八年級初二滬教牛津英語下冊第1單元詞匯與語法詳解1

1、八年級初二滬教版牛津版英語下冊第1單元詞匯與語法詳解1unit 1 helping those in need單詞raise v. 籌募，增加，提高 she raises money for the disabled people.he asked the boss raise his salaries. permission n. 準(zhǔn)許，批準(zhǔn) they entered the area without permission. permit是其動詞形式，常見搭配為permit sb to do sth，意為允許某人做某事。 permit me to explain. teenager n. 青

2、少年 the teenager ran away after being punished. offer v. 主動提出 he offered to do voluntary work 拓展offer意為“主動提出”時，后接動詞不定式to+do；offer還可作“提供，供應(yīng)”解，常用短語有offer sb sth或offer sth to sb. they offered us some money. suffer v. (因疾病等)受苦；受折磨 the children suffered from serious illness.serious adj. 嚴(yán)重的；嚴(yán)肅的、莊重的 that c

3、ould cause serious injury please be serious for a minute, this is very important illness n. （某種）病 he stayed home for a day because of a slight illness. organize v. 組織，籌備 we organized a painting competition for them. express v. 表達(dá)，表露。 he could not express his feelings of sadness to his mother. 他不能向母親

4、表露出內(nèi)心的悲痛.pain n. (精神上的)痛苦，苦惱；（肉體上的）疼痛, 疼痛 he felt a sharp pain in his knee.他感到膝蓋一陣劇痛。(肉體上) i never meant to cause her pain.我從沒有讓她痛苦之意。（精神上） lonely adj. 孤獨的，寂寞的 i live all alone but i never feel lonely. 我雖孑然一身, 但從不感孤寂。 lonely與alone的區(qū)別：a. lonely只用作形容詞，在句中既可作定語，也可作表語，表示“孤獨的，寂寞的”意思，強(qiáng)調(diào)內(nèi)心孤獨，帶有濃厚的感情色彩，具有“渴

5、望得到同伴”的含義i'm a lonely man.b. alone 形容詞,副詞，意為“獨自的（地）、單獨的（地）”，指客觀情況（獨自一人，沒有同伴或助手）i am alone at home.（作形容詞作表語）i like to work alone. （作副詞修飾work） friendship n. 友誼，友情 at school she formed a close friendship with several other girls. difficulty n. 困難；費勁 the country is facing great economic difficulties

6、. joy n. 愉快，喜悅 to his great joy, she accepted. peace n. 平靜，寧靜 she lay back and enjoyed the peace of the summer evening. hurt v. （使）疼痛；受傷 he hurt his back in an accident. my feet hurt. 我腳疼。 拓展hurt還可用作名詞，意為“（精神上的）痛苦，創(chuàng)傷” the experience left me with a feeling of deep hurt. courage n. 勇氣 she didn't h

7、ave the courage to refuse. siprits n. 情緒，心境 to be in high/low spirits 情緒高 / 低 you must try and keep your spirits up. pay v. 付費 pay (sb) (for sth) 支付費用； i'll pay for the tickets. 我來買票 her parents paid for her to go to canada. pay (in) cash 用現(xiàn)金支付 you'd get a discount for paying cash. pay by ch

8、eque/credit card 用支票/信用卡支付 can i pay by credit card community n. 社區(qū) he's well liked by people in the community. in need 需要幫助的 we are collecting money for families in need. 常見的用法還有in need+of sth，意為“需要”。 i was all right but in need of rest.write a letter to sb 給某人寫信 you can write a letter to him 拓

9、展receive a letter from sb.或hear from sb. 收到某人的來信。 i received a letter from my friend yesterday= i heard from my friend yesterday. ask permission 請求批準(zhǔn)。permission為不可數(shù)名詞，意為“批準(zhǔn)，準(zhǔn)許”。 you must ask permission if you want to leave early. they took away the books without permission. could you do sth 你能做某事嗎？用

10、于委婉地請求別人做某事，有時候在you后面加please。 could you please close the door yes, sure. 拓展表示委婉請求的句型還有“would/will you please (not) do sth” would you please (not) feed the dog? give sb. a hand 意為“幫助某人”，相當(dāng)于help sb. come on! let me give you a hand the disabled people 表示有殘疾的一類人，意為“殘疾人”。(p2) the businessman always tries

11、 his best to help the disabled. talk to 和交談，后面接表示人的名詞或代詞，相當(dāng)于talk with。talk about意為談?wù)撃呈隆?i want to talk to my mother. today we are going to talk about travelling. without 介詞，意為“沒有；不”，后面常接名詞，人稱代詞賓格或動詞-ing形式，在句子中作定語或狀語。其反義詞為with，意為“有”，用法與without相同。 there are many families without children he left the c

12、lassroom without saying a word. i often dream of a big house with a nice garden. 辨析offer與provide offer 意為“主動提供”；愿意給予，常用offer sb. sth. 或offer sth. to sb. provide 意為“供給；提供；準(zhǔn)備”常用provide sb. with sth.或provide sth. for sb. i offer cindy a gift=i offered a gift to cindy. they provided cindy with all the b

13、ooks=they provided all books for cindy. suffer from sth. 意為“因某事受苦，受某事的折磨”，后面常表示疾病、痛苦、寒冷、饑餓，悲傷等詞。 his child is suffering from a bad cold. this country often suffers from floods. take photos of 意為“給拍照”，相當(dāng)于take pictures/photographs of，也可用take a photo/picture/photograph of表示相同含義。而take photos意為“拍照”。 lets

14、 take a photo/picture of the park. tony enjoys taking photos. express oneself 意為“表達(dá)自己的意思、思想、感情”等。（p3） you can express yourself freely. 拓展express的名詞形式為expression，意為“表達(dá)，表情”。an expression of surprise. continue to 意為“繼續(xù)做某事”，continue后面可接動名詞，同樣表示“繼續(xù)做某事”，they continue to have a party mike continued reading

15、 the book. 拓展continue作不及物動詞，意為“繼續(xù)；連續(xù)，延伸”。 the snow continued for two days. continue with sth. 繼續(xù)（做）某事。you can continue with your work. have difficulty (in) doing sth. 做某事有困難。difficulty可以用problems或trouble來代替。 i had some difficulty (in) working out the maths problems.have the courage to do sth. 有勇氣做某事

16、 he does not have the courage to give up his idea. in good health 身體健康，相當(dāng)healthy，常用作表語。而in bad/poor health意為“身體不好”。 i hope my parents are in good health. the old man is in bad health. one of “之一”，后接名詞或代詞復(fù)數(shù)形式，作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 one of my friends is comes from australia. so that 意為“以便，為了”，后面接從句。my father

17、 wants to buy me bicycle so that i can get to school quickly. 拓展so.that. 如此以至于，that 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句i am so tired that i cant walk any further. enjoy doing sth. 喜歡做某事 i enjoy watching action movies. decide (not) to do sth. 決定（不）做某事they decided (not) to tell tom about it. 拓展 a. decide+疑問詞+不定式 i cant decide w

18、here to go for my holidaysb. decide + that 從句 i decided that i will be careful next time.c. decide的名詞形式為decision，常用搭配為make a decision.he has made a decision to become a sailor. give sb. some advice 給某人一些意見，advice為不可數(shù)名詞 ill give you some advice on how to look after your pet dog. 拓展advise為動詞，表示“建議”，常用

19、結(jié)構(gòu)有advise sb (not) to do sth.，意為“建議某人（不要）做某事”。 she advised us to wait for one more day. ask sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事。 mr li asked us to protect animals in danger. forget to do sth. 忘記做某事 i forgot to tell her about it. forget forget doing sth. 忘記做過某事 i forgot telling her about it. 辨析：hope與wish hope 表示主

20、觀上的愿望并對實現(xiàn)所有信心可接不定式或that從句，但不能接不定式作賓補 we hope to raise money for her. he hopes that he can have true friendship.wish 表示未完成或不能實現(xiàn)的愿望可接不定式或that從句，也可以接不定式作賓補，即wish sb to do sth. i wish to organize a big party now. all the children wish their children happy. would like “想，想要”，相當(dāng)于want，但是語氣更委婉。would like沒有人

21、稱和數(shù)的變化，常用搭配有：would like sth.; would like to do sth.; would like sb. to do sth. i would like something to eat. i would like to go out for walk this afternoon. id like tom to do voluntary work with me. 辨析take part in, join與join intake part in 指參加某頂活動，并在活動中起到一定作用。they took part in the game last friday.

22、join 指參加某個組織并成為其中的成員。 he joined the party last year.join in 指參加小規(guī)模的活動，尤其指和其他人一起參加某頂活動。we all joined in the singing.thanks for 因而感謝，相當(dāng)于thank you for thanks/thank you for helping me with my homework.語法動詞不定式：由“to+動詞原形”構(gòu)成，其否定形式在to之前加not，即“not+to+動詞原形”。動詞不定式在句中不能作謂語，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。在句子中，動詞不定式可以充當(dāng)主語，賓語，表語，賓語補足語

23、等多種句子成分。1) 作主語，謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)。直接把動詞不定式放在句首的情況比較少見，通常主語用it來作形式主語，把真正的主語，即動詞不定式放在后面。形成句型結(jié)構(gòu)： it is+形容詞(easy, important, difficult, foolish, inconvenient, unnecessary, right, wrong.)+( for/of sb.)+不定式（）to master a foreign language is necessary.it is difficult to make money in some big cities.it is important for us young people to learn english and master it.2) 作賓語。英語中很多動詞要求接動詞不定式，常見的有：want, wish, prefer, hope, choose, decide, learn, plan, offer, agree, start, forget等。還有部分動詞后面常跟“疑問詞+不定式”，如tell, advise, teach, discuss等i dont want to go out because of a slight illnessshe promised to return in an h