大學(xué)英語四級語法精要

1、大學(xué)英語四級語法精要I動詞（時態(tài)，語態(tài)用法，省略，一致性等）1. 時態(tài)1）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時態(tài)（have/has been + -ing分詞構(gòu)成）：動作或狀態(tài)從過去某時開始,繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能繼續(xù)下去,也可能剛剛結(jié)束.I ve been writing letters for an hour.I ve been sitting in the garden.2）過去完成進(jìn)行時（由had been + ing分詞構(gòu)成）:過去某個時刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動作I d been workinfgor some time when he called.We had been waiting for her for

2、two hours by the time she came.3）將來完成進(jìn)行時: 將來某個時刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動作.By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.In another month s time she ll have been studying herearfso.r three ye4）將來完成時（ 由 shall/will have + 過去分詞構(gòu)成）: 將來某時會業(yè)已發(fā)生的事 .I shall have finished this one before lunch.They ll have

3、 hit the years target by the end of October.2. 語態(tài)1) 可以有兩種被動結(jié)構(gòu)的類型,例如 :He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.能同時適用于上述兩個句型的主動詞通常都是表示“估計” , “相信”等意義的動詞,常見的有 assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,underst and 等.It is supposed that

4、the ship has been sunk.The ship is supposed to have been sunk.擔(dān)當(dāng)be supposed to與不定式的一般形式搭配時往往表示不同的意義 .例如 :Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. 你應(yīng)該曉得速度限制()2) 雙賓語及賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài)a) 雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài) : 雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,可以把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z,另一個賓語仍然保留在謂語后面,但多數(shù)是

5、把間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡ZHe was asked a number of questions at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.b) 賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài) :She was called Big Sister by everybody.Then he was made a squad leader.He was considered quite qualified for the job.The room was always kept clean and t

6、idy.3. 短語動詞1) Vi + advThe plane took off two hours late.2) Vi + prepThey looked round the Cathedral.3) Vi + prep (有被動語態(tài))She s looking after her sister s children.The children were always well looked after.4) Vi + adv + prepI began to look forward to their visits.5) Vt + O + advSome women choose to s

7、tay at home and bring up their children.The children were brought up by their mother.They took him on.6) Vt + adv + O (無被動語態(tài))I am trying to give up smoking.7) Vt + O + prepWe talked Donald into agreement.4. 省略1）在以as, than, when, if, unless等引導(dǎo)的從句中的省略：在有些狀語從句中,如果謂語包含有動詞be,主語又和主句的主語一致a）,或者主語是it b）,就常常可

8、以把從句中的主語和謂語的一部分（特別是動詞be） 省略掉 .a) Look out for cars when crossing the street.When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.Although not yet six months old, she was able to walk without support.If not well managed, irrigatio

9、n can be harmful.Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in

10、 health.Fill in the application as instructed.Whenever known, such facts should be reported.The documents will be returned as soon as signed.He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.Once having made a promise, you should keep it.b) If necessary I ll hav

11、e the letter duplicated.Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver) necessary.If possible, I should like to have two copies of it.As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.2) 在以 than a) 或 as b) 引起的從句中 ,常會有一些成分省略 .a) He told me not to use more material than (it is) necessary.We shou

12、ld think more of the collective than of ourselves.b) They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people (did).He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.Their training is free, as is all education.We will, as always, stand on your side.3) 錯誤的省略His life is as fully comm

13、itted to books as anyone I know.While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her.5. 一致1) 如果主語是單數(shù) , 盡管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, asmuch as, no less than, more tha解引導(dǎo)的短語，謂語動詞仍舊用單數(shù)形 式.Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday.An expert, together wi

14、th some assistants, was sent to help in this work.The captain, as well as the coaches, was disappointed in the team.2) 代詞作主語時的一致a) each, either, neitherf口 由 some, any, no, everyt勾成的復(fù)合代詞 ，者B作 單數(shù)看待 .Each of us has something to say.Is everybody ready?Somebody is using the phone.Neither of us has gone t

15、hrough regular training.Has either of them told you?b) some, few, both, many 等作復(fù)數(shù)c) some 可后接復(fù)數(shù),也可接單數(shù),表示某一.none作復(fù)數(shù)看待時較多，但也有時作單數(shù)看待，主要看說話人腦中聯(lián)系想到的是復(fù)數(shù)還是單數(shù)概念, 但 none 在代表不可數(shù)的東西時總是看作單數(shù) :None of the books are easy enough for usNone of us seem to have thought of it.None (= not a single one) of us has got a ca

16、mera.None (= nobody) has felt it more keenly than she did. None of this worries me.all和most可后接復(fù)數(shù)，也可接不可數(shù)名詞 (all of the，most of the)，動詞用單數(shù).3)由and或bothand連接名詞詞組時,后用復(fù)數(shù)；由not only but (also), either,- or, neithernor 或 or 連接的并列主語，謂語通常 和最鄰近的主語一致 .Not only the switches but also the old writing has been chang

17、ed.My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to changeher mind.如果一個句子是由 there 或 here 引導(dǎo) , 而主語又不止一個, 謂語通常也和最鄰近的那個主語一致 .There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.Here is a pen, a few e

18、nvelopes and some paper for you.4) people, police, cattle, poultry （家禽 ）, militia （ 民兵 ） 等通常都用作復(fù)數(shù).Cattle are grazing on the pasture.The police are looking for him.有些集體名詞有時作單數(shù)看待, 有時作復(fù)數(shù)看待, 主要根據(jù)意思來決定.His family isn t very large.His family are all music lovers.The committee meets twice a month.The commi

19、ttee are divided in opinion.The audience was enormous.The audience were greatly moved at the words.有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形, 可根據(jù)意思決定謂語動詞的數(shù)This new series is beginning next month.These new series are beginning next month.This species is now extinct.These species are now extinct.5) 表示時間 , 重量 , 長度 , 價值等的名詞 , 盡管仍是復(fù)數(shù)形式

20、, 如果作整體看待, 動詞也可用單數(shù)形式(當(dāng)然用復(fù)數(shù)動詞也是可以的):Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.One hundred li was covered in a single night.6) 其他問題a) 書名 , 國家名用單數(shù):Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.b) 學(xué)科名，如 mathematics, economics用單數(shù).c) many a 或 more than one 所修飾的詞作主語時, 謂語動詞多用單數(shù)形式 :Man

21、y a person has had that kind of experience.More than one person has involved in the case.a number of后接復(fù)數(shù),the number of后接單數(shù):A number of books have been published on the subject.The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.d) one of those 后用單數(shù) . 在“ one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系分句”結(jié)構(gòu)中， 關(guān)系分句中謂語動詞的單

22、復(fù)數(shù)形式在一般情況下有兩形式， 一是 根據(jù)先行詞采用復(fù)數(shù)形式：Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.當(dāng) one 之前友 the only 等限定詞和修飾語時，關(guān)系分句謂語動詞根據(jù) one 而定，即采用單數(shù)形式：He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.n非謂語動詞1. 不定式1) 形式主動形式 被動形式 一般式 to do to be done完成式 to have done to hav

23、e been done進(jìn)行式to be doing完成進(jìn)行式to have been doinga） 完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的動作 , 通常與主要謂語表示的動作 （狀態(tài) ）同時 （或幾乎同時）發(fā)生 , 或是在它之后發(fā)生. 假如不定式所表示的動作 , 在謂語所表示的動作（狀態(tài) ）之前發(fā)生, 就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother （= I am glad I have seen your mother）.（ 比較 : I am glad to see you.）He is said to have written a new book

24、 about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.b） 進(jìn)行式 : 如果主要謂語表示的動作（狀態(tài) ）發(fā)生時, 不定式表示的動作正在進(jìn)行, 這時要用不定式的進(jìn)行式 .You are not supposed to be working. You haven t quite recovered yet.We didn t expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively.c） 完成進(jìn)行式 : 在謂語所表示的時間之前一直進(jìn)行的動作 , 就要用不定式的

25、完成進(jìn)行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.d） 被動式 : 當(dāng)不定式的邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示的動作的承受者時 , 不定式一般要用被動形式 .It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found

26、 out.There are a lot of things to be done.She was too young to be assigned such work.2) 功用 : 不定式可以作主語(a), 賓語 (b), 表語 (c), 定語 (d) 或是狀語 (e).a. To scold her would not be just.b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.d. Do you have anything to

27、 declare?e. We have come to learn from you.3) 不帶 to 的不定式 :a) 在“動詞 + 賓語 +不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中 , 如果動詞是表示感覺意義的 see,hear, watch, smell, feel, noticed,或是表示“致使”意義的 have, make, let 等, 其后的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)不帶to.John made her tell him everything.這類結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動語態(tài)時 , 后面的不帶 to 的不定式一般還原為帶to 的不定式 .She was made to tell him everything.b) 在 had b

28、etter, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后 , 動詞不定式也不帶to.I d rathenrot have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.c) 在 make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be,

29、hear say, hear tell, leave go 礴固定搭酉已中,用不 帶 to 的動詞不定式 .John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.I ve heard tell of him.d）在動詞help（或help +賓語）之后可用不帶to的不定式，也可用帶to的不定式 .Can I help (to) lift this heavy box?e) 在介詞 except, but 之后 , 如果其前有動詞 do 的某種形式, 不定式一般不帶 to, 反之帶 to.There is nothing to do except wait till it

30、stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.There s no choice but to wait till it stops raining.f) 連詞 rather than, sooner than置于句首時，其后的不定式不帶 to.Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.出現(xiàn)在句中其他位置時, 其后的不定式有時帶to, 有時不帶 to.He decided to write rather t

31、han telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.g) 用作補(bǔ)語的動詞不定式 , 如果主語是由 “ all + 關(guān)系分句”，“thing +關(guān)系分句” ， “ what 分句”或“ thing +不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”等構(gòu)成，并帶有do的某種形式，這時，作為主語補(bǔ)語的不定式可以省to,也可以不省.What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete

32、the formThe only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.4) 不定式的其他用法a) too- to結(jié)構(gòu)通常表示否定意義：She was too young to understand all that.enough - to結(jié)構(gòu)則表示肯定意義：She was not old enough to understand all that.

33、not too, but too, all too, only too 等和不定式連用時,不定式一般不表示否定意義 :He s only too pleased to help her.soas (to龍種結(jié)構(gòu)也可用不定式作狀語：Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.b) 如果要說明不定是表示的動作是誰做的 , 可以在不定式前加一個for 引起的短語:It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at t

34、his rally.在以某些形容詞(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong,right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite 等)作 表語時 , 不定式前可加一個of 引起的短語, 來說明不定式指的是誰的情況 :It s kind of you to think so much of us.(It is) Awfully good of you to come and meet us.It s very nice of you to

35、be so considerate.It s unwise of thetomturn down the proposal.2. V+ing 形式 (現(xiàn)在分詞及動名詞)1) 形式a) 完成式 : 如果要表示動名詞代表的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生 , 通常用動名詞的完成形式 .He didn t mention having met me.I regret not having taken her advice.在某些動詞后（或成語中）, 常用 （或可以用）動名詞的一般形式, 盡管動作是在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生的 .Excuse me for coming late.I don t rem

36、ember ever seeing him anywhere.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用在狀語中 , 表示這動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生.Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.另外 , 獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)也可用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式.The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.The children, having eating their fill,

37、were allowed to leave the table.b) 被動式 : 當(dāng)一個動名詞邏輯上的主語所表示的是這動作的對象時動名詞一般要用被動形式.His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.He couldn t bear being made fun of tlhikaet.但要注意，在want, need, deserve, require等動詞后,盡管表示的是被 動的意思 , 卻用動名詞的主動形式My pen needs filling.The point deserves mentioning.This pro

38、blem requires studying with great care.在 worth 這個形容詞后情形也是這樣.Her method is worth trying.現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式可以用來作定語, 賓語補(bǔ)足語, 狀語及用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中 .This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.You ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.Being asked to give a performance, she couldn t very well refu

39、se.These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers.c) 完成被動式 : 如果表示的動作在謂語表示的動作之前發(fā)生 , 有時 需要用動名詞的完成被動式.I don t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.但在多數(shù)情況下都避免使用這一形式, 而用一般被動形式代替, 以免句子顯得累贅.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動式一般用來作狀語或用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中 .Having been given such a g

40、ood chance, how could she let it slip away?The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan.All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home.2) 句法功用a) 作主語 :Walking is good exercise.It s nice talkingytou.There is no denying the fact

41、 that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity.b) 作賓語 :Your shoes need polishing.You mustn t delay sending the tractors over.He avoided giving us a definite answer.c) 作介詞賓語: 動名詞作介詞賓語用的時候最多 . 它?？梢杂迷谀承┏烧Z后面, 常見的有 : insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to,suspect-of, accuse- of

42、, charge- with, hear of, approve of, prevent from, keep - from, stop- from, refrain from, be engaged in, look forward to, opposed to, depend on, thank - for, feel like, excuse - for,aim at,devote - to, set about, spendin, get (be) used to, be fond of, be capableof, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick

43、 of, succeed in, be interested in, feel (be) ashamed of, be proud of, be keen on, be responsible for.d) 作表語 :The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people.動名詞和不定式都可以作主語或表語. 一般說來 , 在表示抽象的一般的行為時多用動名詞 ; 在表示具體某詞動作, 特別是將來的動作時多用不定式.e) 作賓語補(bǔ)足語: 分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find, keep,

44、get, have等動詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語The words immediately set us all laughing.Once we caught him dozing off in class.His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等動詞后，及可用現(xiàn)在分詞，也可用不定式構(gòu)成賓語補(bǔ)足語. 用現(xiàn)在分詞時, 表示動作正在發(fā)生, 用不定式時表示動作發(fā)生了 .Do you hear someone knocking at the door?Yes, I did. I he

45、ard him knock three times.f) 作狀語 : 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時 , 通常都表示主語正在進(jìn)行的另一動作 , 來對謂語表示的主要動作加以修飾或作為陪襯.I ran out of the house shouting.I got home, feeling very tired.Driving to Chicago that night, I was struck by a sudden thought.現(xiàn)在分詞短語有時可以用作狀語表示原因 , 相當(dāng)于一個表示原因的狀語從句 .Not knowing her address, we couldn get in tot uch

46、with her.Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.t want to go to the cinema.Having already seen the film twice, she didn現(xiàn)在分詞短語有時可用作時間狀語, 相當(dāng)于 when 引起的從句 : they spent together.Seeing those pictures, he couldnt help thinking of those myesmorable da如果兩個動作是完全同時發(fā)生的 , 多用 when 或 while 加分詞這種結(jié)

47、 構(gòu).Be careful when crossing the street.When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us.She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.3) 前面帶有代詞或名詞的動名詞結(jié)構(gòu): 一個動名詞前面可以加一個物主代詞（或名詞的所有格結(jié)構(gòu)）, 來表示這個動名詞邏輯上的主語.Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Our sole worry is your r

48、elying too much on yourself.Do you mind my reading your paper?They insisted on my staying there for supper.如果不是在句子開頭 , 這個結(jié)構(gòu)常常可以用名詞的普通格（或人稱代詞賓格 ）, 這比用所有格更自然一些 .I don t mind him going.She hates people losing their temper.4) 只能用動名詞作賓語的動詞 : suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can t help, mind, admit, enjoy, l

49、eave off, require, postpone, put off, delay, practise,fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, endure, escape, miss5) 既可用動名詞 , 也可用不定式作賓語的動詞 : love, like, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, can t bear, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve, ca

50、nt afford 等 .有時兩種結(jié)構(gòu)之間意義差別不大, 有時卻有不同的意思 . 在 remember,regret, want, try 等詞后差別是比較明顯的 .I remember seeing her once somewhere.I must remember to take my notebooks with me.I regret not having accepted your advice.I regret to say I haven t given you enough help.She doesn t want (need) to come.The house want

51、s (needs) cleaning.We must try to get everything done in time.Let s try doing the work some other way.6) 懸垂修飾 : 分詞作狀語時, 表示的必須是主語的一個動作或狀態(tài).Walking through the park, we saw a lot of flowers. (walking是 we 的動作,正確 )Walking through the park, the flowers looked very beautiful. (錯誤 )Standing on the tower, we

52、 could see the whole city. 1（確）Standing on the tower, the whole village could be seen車苜誤）3. 分詞1) 意義 : 過去分詞通常來自及物動詞 , 帶有被動意義和完成意義, 有的來自不及物動詞, 通常帶有主動意義和未完成意義frozen fooda freezing winda bored travellera boring journeya lost causea losing battlea conquered army a conquering armya finished article the la

53、st finishing touchthe spoken word a speaking birda closed shop the closing houra recorded talk a recording machine來自不及物動詞的過去分詞很少能單獨(dú)用作前置修飾語, 能作這樣用的僅限于下面幾個詞 , 僅表示完成意義, 不表示被動意義.the risen sun, fallen leaves, faded/withered flowers, returned students, retired workers, departed friends, escaped prisoners,

54、 the vanished jewels, newly-arrived visitors用作后置修飾語的過去分詞一般都帶有修飾語或其他成分, 在意義上相當(dāng)于關(guān)系分句 .Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends.2) 句法作用a) 作定語 : distinguished guest 貴賓 , unknown heroes 無名英雄 , armed forces 武裝部隊 , canned food 罐頭食品 , boiled water 開水 , steamed bread® 頭,stricken area

55、災(zāi)區(qū)分詞還可構(gòu)成合成詞作定語: simply-furnished room 陳設(shè)簡單的房間 ,clear-cut answer 明確的答復(fù), highly-developed industry 高度發(fā)展的工業(yè)，heartfelt thanks衷心的感謝,hand-made good軒工制品,man-made satellite人造衛(wèi)星b) 作補(bǔ)足語 : 可以帶過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞有:see, hear, feel, find, think等表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動詞.I saw the students assembled in the hall.We found her greatly

56、changed.make, get, have, kee濰表示“致使”意義的動詞I have my hair cut every ten days.She got her bad tooth pulled out.Please keep us informed of the latest developments.like, want, wish, order等表示希望，要求，命令等意義的動詞：I don t wantyaof you (to be) involved in the scandal.He won t like such questions (to be) discussed at the meeting.c) 過去分詞短語常用作狀語, 修飾謂語 , 很多都說明動作發(fā)生的背景或情況 .Guided by these principles, they went on with the work, Delighted with her work, they made her the general manager.過去分詞短語也可作狀語表示原因 , 相當(dāng)于一個表示原因的狀語從句.Infl