simplechange in the way his illness is managed. everyday henryhookshimself up to monitoringdevices whose results are helped him to understand it and overcome its more debilitating effects.“ telehealthhas given me co

39、nfidence in myself because i know my own body now,”he says. he adjusts what he does according to what his daily readings tellhim about his condition. 能轉(zhuǎn)變 henry 生活的不是藥物， 而是疾病治療方式的簡(jiǎn)潔變化， 每天 henry 將自己和設(shè)備連接上，這些設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)的結(jié)果能幫忙 henry 明白自己的狀態(tài)，并能防范于未然；他說遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療使他 now 更自信了，由于他現(xiàn)在更能明白自己的身體；依據(jù)每日身體監(jiān)測(cè)的數(shù)據(jù)，進(jìn)行調(diào)整；henry is jus

40、t one of a growing number of pioneering patients who are trusting their futures to telehealth. large trials are under way around the world to evaluate the idea. with elderly populations and the incidence ofage-dillnesses growingtelehealth promises togivepeople the independence they need to remain in

41、 their own homes. it could also reduce the burden of healthcare costs. henry僅僅是日趨增長(zhǎng)的首批使用遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療的一員， 他把自己的將來也交給了遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療， 為了評(píng)估遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療，在世界范疇內(nèi)進(jìn)行了大量試驗(yàn)；隨著老齡化人口的增長(zhǎng)以及年齡相關(guān)疾病的增多， 遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療能使患者在自己家里獨(dú)立生活， 并且也能夠削減醫(yī)療花費(fèi)的負(fù)擔(dān)；the disorder that makes henry s life so difficult is chronic obstructive pulmonary diseasedopd, a conditio

42、ns that affects some 800000 peoplein england. the airways in his lungs have narrowed, leaving him with severe shortness of breath and blood oxygen levels that can fall dangerously low. 慢性堵塞性肺疾病讓 henry 的生活很麻煩，在英國(guó)有800000 患者受此困擾，患者肺部氣管狹窄，呼吸急促和血氧水平極低降低時(shí)，會(huì)有生命危急；with his equipment, henry can keep a close

43、eye on how his body is doing. he received for measuring his blood oxygen level and pulse rate, a blood pressure monitor and a set of speaking scales. each connects wirelessly to a unitcollates the readings and sends them to a team of medical specialists, who watch for suspicious changes. if the read

44、ings look bad, they call him to discuss appropriate action. henry too can see the readings on his television, where they are displayed with the help of a special set-top box. 利用這個(gè)設(shè)備，henry 你能夠親密監(jiān)測(cè)自身的指標(biāo)，這些指標(biāo)包括血氧的水平和脈搏， 血壓的監(jiān)測(cè)和肯定的語言設(shè)置， 通過無線連接核對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)， 將數(shù)據(jù)傳到專家醫(yī)療組， 來監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)可疑的變化；假如數(shù)據(jù)看上去有問題， 他們通過電話告知他并爭(zhēng)論恰當(dāng)?shù)姆桨?；hen

45、ry 也可以通過電視上明白自身的數(shù)據(jù)，電視上的數(shù)據(jù)是通過特殊的機(jī)頂盒來完成的；whether a day is good or bad depends largely on henry s blood oxy level. before joining the telehealth program, he could only guess at that.now he knows if the reading is low, he can take action. when the reading is high, he can go about his business confident

46、that his oxygen level willsee him through. telehealth is a good thing for me, says henry,“that on the other end of the telephone thereisf anlyitthleinagngel andgoes wrongit shows up on the television and she osn the phone within five minutes”. henry 一天的血氧水平主要影響他的心情，在遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療以前，血氧水平主要靠推測(cè)；現(xiàn)在有了遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療，假如數(shù)據(jù)低，他

47、就能知道，就會(huì)實(shí)行措施，假如數(shù)據(jù)高，他能放心的做自己的事，信任他的血氧含量能幫忙他順當(dāng)通過；henry 說遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療對(duì)自己很有幫忙， 他知道電話那端有個(gè)小天使， 假如電視上顯示的數(shù)據(jù)顯現(xiàn)問題，他就會(huì)在 5 分鐘內(nèi)接到電話；單詞小結(jié)：1.pensioner'pen.n.n. 領(lǐng)養(yǎng)老金者；領(lǐng)取撫恤金者2.in the knowledge that在知道的情形下3.debilitated.'b.l.te.t vt. 使衰弱；使虛弱4.collatek.'le.tvt. 核對(duì)，校對(duì)；?？?.rid of除去，擺脫76. what can be said of henry ？（細(xì)節(jié)

48、懂得題）a. his illness was wrongly diagnosedb. he lived alone without medical care.c. his life was improved with telehealth.d. he used to be a professional golf player.77. henry activates hisdaily health management . 細(xì)節(jié)定位題 a. with a receipt of the doctor s order on his condition.b. by getting hooked up

49、to the monitoring devices.c. by giving a ring to the community doctor.d. with the practice of golf patients.78. as one of thepioneering patients , henry 細(xì)節(jié)懂得題 a. receives the most benefits from telehealth.b. puts his life in the hands of a medical teamc. seems to carry out well the intents of telehe

50、alth.d. is actively involved in evaluating telehealth globally.79. what is the most important about the telehealth technology in the case of henry .細(xì)節(jié)判定題 a. his illness can be brought back to normal as expected.b. it can rid him of the debilitating effects due to his illness.c. it helps him better u

51、nderstand the readings on the television.d. his condition can be kept under continuous surveillance at home.80. thanks to the telehealth technology, henry knows for sure his blood oxygen level, thus細(xì)節(jié)懂得題 a. having a good day.b. building up his confidence.c. getting hospitalized in no time.d. having

52、no trouble doing physical labor.passage fivewhen it comes to health, which is more important, nature or nurture ？you may well think your genes are a more important predictor of health and illhealth. notso fast. in fact, it transpiresthat our everyday environment outweighs ourgenetics, bigtime, wheni

53、tcomes to measuring ourriskofdisease. thegenome isout-welcomethe exposome.當(dāng)我們提到健康，最重要我們想到的是環(huán)境仍是養(yǎng)分？，你可能認(rèn)為基因在一個(gè)人健康方面是一個(gè)重要的推測(cè)因子，不要這么說， 事實(shí)上，在檢測(cè)疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素時(shí)，大多數(shù)時(shí)候，日常生活的環(huán)境比基因 影響要大； 基因論已經(jīng)過時(shí)，現(xiàn)在迎來環(huán)境暴露論；“ the exposome represents everything a person is exposed to inthe environment, that s not in the geness, tephe”n

54、 rsaapyspaport,environmental health scientist at the university of california, berkeley. that includes stress, diet, lifestyle choices, recreational and medicinal drug use and infections, to name a few, “ thebig difference is that the exposome changes throughout life as our bodies, diets and lifesty

55、les change, ” he says. steprheanppapor （ environmental health scientist at the university of california, berkeley.）說全部因素都可以暴露在環(huán)境中，不單單是基因方面；這些因素，舉幾個(gè)例子來說，包括壓力，疾病，生活方式轉(zhuǎn)變，休息或消遣以及藥物的使用、 感染，最大的區(qū)分在于， 就是環(huán)境暴露的變化， 就像是我們的身體、 飲食以及生活方式轉(zhuǎn)變一樣，貫穿于我們的一生；while our understanding of the human genome has been growing at

56、an exponential rate over the last decade, it is not as helpful as we hoped in predicting diseases.“ geneosnly contribute 10 percent to the overalldisease burden, ” says rapp在ap過or去t. 二十年里，雖然我們對(duì)基因的熟悉以指數(shù)倍的速度增長(zhǎng)， 但未像我們所期望的那樣能有效幫忙我們推測(cè)疾病，基因?qū)φ麄€(gè)疾病的影響僅僅是10%， says rappapor；t“ knowinggenetic risk factors can prove absolutely futile,s”aysjeremy nicholson at imperial college london. he points to work by ninepaynter at the brigham and women s hospital in boston, who investigated th