The Industrial Revolution - Arlington Public SchoolsOverview工業(yè)革命-阿靈頓公共學校概況

1、The Industrial Revolution is when people stopped making stuff at home and started making stuff in factories!nStandard: WHII.9 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the effects of the Industrial Revolution during the 19th century by:citing scientific, technological, and industrial developments an

2、d explaining how they brought about urbanization and social and environmental changesexplaining the emergence of capitalism as a dominant economic pattern, and the subsequent development of socialism and communismdescribing the evolution of the nature of work and the labor force, including its effec

3、ts on families, the status of women and children, the slave trade, and the labor union movementnThe Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomi

4、c and cultural conditions of the timesnIndustrialization: a shift from an agricultural (farming) economy to one based on industry (manufacturing)nIndustrialization a shift from an agricultural economy (farming) to one based on industry (manufacturing)nManufacturing the use of machines, tools, and la

5、bor to make things for use or salenRural farming or country life; villages (sparsely populated)nUrban city life (densely populated) nUrbanization the movement of people to citiesnTenement a substandard, multi-family dwelling; usually old and occupied by the poornFree market a market in which there i

6、s no economic intervention and regulation by the state (govt)nCapitalism private ownership of means of productionnSocialism society (not the individual) owns and operates the means of production Introduction:http:/ (3:31)nAs a quick preview to the Industrial Revolution, read each passage and answer

7、the questions that follow Overview Topics What is a Revolution? What Caused the American Industrial Revolution? Horrors of the Workplace The Beginning of Child Labor Working Conditions Life in the City The Assembly LinenCottage IndustrynSlow processn nBusiness involving people who worked at homenAgr

8、icultural Revolution improved the quality and quantity of food Farmers mixed different kinds of soil or tried new crop rotation to get higher yields This led to a surplus of food = fewer people died from hunger = rapid growth in populationnRich landowners pushed ahead with enclosure: the process of

9、taking over and consolidating land once shared by peasant farmers (farm output and profits rose)nNew technologies and new sources of energy and materials (e.g., James Watts steam engine became a key source of power)Causes_The Industrial RevolutionEffects_When we get to the end of this lesson, we wil

10、l complete a Causes & Effects of the Industrial Revolution Graphic OrganizerINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS TO EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATESnThe process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmersnLandowners gained: More land for pastures Larger fields for cropsnLaborer

11、s lost: Forced off their lands Moved to growing citiesnFarmers gained pasture land for animals nRaised more sheepnWool output increasednLarger fieldsnAble to cultivate product more efficientlynFarm out-put increased nProfits rosenFewer worker needed on the landsnFarmers forced off their landsnSmall

12、owners could not competenVillages shranknCities grew and GREW!Over London by Rail Gustave Dor c. 1870. Shows the densely populated and polluted environments created in the new industrial cities Urbanization: the movement of people to cities Changes in farming, soaring population, and an increase in

13、demand for workers led people to move from farms to the cities to work in factories Small towns near natural resources and cities near factories boomed instantly UrbanizationTEXTILE!The demand for cloth grew, so merchants had to compete with others for the supplies to make it. This raised a problem

14、for the consumer because the products were at a higher cost. The solution was to use machinery, which was cheaper then products made by hand (which took a long time to create), therefore allowing the cloth to be cheaper to the consumer. Remember the Spinning Jenny? It reduced the amount of time and

15、work needed to produce yarn (increased productivity)Textile Factory Workers in EnglandnSpinning Jenny: James HargreavesnSteam Engine: James WattnCotton Gin: Eli WhitneynProcess for making Steel: Henry BessemernInvented by James HargreavesnAt the time, cotton production could not keep up with demandn

16、This machine spun many threads at the same time, thus reducing the amount of work needed to produce yarn (increased productivity = produced yarn quickly)nImproved by James WattnOffered a dramatic increase in fuel efficiencynCould be used to drive many different types of machinery (by the 1850s, most

17、 factories were powered by the steam engine)nIncreased the demand for coal to heat the water to produce steam (and the need for coal miners)nInvented by Eli Whitney to mechanize the cleaning of cottonnA machine that quickly and easily separates the cotton fibers from the seeds, a job previously done

18、 by handnLed to the demand for more slavesnBessemer process involved using oxygen in air blown through molten pig iron to burn off the impurities and thus create steelnLowered the cost of steel production, leading to steel being widely substituted for cast ironnSteel used for the production of guns

19、and railway structures such as bridges and tracksTECHNOLOGYnThe Industrial Revolution was built on rapid advances in technologynWhich of these three inventions most changed the way that raw materials, goods, and people moved?The Impact of the RailroadTransportation innovation that most changed the w

20、ay raw materials, goods, and people movedAllowed communication and trade between places previously deemed too farDirtyCramped spacesMonotonyDangerous MachineryYoung women in the textile mills of Massachusetts died at an average age of 26, constantly inhaling cotton dust, working long hours in unvent

21、ilated rooms lit by oil lampsnTestimony of William Cooper, a witness before the Sadler Commission in 1832CHILD LABORYoung childrenLong hoursPoor treatmentDangerous conditionsCHILDREN OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONVideo:http:/ (Music 6:00)http:/ (Documentary 9:58)Pictures:http:/ nThe Ashley Mines Inves

22、tigation of 1842 Children: James Pearce (12), William Drury (10), and Patience Kershaw (17) Mine Manager: Edward Potter Mine Owner: William NewbouldCramped TenementsPollutionPoor SanitationRapid Population GrowthTenement = a substandard, multi-family dwelling, usually old and occupied by the poornBu

23、ilt cheaplynMultiple storiesnNo running waternNo toiletnSewer down the middle of streetnTrash thrown out into streetnCrowded (5+ people living in one room)nBreeding grounds for diseasesnPollution from factory smoke Mass production began in U.S. Elements: Interchangeable parts Assembly line Productio

24、n and repair faster and more efficientMass Production Dramatic increase in production Businesses charged less Affordable goods More repetitious jobs Soon became normEffectsnWorkers on an assembly line add parts to a product that moves along the belt from one work station to the nextnA different pers

25、on performs each task along the assembly linenThis division of labor made production faster and cheaper, lowering the price of goodsnEncouraged worker-organized strikes to demand increased wages and improved working conditionsnLobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and chi

26、ldrennWanted workers rights and collective bargaining between labor and managementUPTON SINCLAIR Written in 1906 to point out the troubles of the working class and the corruption of the American meatpacking industry in the early 20th Century Depicts poverty, absence of social programs, unpleasant li

27、ving and working conditions, and hopelessness prevalent among the working class, which is contrasted with the deeply-rooted corruption of those in power nJurgis Rudkus: http:/ (2:46)nDocumentary: http:/ (9:52)nYour Job: Read About Upton Sinclair, author of The Jungle Read The Jungle: Plot Overview R

28、ead Brief Chapter Introduction for Chapter 3 of The Jungle Read Chapter 3 of The Jungle Read Extra: Sinclairs The Jungle Turns 100 On a separate sheet of paper, answer the Comprehension QuestionsnMeat Inspection Act of 1906 (sanitary standards)nPure Food and Drug Act (food and drug tests, labels on

29、food products)nYour Job: Pretend that you are one of the following people working in a factory during the Industrial Revolution: 12-year old boy/girl Mother of four with no husband to support the family Immigrant father from LithuanianResearch the living conditions and working conditions that you fa

30、ced during the Industrial RevolutionnWrite a 2-page journal entry depicting your struggles, fears, frustrations, and hopes for the futureLARGE GAPS BETWEEN RICH & POORThe “HAVES”Bourgeois Life Thrived on the Luxuries of the Industrial RevolutionThe “HAVE-NOTS”The Poor, The Over-Worked, and the D

31、estitute“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” LifenEconomic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for a private profitnFree-market economy: decisions regarding supply, demand, price, distribution, and investments are made by private actorsnProfit goes to owners who invest in the

32、 businessnWages are paid to workers employed by companies and businessesStereotype of the Factory Owner The Socialists: Utopians & MarxistsnWrote: The Communist Manifesto, 1848nA response to the injustices of capitalism; argued that capitalism would produce internal tensions which would lead to

33、its destructionnCommunism = a political philosophy that aims for a classless and stateless society structured upon common ownership of the means of production and an end to private property“Class struggle between employers and employees is inevitable. Instead of capitalism with its emphasis on greed

34、iness and selfishness, the new society ruled by the proletariat (working class) will ensure social, economic, and political equality for everyone.”nCapitalism: an economic and social system in which capital is privately owned labor, goods and capital are traded in markets; and profits distributed to owners or invested in technologies and industries. nCommunism: a social structure in which class