定語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)法專項(xiàng)輔導(dǎo)講解ppt課件

1、一定義及相關(guān)術(shù)語(yǔ)一定義及相關(guān)術(shù)語(yǔ)1.定語(yǔ)從句：定語(yǔ)從句：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句普通緊跟在它所修從句。定語(yǔ)從句普通緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。飾的先行詞之后。2.先行詞：先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。3.關(guān)系詞：關(guān)系詞： 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系代詞有關(guān)系代詞有: that, which, who, whom, whose,as等等關(guān)系副詞有關(guān)系副詞有: when, where, why關(guān)系詞通常有以下三個(gè)作用：關(guān)系詞通常有以下

2、三個(gè)作用：A.引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句；引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句； B.替代先行詞；替代先行詞； C.在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。 The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.二關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句二關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句1.who 指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。The boys who are playing football are from Class One.Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow mor

3、ning. Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way.That is the teacher who teaches us physics.2. whom 指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ)，?？墒÷?。做賓語(yǔ)，常可省略。Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on thebus. Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see.The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come

4、.The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor.留意：關(guān)系代詞留意：關(guān)系代詞 whom 在口語(yǔ)在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中?？捎没蚍钦轿捏w中?？捎?who 來(lái)替代，也可省略。來(lái)替代，也可省略。The man ( whom / who ) you met just now is my oldfriend.3. which 指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)常可做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)?？墒÷浴Ｊ÷?。 Football is a game which is liked by most boys.The fact

5、ory which makes computers is far away from here. He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers.The house which is by the lake looks nice. This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday.The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 4that 指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于 who 或或

6、 whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which。在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)常可省略。或賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)?？墒÷浴he number of people that / who come to visit this city eachyear reaches one million.Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning?The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind.The season that / which comes after spr

7、ing is summer.Yesterday I received a letter that / which came fromAustralia. 5. whose 通常指人，也可指物，通常指人，也可指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中做定語(yǔ)。在定語(yǔ)從句中做定語(yǔ)。I visited a scientist whose name is known all over thecountry. He has a friend whose father is a doctor. I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in.留意：指物時(shí)，常用以下構(gòu)造留意：指物

8、時(shí)，常用以下構(gòu)造來(lái)替代：來(lái)替代：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?三三“介詞介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句的定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句經(jīng)常由賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，從

9、句經(jīng)常由“介詞介詞+ +關(guān)關(guān)系代詞引出。系代詞引出。The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is very famous.Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine for which you asked. This is the boy (whom / who / that) I p

10、layed tennis withyesterday.This is the boy with whom I played tennis yesterday.Well go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked. The manager whose company I work in pays much attention toimproving our w

11、orking conditions.The manager in whose company I work pays much attention toimproving our working conditions.留意：留意：1.含有介詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞普通不含有介詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞普通不拆開(kāi)，介詞仍放在短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的拆開(kāi)，介詞仍放在短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的后面。如：后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。等。This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. This is the watch for which I am

12、looking . The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after arevery healthy. .假設(shè)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，假設(shè)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)只可用關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)只可用whom，不可用不可用who, that；關(guān)系代詞指；關(guān)系代詞指物時(shí)只可用物時(shí)只可用which，不可用，不可用that。關(guān)系代詞是一切格時(shí)用關(guān)系代詞是一切格時(shí)用whose。The man with whom you t

13、alked just now is my neighbour. The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour.The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable.The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable.“介詞介詞+關(guān)系代詞前還可關(guān)系代詞前還可有有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each , few等代詞或者數(shù)詞。

14、等代詞或者數(shù)詞。 He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind tohim. In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom arefrom big cities. Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which areabout country life.

15、四關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句四關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句1.when 指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。I still remember the day when I first came to this school.The time when we got together finally arrived.October 1, 1949 was the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded. Do you remember the years when he lived in the countrysid

16、e with his grandparents.2. where 指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。Shanghai is the city where I was born. I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised .The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 3.why 指緣由，在定語(yǔ)從句中作緣由狀語(yǔ)。Please tell me t

17、he reason why you missed the plane.The reason why he was punished is unknown to us.I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.留意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從留意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句經(jīng)?？梢杂镁浣?jīng)?？梢杂谩敖樵~介詞+關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示。引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示。 From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known wh

18、at he wanted to be when he grew up. 五限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限五限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句制性定語(yǔ)從句A.限制性定語(yǔ)從句方式上不用逗號(hào)“，與主句隔開(kāi)。用逗號(hào)“，與主句隔開(kāi)。意義上是先行詞不可短少的定語(yǔ)，如刪除，主句那么失去意義或意思表達(dá)不完好。B.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只是對(duì)先行詞的補(bǔ)充闡明，如刪除，主句仍能表達(dá)完好的意思。譯法上譯成先行詞的定語(yǔ)“的 通常譯成主句的并列句。關(guān)系詞的運(yùn)用上A作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略B不可省略A可用that B不用thatA可用who 替代 whom B不可用who 替代 whomGreat changes are taking place

19、in the city where / in which they live.The reason why / for which he refused the invitation isquite clear. The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I coulddepend on. China is a country which has a long history. In the street I saw a man who was from Africa.限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例：非限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例非限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例

20、 ：His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. Last summer I visited the Peoples Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year.留意區(qū)分以下幾組句子的不同留意區(qū)分以下幾組句子的不同含義：含義：1. Her brother who is now a soldier alway

21、s encourages her togo to college.她那當(dāng)兵的哥哥總是鼓勵(lì)她上大學(xué).意含：她還有其他哥哥。Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages herto go to college.她哥哥是當(dāng)兵的，他總是鼓勵(lì)她上大學(xué)。意含： 她只需一個(gè)哥哥。2. All the books that have pictures in them are well written.一切里面帶插圖的書(shū)都寫(xiě)得很好。意含： 不帶插圖的書(shū)那么不一定寫(xiě)得好。All the books, which have pictures in them

22、, are well written.一切的書(shū)都帶插圖，這些書(shū)都寫(xiě)得很好。意含： 沒(méi)有不帶插圖的書(shū)。一限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只能一限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只能用用that 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的情況引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的情況1.領(lǐng)先行詞是領(lǐng)先行詞是everything, anything, nothing (something 除除外外), all, none, few, little, some等等代詞時(shí)，或領(lǐng)先行詞受代詞時(shí)，或領(lǐng)先行詞受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代詞修飾時(shí)。等代詞修飾時(shí)。 Have you taken down everything tha

23、t Mr. Li said?There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in theworld. All that can be done has been done. There is little that I can do for you. He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. Any man that / who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.留意：領(lǐng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾

24、留意：領(lǐng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞也可用關(guān)系代詞who， All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding wereimportant people. Any man that / who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.2.領(lǐng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3.3.領(lǐng)先行詞被描畫(huà)詞最高級(jí)領(lǐng)先行詞被描畫(huà)詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。修飾時(shí)。This is the best film th

25、at I have ever seen. 4領(lǐng)先行詞被 the very, the only 修飾時(shí)。This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thingthat he owns.留意：領(lǐng)先行詞指人時(shí)，通常留意：領(lǐng)先行詞指人時(shí)，通常用關(guān)系代詞用關(guān)系代詞 who。Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend themeeting. 5.領(lǐng)先行詞前面有領(lǐng)先行詞前面有who

26、, which 等疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí)。等疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí)。 Who is the man that is standing by the gate? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 6.6.領(lǐng)先行詞為人與動(dòng)物或人與領(lǐng)先行詞為人與動(dòng)物或人與物時(shí)。物時(shí)。 They talked about the persons and things that theyremembered at school Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up thestreet. 二關(guān)系代詞二關(guān)系代詞as和和which 引引導(dǎo)的

27、定語(yǔ)從句導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句as 和和which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，句時(shí)， 其用法有一樣之處，也其用法有一樣之處，也有不同之處。詳細(xì)情況是有不同之處。詳細(xì)情況是 1. as 和和which都可以在定語(yǔ)從句都可以在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，代表前面整中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，代表前面整個(gè)句子。個(gè)句子。 He married her, as / which was natural. He is honest, as / which we can see. 2. as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至還可以分割主句。甚至還可

28、以分割主句。 which引引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只可放導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只可放在主句之后。另外，在主句之后。另外，as 經(jīng)常有經(jīng)常有“正如、正像的含義。正如、正像的含義。As is known to all, China is a developing country.He is from the south, as we can know from his accent.John, as you know, is a famous writer. Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I dont believe. 留

29、意：當(dāng)主句和從句之間存留意：當(dāng)主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)，在著邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)，關(guān)系詞往往只用關(guān)系詞往往只用which。如：。如：Tom was late for school again and again, which made histeacher very angry.These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy.3.領(lǐng)先行詞受領(lǐng)先行詞受such, the same 修飾修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系詞常用時(shí)，關(guān)系詞常用as。Ive never heard such stories as he tells. He is

30、 not such a fool as he looks. This is the same dictionary as I lost last week.留意：領(lǐng)先行詞受留意：領(lǐng)先行詞受the same 修修飾時(shí)，偶爾也用飾時(shí)，偶爾也用 that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，但與從句，但與as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句意思有區(qū)別。意思有區(qū)別。 She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding.She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.( (三三) ) 以以the waythe w

31、ay為先行詞的限為先行詞的限制性定語(yǔ)從句通常由制性定語(yǔ)從句通常由in whichin which或或thatthat引導(dǎo)，而且通常可以省引導(dǎo)，而且通常可以省略。略。 The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions wassurprising. I dont like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her.四關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的四關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選擇選擇用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句主要看關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句主要看關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的作用即所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)某蓮木渲械?/p>

32、作用即所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)某煞址?A. I know a place where we can have a picnic.I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. Compare :B. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. I will never forget the days that / which we spenttogether. C. This is the reason why he was

33、dismissed.This is the reason that / which he explained to me forhis not attending the meeting.五五but 有時(shí)也用作關(guān)系詞有時(shí)也用作關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。 There are very few but admire his talents. but = who dont 六定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句六定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別的區(qū)別1 1定語(yǔ)從句修飾限定先行詞，定語(yǔ)從句修飾限定先行詞，它與先行詞是修飾關(guān)系；同位它與先行詞是修飾關(guān)系；同位語(yǔ)從句闡明先行詞的詳細(xì)內(nèi)容，語(yǔ)從句闡明先行詞的詳細(xì)內(nèi)容，它與

34、先行詞是同位關(guān)系。它與先行詞是同位關(guān)系。The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. The fact that he has already died is quite clear. 2 2定語(yǔ)從句由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)定語(yǔ)從句由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞在從句系副詞引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)相應(yīng)的句子成分，關(guān)中擔(dān)當(dāng)相應(yīng)的句子成分，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)經(jīng)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)經(jīng)常可省略。?？墒÷浴Ｍ徽Z(yǔ)從句主要由連詞同位語(yǔ)從句主要由連詞that引導(dǎo)，在從句中普通不擔(dān)當(dāng)引導(dǎo)，在從句中普通不擔(dān)當(dāng)成分；有時(shí)也由成分；有時(shí)也由where, when,

35、how, who, whether, what等連等連詞引導(dǎo)，這些連詞那么在從詞引導(dǎo)，這些連詞那么在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。The news that he told me is true. The news that he has just died is true. The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. The question that he

36、raised puzzled all of us. The question whether he is sure to win the game is hardto answer. 3同位語(yǔ)從句與先行詞普通可同位語(yǔ)從句與先行詞普通可以用動(dòng)詞以用動(dòng)詞 be 開(kāi)展成一個(gè)完好的開(kāi)展成一個(gè)完好的句子句子, 而定語(yǔ)從句那么不能。而定語(yǔ)從句那么不能。 A. The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.B. T

37、he fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all. The fact is that the earth moves around the sun.C. Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals. The problem is how we can protect the wild animals.1. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, of cours

38、e, _ made the others unhappy.A. which B. who C. thisD. what2. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child.A. which B. when C. that D. where3. The gentleman _ you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.A. who B. about whom C. whom D. with whom4. Please

39、take any seat _ is free.A. which B. where C. in which D. that5. The old man has two sons, _ is a soldier.A. one of whom B. both of them C. all of whom D. none of them6. This is the ship _ we crossed the Pacific(太平洋太平洋).A. by which B. by that C. where D. in which7. New York is famous for its sky-scra

40、pers(摩天大樓摩天大樓)_ has more than 100 storeys.A. the higher of them B. the highest of whichC. the highest of them D. some of which8. My home village is no longer the same _ it used to be.A. which B. as C. where D. when9. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., _ many people have gone home.A. whose time B. that C. at which D. by which time10. The boy _ composition won the first prize is the youngest in the group.A. who B. whose C. thatD. which11. The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect.A. what B. which C. that D. it12. Mr. Wang is