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1、并列連詞和從屬連詞連詞是一種虛詞,它不能獨(dú)立擔(dān)任句子成分而只起連接詞與詞,短語與短語以及句與句的作用。連詞主要可分為兩類:并列連詞和從屬連詞。并列連詞用來連接平行的詞、詞組和分句。如:and, but, or, nor, so,therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, bothand, not onlybut also, eitheror, neither等等。1. 并列連詞 并列連詞用來連接屬于同一層次并具有相同句法功能的詞;短語或句子。并列連詞包括:基本并列連詞如and, or , but , 關(guān)聯(lián)連詞如either.or , nei

2、ther.nor , not only.but also ,both .and, whether.or等;介于并列連詞與從屬連詞之間的連詞;介于并列連詞與從屬連詞或介詞之間的結(jié)構(gòu)如as well as , asmuch as, rather than , more than, no less than 等;此外還有些 '半連接詞 ',一些語法學(xué)家把它們稱為連接副詞,如 nevertheless, however, meanwhile, otherwise, likewise 等,它們在句中做連接性狀語。這類連詞主要是從邏輯上,而不是從形式上連接句子,其關(guān)系比較松散。1) 表示意

3、義轉(zhuǎn)折和對(duì)比的并列連詞常見的有: but , while, whereas, still, yet , nevertheless, likewise, anyway , only , conversely , on the contrary, by this time, all the same , fortunately, on the other hand , in the meantime 等詞語。2) 表示選擇的并列連詞常見的有:or, whether.or, either.or, otherwise等。例如:Either .or和 whether.or 表示選擇,其意義比單用or 要

4、強(qiáng),但由whetrher.or 構(gòu)成的并列結(jié)構(gòu)一般只能擔(dān)任句子的從屬成分。上例中最后一句,whether.or 結(jié)構(gòu)在句中擔(dān)任句子的從屬成分。Either .or 和or 一樣,可以連接兩個(gè)并列的獨(dú)立分句,而whether.or 則不可以。or 用于表示否定的條件意義時(shí),有時(shí)可與連用。Or 連接主語時(shí),如主語都是單數(shù),動(dòng)詞則取單數(shù)形式;如主語都是復(fù)數(shù),動(dòng)詞則取復(fù)數(shù)形式,如果主語有的是復(fù)數(shù),動(dòng)詞則取復(fù)數(shù)形式,如果主語有的是單數(shù),有的是復(fù)數(shù),動(dòng)詞的數(shù)則與它靠近的主語的數(shù)相一致。連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí),動(dòng)詞的數(shù)也應(yīng)與靠近他的主語的數(shù)相一致。例如:Neither he nor I am a good stud

5、ent.3) 表示因果意義的并列并列連詞常見的有:for ,so ,therfore ,hence ,thus, accordingly, consepuently, on that account, in that case等。例如:The fuel must have beeenfinished, for the engine stopped.It rained , therefore the game was called off.表示原因的并列連詞只有for ,它所引導(dǎo)的分句只是對(duì)前一分句補(bǔ)充說明理由或推斷原因。for 引導(dǎo)的分句只能置于句末,而且必須用逗號(hào)與前一分句隔開。上面所提到的

6、so,therefore 等詞,有的語法學(xué)家把它們做為連接性狀語。4) 表示聯(lián)合關(guān)系的并列連詞常見的有:and, both.and, neither.nor, not only.but also 等。當(dāng) neither.nor, not only.but also連接主語時(shí), 動(dòng)詞的數(shù)則與靠近它的主語的數(shù)相一致。Both .and 不能連接兩個(gè)以上的并列成分,也不能連接分句。例如:誤: Both Mary swept the floor and Nancy mopped it.5) 其它并列連詞常見的有:as well as, more than, rather than, no less t

7、han 等.(1) as well as 表示 '同 '和 '也' 的意義as well as用作并列連詞時(shí)它意義相當(dāng)于not only.but also, 但側(cè)重點(diǎn)在后一并列成分上而as well as 側(cè)重點(diǎn)卻在前一并列成分上,A as well as B=not only B but also A.(2) more than 表示而不是之意 . 例如 :(3) rather than 表示 '而不是 ' 之意 .(4) no less than 表示 ' 同 . 一樣 ' 之意 .當(dāng) as well as ,more tha

8、n, rather than, no less than 連接兩個(gè)成分作主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)于第一個(gè)成分的數(shù)相一致 . 在使用并列連詞時(shí)我們應(yīng)該注意 :1(1) 并列連詞不可以連用 .(2) 有些連接性狀語副詞可以和某些從屬連詞對(duì)應(yīng)使用.(3) 在 for 或 so that 引出的分句中如果主語與前一分句的主語所指相同其主語不可以省略. 同樣 , 如果第二個(gè)分句是由連接副詞引出的其主語通常也不可省略. 例如:2. 從屬連詞從屬連詞用來引導(dǎo)名詞從句和各類的狀語從句。從屬連詞按詞形分為簡單從屬連詞,復(fù)合從屬連詞,關(guān)連從屬連詞。1) 簡單從屬連詞常見的有: after, although, as, b

9、ecause, before, if, lest,once, since, that, till, unless, until, when, where, whether, while 等。例如:2) 復(fù)合從屬連詞由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上單詞構(gòu)成的從屬連詞,如:as if, as far as , as soon as, according as , in case , no matterwho(how,what,when, where), rather than, for all that , given( that), in order that, now (that), on condition

10、 that , (so) that ,provided/providing(that), inasmuch as , insofar as 等。3) 關(guān)聯(lián)從屬連詞由兩個(gè)關(guān)聯(lián)構(gòu)成的,如:as.as, nore(less,-er).than, no sooner.than, so .as ,so.that,such.sa , the.the, whether.or 等,使用從屬連詞時(shí),應(yīng)該注意(1) 由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句,其位置通常是可變的。(2) 并列連詞之間之前不可以加其它連詞,而從屬連詞之前可以加并列連詞;連接副詞。使用連詞時(shí) , 還應(yīng)該注意 :1. because, for, sinc

11、e, as 的區(qū)別because語氣強(qiáng) , 表示客觀必然原因:例如 : He is absent, because he is ill. 因?yàn)樯?,所以他沒來。比較 :He is absent, for he is busy. ( “生病 ”是 “缺席 ”的必然原因, “忙 ”不是必然原因。)for語氣輕 ,表示非客觀必然的原因,是主觀可改變結(jié)果的原因,甚至是猜測可能的原因:He must be ill, for he is absent.缺席 ”不一定是“ “生病 ”,只是交流猜測。for不能放句首 ,它是并列連詞 .since, as 都是不講自明的原因, 是已知的原因.Since I a

12、m a boy, let me carry the case.As you don't feel well,you had better stay at home.綜觀近幾年全國各省市的高考題,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)均加大了對(duì)連詞應(yīng)用的考查。由此可見連詞在英語學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用中的重要性,下面我們結(jié)合相關(guān)的例句和知識(shí)點(diǎn)來分析和掌握連詞的考查方向和內(nèi)容。一、并列連詞1. 表并列關(guān)系(聯(lián)合關(guān)系):and, but, notbut, not onlybut(), neithernor 等?!咀⒁?1】 both and(兩者都 ),連接句子的兩個(gè)主語時(shí),其后謂語動(dòng)詞通常用使用復(fù)數(shù)形式; not only but(

13、)與 neither nor 則采取“就近原則”。如:She plays not only the piano, but( also) the guitar.Neither you nor he is to blame.【注意 2】 not onlybut (also)與 as well as兩者強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)象不同:not onlybut also 強(qiáng)調(diào)的是but( also)之后部分,而as well as 則強(qiáng)調(diào)其前面的部分。謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)判斷上not onlybut ( also)采取“就近原則”,而as well as,則采取“就遠(yuǎn)原則”。如:Mr. Smith, as well as hi

14、s wife and children, has come to Nanjing for a visit.【注意 3】 not only but( also)結(jié)構(gòu)中的 not only 可用于句首引導(dǎo)從句,在這種情況下該從句的主語和謂語要倒裝。如:Not only is he clever, but also he is hard working.Not only did we write to her but also we telegraphed her.2. 表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系:but, yet, still, while, however, when等。2【注意 4】 while 可以表示“盡

15、管、即使”。另外, while 還可以表示兩者進(jìn)行對(duì)比的用法。如: Bob likes playing basket ball, while his brother likes football.She has difficulty in learning English, however, she works hard and is making rapid progress.3. 表選擇關(guān)系:or, otherwise, or else, eitheror 等?!咀⒁?5】 eitheror 句型中謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式也要采取“就近原則”。如:We must hurry, or we ll m

16、iss the train.Either Jim or you are going to attend the course.4.表因果關(guān)系:for, since, because, as, so, thus, therefore, and so等。如:We had better stay at home, for it was raining.He didn t work hard, therefore he failed in the examination.He was late for class because he got up late.二、從屬連詞1. when, while,

17、 as 都表示 “當(dāng) 時(shí)候” : when 引導(dǎo)的從句的動(dòng)作與主句的動(dòng)作可同時(shí)發(fā)生,也可先后發(fā)生 ; as 和 while 引導(dǎo)的從句則強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如:When I got to the station, the train had already left.He sang merrily as he was working.2. till, until 均表示“到 時(shí)候?yàn)橹埂?,肯定句中的謂語必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)作;若主句謂語是終止性動(dòng)詞,則主句要用否定形式,意為動(dòng)作“到 才 ”開始發(fā)生。如:I worked till late at night.She didn t get up

18、 until her mother came in.【注意 6】 till 和 until 通常情況下可以互換,只是在句首時(shí)until 比 till 更常用。3. though, although 均引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,意為“雖然 ”,但although 較正式, though 最常用。如:We had to wait half an hour although we had already booked a table.【注意 7】 though 和 although 引導(dǎo)的從句不能與but however 連用,但可以與yet still 連用。 though還可以與別的詞結(jié)合使用,如eve

19、n though as though, although 則不能這樣搭配。4. no sooner than, hardly when, as soon as三者都表示“一 就”,“剛剛 就”的意思。【注意 8】 as soon as 置于主句前后都可以,而且各種時(shí)態(tài)均可作用。如:As soon as she gets here I ll tell her about it.【注意 9】 hardlywhen, no soonerthan 不能表示將來的事,其主句的謂語動(dòng)詞一般用過去完成時(shí),從句則用過去時(shí)。若將hardly 或 no sooner 放在句首,句子要倒裝。如:She had ha

20、rdly reached there when it began to rain.5. 某些表示時(shí)間的名詞(詞組) 也可用作從屬連詞引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句。它們是: the moment, the minute,the instant, the day, the time, the first ( cond, third ) time, the spring (summer, autumn, winter ) , every () , next, time ( ay) , by the time 等。如:His mother died the spring he returned.Call me u

21、p the minute he arrives.6. if, once, unless, in case 四者都表示“條件”,但 if 意為“如果、假使”; once 意為“一旦”; unless 意為“除非”; in case 意為“萬一、以防”。如:I won t call you, unless something unexpected happens.Once you begin, you must continue.7. after, since, till until, before 這些詞既是介詞,又是連詞。如:The children went home at once aft

22、er school.They went to bed after they had finished the job.并列連詞when 和引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的從屬連詞when 是不同的。這主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面:1. 位置:when 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句時(shí),該從句可放在主句之前也可放在主句之后;而并列連詞when只能位于兩個(gè)分句之間,而且前面常常有逗號(hào)。例如:Come when you please.你高興來就來吧。(when 為從屬連詞)When I saw him , he was writing to a friend of his.我看見他時(shí),他在給一個(gè)朋友寫信。(when 為從屬連詞)I

23、was taking a walk , when I came across him.我正在散步,突然碰見了他。2. 意義: when 作從屬連詞用時(shí), 它所引導(dǎo)的從句表示主句中謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間,即作“當(dāng) 時(shí)”解;而并列連詞when 連接的兩個(gè)分句中,第一個(gè)分句表示的是背景,第二個(gè)分句表示的是一種突然3的、意想不到的情況或過早發(fā)生的事情。when 通常含“這時(shí)突然”之義。例如:I was thinking of this , when I heard my name called.我正想著這件事,突然聽到有人叫我的名字。I had just fallen asleep , when th

24、e boor-bell rang.我剛?cè)胨?,門鈴?fù)蝗豁懥似饋?。這種意義在孤立的句子中可以理解到, 在文章中更能體會(huì)得到。 如在“ I was wandering through the street when I caught sight of a tailor's shop ”一句中,“在街頭漫步”只是“看見有家縫紉店”的時(shí)間,其后作者怎樣走進(jìn)縫紉店,想要什么樣的衣服,怎樣受到伙計(jì)的奚落,又怎樣受到老板的奉承等情景均與“漫步街頭”沒有直接的因果關(guān)系。3. 時(shí)態(tài): when 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中可以根據(jù)句意的需要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、分別說明現(xiàn)在,過去,甚至將來的行為;

25、并列連詞when 后面的分句中通常用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的一般過去時(shí),其前表時(shí)間的分句中可用:( 1 )過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例如:I was cooking when I heard her knocking at the door.我正在做飯,突然聽到她敲門的聲音。He was thinking about the problem , when an apple fell to the ground.他正在思考這個(gè)問題,突然有一只蘋果掉到了地上。( 2 ) was /were going to , was / were about to, was / were on the po

26、int of表示過去某一時(shí)間將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如:I was just going when he came in.我正要走,這時(shí)他就進(jìn)來了。We were about to start when it began to rain.我們剛要?jiǎng)由硖炀烷_始下起雨來了。He was on the point of leaving , when someone knocked at the door.他剛要走就有人敲門。( 3 )過去完成時(shí)表示過早發(fā)生的事情。請看下述兩種場合:( a )過去完成時(shí)和含否定意義的 hardly , scarcely, nearly 連用,和 just, little 連用,或者與否

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