高考語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)學(xué)案17：名詞

1、高考語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)17名 詞（一）考綱要求名詞應(yīng)掌握以下內(nèi)容：分清名詞的可數(shù)性與不可數(shù)性；可數(shù)名詞有單復(fù)數(shù)，有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)；物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞不可數(shù)但可以具體量化使用；名詞所有格和of格的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象；名詞直接作定語(yǔ)；國(guó)家名詞的正確使用；名詞詞義的區(qū)分和搭配；單位名詞的搭配；名詞前的修飾語(yǔ)so, as, quite等；time及常考點(diǎn)。（二）命題導(dǎo)向名詞的“可數(shù)”與“不可數(shù)”是高考命題的熱點(diǎn)之一。不可數(shù)名詞前不能與不定冠詞連用，之后不能加-s。有些抽象名詞卻有復(fù)數(shù)形式，但意義與原來(lái)詞不同。有些可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)有兩個(gè)意思，一個(gè)與單數(shù)意義相同，另一個(gè)和單數(shù)含義不同，高考中這些含義很可能成為考查的內(nèi)容。詞語(yǔ)的固

2、定搭配及名詞作定語(yǔ)也是高考命題的注意點(diǎn)。（三）知識(shí)概要英語(yǔ)的名詞分為專(zhuān)有名詞和普通名詞兩大類(lèi)。專(zhuān)有名詞是指?jìng)€(gè)人、團(tuán)體、地方、機(jī)構(gòu)或事物等所專(zhuān)有的名稱(chēng)，它的第一個(gè)字母必須大寫(xiě)。如：Einstain, Beijing, Asia等。普通名詞是指一類(lèi)人、一類(lèi)事物、某種物質(zhì)抽象概念的名稱(chēng)，可分為：個(gè)體名詞（可數(shù)，如：worker, father, book, tree, school等）；集體名詞（可數(shù)，如：people, family, class, team等）；物質(zhì)名詞（不可數(shù)，如：iron, paper, snow, water, chalk, gold等）；抽象名詞（不可數(shù)，如：life,

3、thought, idea, strength等）。w。w。w.k。s。5。u.c。o。m注意：可數(shù)、不可數(shù)是英文名詞和中文名詞的一個(gè)重要差異即學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)。而很多英語(yǔ)名詞具有雙重性。即，名詞的類(lèi)別不是固定不變的，它們會(huì)根據(jù)詞義的變化和場(chǎng)合的不同而相互轉(zhuǎn)換，其名詞類(lèi)別的轉(zhuǎn)換可歸納如下：1、個(gè)體名詞轉(zhuǎn)抽象名詞或抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)個(gè)體名詞e.g. Our school is not far from my home.（個(gè)體）我們學(xué)校離我家不遠(yuǎn)。School is over at six.（抽象）六點(diǎn)鐘放學(xué)。2、物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)個(gè)體名詞或個(gè)體名詞轉(zhuǎn)物質(zhì)名詞e.g. He broke a piece of glass

4、.（物質(zhì)）他打破了一塊玻璃。He broke a glass.（個(gè)體）他打破了一個(gè)杯子。3、個(gè)體名詞轉(zhuǎn)專(zhuān)有名詞 e.g. His father is a teacher.（個(gè)體）他父親是個(gè)教師?！癢hat are you doing there?” Father asked.（專(zhuān)有）“你在那兒干什么？”父親問(wèn)道。（四）名詞的數(shù)名詞分為可數(shù)（有單、復(fù)數(shù)形式）和不可數(shù)名詞（只有單數(shù)形式）。1、可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)： 一般加s ：lesson lessons, pen pens 以s, x, ss, ch, sh, o結(jié)尾的加es ：buses, boxes, classes, watches, br

5、ushes, hero heroes但有些以o結(jié)尾的名詞，是加s構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)：kilo kilos, piano pianos, radio radios, photo photos, zoo zoos 以輔音字母 + y 結(jié)尾的改y為i，再加es ：city cities, story stories 以f 或fe結(jié)尾的，一般將f或fe改為v，再加es ：knife knives, leaf leaves但有些以f 結(jié)尾的名詞，是在f后加s，構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)形式：belief beliefs, roof roofs, safe（保險(xiǎn)箱） safes, proof（證據(jù)） proofs, chief ch

6、iefs, handkerchief handkerchiefs2、有些名詞，不按上述規(guī)則構(gòu)成其復(fù)數(shù)形式，有以下幾種情況： 單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同：Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep 不規(guī)則變化：man men, woman women, goose geese, foot feet, tooth teeth, child children, mouse mice, ox oxen 。但是，German Germans 復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：editor-in-chief editors-in-chief, daughter-in-law daughters-in-law, g

7、rown-up grown-ups, woman teacher women teachers, man driver men drivers w。w。w.k。s。5。u.c。o。m3、注意以下幾個(gè)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)問(wèn)題 物質(zhì)名詞一般不用復(fù)數(shù)形式,但有些物質(zhì)名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式來(lái)表示不同的類(lèi)別,如：fishes各種魚(yú)，fruits各種水果，steels各種鋼材。 物質(zhì)名詞表示數(shù)量時(shí)，一般用表示數(shù)量的短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示。如：a cup of tea, three bags of apples, four pieces of bread。 有些抽象名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式表示不同的含義。如：work（工作） works（著作）

8、，arm（手臂） arms（軍火），glass（玻璃） glasses（眼鏡），cloth（布） clothes（衣服）。 定冠詞加上姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式，表示全家人或夫婦二人；姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式前不加冠詞，則表示若干個(gè)姓的人。如：the Wangs王家，three Wangs三個(gè)姓王的。 只用作單數(shù)的復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞。如：physics, mathematics, news, the United States 有些名詞形似單數(shù)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。如：police, people, cattle 有些名詞如被看作整體時(shí)就作單數(shù)用，如被看作組成該集體的各個(gè)成員時(shí)就作復(fù)數(shù)用。如：class, family, co

9、uple, audience, government, public 有些抽象名詞在具體化時(shí)，可以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)。表示特指時(shí)，可和定冠詞連用；表示“某種”或“一次”意義時(shí)，可和不定冠詞連用。如：How did you smooth away the difficulties?（指各種具體困難）；It is a great pleasure to talk with you.；What a surprise!（五）名詞的所有格名詞的所有格在句中表示所有關(guān)系，作定語(yǔ)用。1、有生命名詞的所有格一般在詞尾加上“”或“s”。如：Toms bike, Engless (Engles) works, a wo

10、rks school, Womens Day, the editor-in-chiefs office2、如果一個(gè)事物為兩個(gè)人所有，只在后一個(gè)名詞的詞尾加“s”，如果不是共有，就要在兩個(gè)名詞的詞尾都加上“s”。如：Tom and Mikes room.（共有），Toms and Mikes books.（不共有）。3、表示時(shí)間、距離、國(guó)家、城市的無(wú)生命名詞，可以在詞尾加“s”或“”表示所有格，如：todays papers, ten minutes walk4、表示店鋪或某人的家時(shí)，常在名詞所有格之后省去shop, house, home。如：the tailors5、無(wú)生命名詞的所在格通常用

11、of短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示。如：the window of the room6、表示有生命的名詞有時(shí)也可用of短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，而且當(dāng)該名詞帶有較長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)時(shí)。如：the teachers of the No. 1 Middle School.7、雙重所有格結(jié)構(gòu)前的被修飾名詞通常指整體中的部分或一個(gè)，雙重所有格只能用于有生命的名詞，這個(gè)名詞是確定的。被修飾名詞前有不定冠詞、指示代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、不定代詞或數(shù)詞等限定詞時(shí)，一般只能用雙重所有格。如：an old friend of my uncles, a daughter of Mrs Greens, the house of one of my frien

12、ds（六）名詞的普通格作定語(yǔ)w。w。w.k。s。5。u.c。o。m表材料、地點(diǎn)、用途、性質(zhì)、泛指時(shí)間、整體等普通名詞可以作定語(yǔ)，一般用單數(shù)形式。e.g. stone figures（石像）；paper money（紙幣）；country music（鄉(xiāng)村音樂(lè)）；table cloth（桌布）；river bank（河岸）；school gate（校門(mén)口）；book stores（書(shū)店）；traffic lights（交通燈）；summer holidays（暑假）；evening dress（晚禮服）。但在個(gè)別情況下，也有需用復(fù)數(shù)的。e.g. sports meet（運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)）；the Unit

13、ed States government（美國(guó)政府）；students reading-room（學(xué)生閱覽室）；goods train（貨車(chē)）；two men doctors（兩個(gè)男醫(yī)生）。練習(xí)、名詞1. The _ of the room were covered with _.A. roofs, leafsB. roofs, leavesC. rooves, leafsD. rooves, leaves2. There are three _ in our factory.A. woman doctorsB. women doctorsC. woman doctorD. women doc

14、tor3. Which do you prefer _ or _?A. potatos, tomatosB. potatos, tomatoesC. potatoes, tomatosD. potatoes, tomatoes4. They are _ of different presses(出版社). Now they are having a meeting in one of the _ office. w。w。w.k。s。5。u.c。o。mA. editor-in-chiefs, editors-in-chiefsB. editors-in-chief, editor-in-chie

15、fsC. editors-in-chiefs, editors-in-chiefsD. editors-in-chief, editors-in-chiefs5. The ant has two _.A. stomachesB. stomacksC. stomachD. stomachs6. He doesnt like _ for supper.A. chickB. chickenC. chickensD. chicks7. It was _ hot weather that many of us went swimming.A. soB. suchC. so asD. such a8. _

16、 wonderful space they saw on the room!A. HowB. How aC. WhatD. What a9. We know _ travels not so fast as light.A. soundB. soundsC. the soundsD. a sound10. My family raise a lot of _, including two _.A. cattle, cowsB. cows, cattleC. cattles, cowsD. cow, cattles11. A number of soldiers _ at he camp gat

17、e（軍營(yíng)門(mén)口）.A. have gatheredB. has gatheredC. isD. was12. The Browns have spent a large _ of money on their new car.A. dealB. amountC. numberD. size13. _ work has been done to improve the peoples living standard.A. ManyB. A great manyC. A great deal ofD. A number of14. Mr Li shook _ warmly with a friend

18、.A. handB. a handC. handsD. the hands15. Two _, please.A. coffeeB. coffeesC. cup of coffeeD. cups coffee16. I cant pay as _ as he asked for.A. high price aB. high priceC. a high priceD. high a price17. _ knowledge of space develops rapidly.A. MansB. Mens C. MensD. Persons18.I stayed at _.w。w。w.k。s。5

19、。u.c。o。mA. Xiao WangsB. Wangs home C. the Wangs D. home of Wang19. Sister Carrie works in a _ factory.A. shoesB. shosesC. shoe D. shoes20. Have you ever read _?A. today newspaperB. newspaper todayC. newspaper of todayD. todays newspaper21. Two _ walk didnt made me tired.A. hourB. hoursC. hoursD. hou

20、rs22. The mother over there is _ mother.A. Julia and MaryB. Julia and MarysC. Julias and MarysD. Julias and Mary23. Li Mings handwriting is better than _ in the class.A. anyonesB. anyone elseC. anyones elsesD. anyone elses24. The children are playing _ on the _.A. sand, sandB. sands, sandsC. sand, s

21、andsD. sands, sand25. If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller _.A. setB. oneC. copyD. pair26. Tom usually takes a _ in bus on rainy days.A. walkB. rideC. tripD. travel27. We have no _ about where she has gone.A. informationB. newsC. messageD. flash28. Food and _ are daily necessities（需要）for the

22、 people.A. clothB. clotheC. clothesD. clothing29. My _ of hearing is not so good as it used to be.A. strength B. sense C. powerD. skill30. The _ caused by carelessness _ yesterday. Many workers were killed.A. incident, was happenedB. matter, happenedC. event, was taken placeD. accident, took place31

23、. The room was so quiet that she could hear the _ of her heart.A. beatingB. waysC. knockingD. striking32. _ has been told not to throw waste things anywhere.A. The publicB. PeopleC. WomenD. Man33. He was an _ in the government _.A. office, officialB. official, officeC. officer, officeD. official, of

24、ficer34. There are several _ in this novel who are different in _.A. character, characterB. characters, charactersC. character, charactersD. characters, character35. We visited him _ when he was in hospital.A. every other daysB. each other dayC. every other dayD. every two day36. My friend will retu

25、rn in _.A. one day or twoB. a day or twoC. one day or twoD. a or two days37. _ is always difficult for me.A. TranslationB. TranslateC. The translationD. A translation38. _ of this novel is excellent, quite to my surprise.A. TranslationB. TranslateC. The translationD. A translation39. The police _ lo

26、oking into the matter now.w。w。w.k。s。5。u.c。o。mA. beB. isC. areD. are going to40. The Chinese are _ brave and hard working people.A. the B. aC. /D. one41. No news _ good news.A. isB. areC. haveD. has42. Maths still _ very difficult for me, though I have done my best.A. looksB. seemsC. isD. are43. “Whe

27、re _ my trousers?” the boy asked.A. isB. wasC. were D. are44. How happy they are! Obviously, they are _.A. in nice spiritsB. in nice spiritC. in high spiritsD. in high spirit45. I saw many _ seated in the corner reading something.A. JapaneseB. JapanesesC. of JapaneseD. of Japaneses46. Father went to

28、 his doctor for _ about his heart trouble.A. an adviceB. adviceC. advicesD. the advices47. We are _ and they are _.高.考.資.源.風(fēng)A. Englishmen, GermansB. Englishmen, GermanC. Englishmans, GermansD. Englishmen, Germen48. _ are made of _.A. A glass, a glassB. Glasses, glassC. The glass, the glassD. Glasses

29、, glasses49. Ill have to buy _ trousers.A. aB. two C. a pair of D. a couple of50. There are two _ in our class.A. LiuB. LiusC. LiusD. Lius51. _ is needed in cold countries.A. A lot of clothesB. Much clothingC. Many a clothD. Lots of clothes52. They are _.高.考.資.源.風(fēng)A. mathematics studentB. mathematic

30、studentsC. students in mathematicsD. mathematics students53. The laboratory assistant recorded the _ reactions（反應(yīng)）.A. mousesB. miceC. micesD. mices54. This letter was sent by _.A. my father friendB. my father friendsC. a friend of my fathersD. a friend of my father55. Ten years had passed. I found s

31、he had _.A. a little white hairB. some white hairC. a few white hairD. a few white hairs56. I have made _ with Billy.A. friendsB. friendC. a friendD. the friend57. The population of Beijing is _ than that of Xian.A. moreB. largerC. fewerD. small58. There are thirty-two _ in our school.A. woman teach

32、erB. women teacherC. women teachersD. woman teachers59. He had tried everything but it made little_ .A. use B. good C. difference D. result60. You must get there within half an hour. There should be no_ in sending the blood to the dying man.A. wait B. delay C. time D. hurry61. Enough of it! Nobody h

33、ere thinks what you are saying should make any_ .A. excuseB. senseC. use D. value62. -How dare you play on such thin ice?-Playing on ice is not my _of spare time.A. ideaB. thought C. mind D. intention63. Helen said she would like to go to Atlanta by air, but I wonder if she has enough money to pay f

34、or the_ .A. travel B. tourism C. journey D. course64. One splendid mountain_ followed another during our journey from Mieheel more to Rurunz.A. view B. glance C. screenD. scene65.The new law will come into _on the day it is passed. 高.考.資.源.風(fēng)A. effectB. useC. service D. existence66. When you play'

35、; football, what _do you play?A. situationB. placeC. part D. position67. It's important for us to employ a word or a phrase according to the_in language studies.A. situation B. expression C. condition D. translation68. I wrote him a letter to show my _of his thoughtfulness.A. achievement B. agre

36、ement C. viewD. appreciation69. One of the advantages of living on the top floor of a high-rise is that you can get a good_ . 高.考.資.源.風(fēng)A. sight B. sceneC. view D. look70. Nowadays natural gas, wind and other forms of _are widely used in the country.A. energy B. force C. power D. materials71. _with f

37、oreign countries can bring us much information about the world.A. ContrastB. Competition C. Contact D. Combination72. We all know that_speak louder than words.A. movements B. performances C. operationsD. actions73.We have worked out the plan and now we must put it into _.A. factB. reality C. practice D. deed 74.We've missed the last bus. I'm afraid we have no _but to take a taxi. A. way B. choiceC. possibility D. selection75.He dropped the