關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞用法

1、關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞)有時可以省略，但這只限于限制性定語從句中，在非限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系詞則不可省略。1. 關(guān)系代詞作賓語時的省略：當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞 who, whom, which和that在定語從句中用作動詞賓語或介詞位于句末時 的介詞賓語時，可以省略。Is there anything (that/which) you wanted?注意：當(dāng)先行詞為 all, much, little 以及不定代詞 any thi ng,someth in g, everythi ng 等時，關(guān)系代詞多用that |Who is the man (that/who/whom) you were tal

2、k ing to?This is the best no vel (that) I have ever read.注意：當(dāng)先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞或限定詞the only, the very, all, every, any, no等時，關(guān)系代詞一般都用that2. 關(guān)系代詞作表語時的省略：當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞that在定語從句中作表語時，可以省略。China is not the country (that) it was.3. 關(guān)系代詞作賓補(bǔ)時的省略：當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞that在定語從句中用作賓語補(bǔ)足語時，可以省略。I ' m not the madman (that) you thoug

3、ht me. that做賓補(bǔ)4. 關(guān)系副詞when的省略：用作時間狀語的關(guān)系副詞when通常不能省略，但有一種特殊情況，即用于day, year,time等少數(shù)幾個詞后可以省略，也可換成thatThat was the year (when /that) I first we nt abroad.I ' ll never forget the day(when/that) we met.5. 關(guān)系副詞where的省略：用作地點(diǎn)狀語的關(guān)系副詞where通常不能省略，但有一種特殊情況，即用于place,somewhere, any where, everywhere, no where少數(shù)

4、幾個詞后時才可以省略，也可換成 thatThis is the place (where/that) they met yesterday.Have you met somewhere (that) I can lie dow n for an hour?6. 關(guān)系副詞why的省略：關(guān)系副詞why通常只用于the reason后引導(dǎo)定語從句，且通?？蓳Q成that或for which, 均可省略。That' s the reason (why/for which/that) he came.關(guān)系副詞的特點(diǎn)：關(guān)系副詞用于引出定語從句，英語的關(guān)系副詞主要有when, where, why 三

5、個。Sun day is the day (when/that) very few people go to work.That' s the reason ( why/for which/that) he dislikes me.Do you know a shop where/that I can find san dals?注意：關(guān)系副詞用于引出定語從句，且在從句中用作狀語。關(guān)系副詞when表示時間，where表示地點(diǎn)，why表示原因。使用關(guān)系副詞應(yīng)注意的幾點(diǎn)：不能用作關(guān)系副詞，不要想當(dāng)然地將how用作關(guān)系副詞置于the way后表示方式：This is the way how

6、he spoke. (wrong)This is how he spoke. /This is the way (that/i n which) he spoke. (right)This is the way that he solved the problem. =This is how he solved the problem.2. 關(guān)系副詞when和where既可引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，但why只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句(若引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，可用for which reason)3. 引導(dǎo)定語從句時，when的先行詞為時間，where的

7、先行詞為地點(diǎn)，why的先行詞為原因(主要是the reason), 但 是反過來卻不一定Don' t forget the time (that) I ' ve told you. 做賓語Do you know the house (that) he bought recen tly?做賓語Please tell me the reason (that) you know.做賓語關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句who, whom, which, that, whose在句中必做成分1) who, whom, that指人，在句中做主語或賓語，作賓語可省略Is he the man who

8、/ that wants to see you?做主語He is the man (whom/that) I saw yesterday.做賓語2) which, that指物，在句中做主語或賓語，作賓語時可省略做賓語A prosperity which/ that had n ever bee n see n before appears in the coun tryside.做主語The package (which/that) you are carry ing is about to come un wrapped.3) whose表所屬關(guān)系,指人或物。指物可與 of which互換

9、,指人可與of whom互換They rushed over to help the man whose car had broke n dow n.=They rushed over to help the man of whom the car had broke n dow n.=They rushed over to help the man the car of whom had broke n dow n.Please pass me the book whose cover is gree n.=Please pass me the book the cover of which

10、 is gree n.=Please pass me the book of which the cover is gree n.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句whe n, where, why1) 區(qū)別：及物動詞后面無賓語，用關(guān)系代詞；不及物動詞用關(guān)系副詞This is the place (where/that) I lived onee. where指代 the place 充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語This is the place (which/that) I visited onee. which做 visit 的賓語，可省略I ' ll never forget the days (which

11、) we spend together. which做 spend 的賓語, 可省略I ' ll never forget the days (when/that) we live together in the country. when指代 the days 充當(dāng)時間狀語2) 關(guān)系副詞含義相當(dāng)于”介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu)，可以互換，口語中可省略There are occasions when/that one must yield屈服.=There are occasions on which one must yield.Beiji ng is the place (where/t

12、hat) I was born. =Beiji ng is the place on which I was born.Is this the reason (why/that) he refused our offer? = Is this the reason for which he refused our offer?3) that代替關(guān)系副詞：that可以用于表示時間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代 when, where, why和”介詞+which” 引導(dǎo)的定語從句，在口語中that常被省略。His father died the year (that/when/in which)

13、 he was born.He is unlikely to find the place (where/that/in which) he lived forty years ago.不能用that的情況1) 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，不能用thatThe tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. (wrong,應(yīng)用 which)2) 介詞后不能用We depe nd on the land from which we got our food.=We depe nd on the land which/that we

14、 got our food from.只能用that的情況1) 在there be 句型中，只用that, 不用which2) 在不定代詞如 anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等做先行詞時，只用 that3) 先行詞有the only, the very 修飾時，只用that4) 先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時，只用that5) 先行詞即有人，又有物時當(dāng)先行詞是 way時，關(guān)系副詞常常省略。I appreciate the way (that) you teach me.That作為關(guān)系副詞所具備的功能，即代替w

15、hen、where、why三大關(guān)系副詞或介詞 + which。但這種代替是有條件 的，主要適用于表示時間、 地點(diǎn)、原因、方式這四大類基本含義的先行詞，即time(替代when), place(替代where)，reason(替代why)， way(替代in which)，其中time類的詞匯最多，包括若干下義詞，女口 hour, evening, summer, year, moment等。大概是因?yàn)檫@些詞最基本、最常用，所以在約定俗成的習(xí)慣下掙脫了原有關(guān)系副詞的束縛。此外，that 還可以與speed, distanee等先行詞連用，此時無法用 where代替。在非正式語體中，關(guān)系副詞tha

16、t是經(jīng)常省略的。正是基于這個原因，在論述”關(guān)系副詞that的功能”中筆者并未 給出相關(guān)例句，因?yàn)樵诟髡Z法書和詞典關(guān)系中關(guān)系副詞that總是有左右兩個括號相伴。We moved here the year (that/whe n) my mother died.I still remembered the summer (that) I walked around Paris.The reas on I called was to ask about the pla ns for Saturday.There are so many delicious ways you can prepare

17、chicke n.This is the place (where) I lived five years.Do you know any where (that) I can get a drink?She knows the place (that/where) he stays.There is no where (that) we can go.The speed (that/at which) he is driving is 70 miles per hour.This is the place (that) I spe nt my childre n at. =This is t

18、he place (that) I spe nd my childhood.前者為關(guān)系代詞用法，比后者關(guān)系副詞的用法更為正式I don ' t know any place (that) you can get a better exchange rate.如上所述,關(guān)系副詞that是廣泛存在的，并且經(jīng)常省略。當(dāng)然各個詞典和語法書的觀點(diǎn)并非完全一致，例如薄冰高級英語語法認(rèn)為先行詞為place時，關(guān)系副詞where也可省略；薄冰高級英語語法認(rèn)為先行詞為reason時，關(guān)系副詞why可以省略。為了便于記憶和理解，我們可以將這類省略現(xiàn)象統(tǒng)一看做是關(guān)系副詞that的省略。Oxford dict

19、ionary中可給出that作為關(guān)系代詞的義項(xiàng)，但所舉例句中包含了that作為關(guān)系副詞的用法(見如上第一個例句)。根據(jù)對句子結(jié)構(gòu)的分析，這里的that相當(dāng)于when或in which,不是代詞而是副詞。個別語法書中 提到that代替關(guān)系副詞 when, where, why, how,鑒于how作為關(guān)系副詞并不具有充分的例證，且多部語法書明確提出how不能做關(guān)系副詞，故筆者不采用that代替how的說法。(先行詞是time, day, occasion等表時間的名詞時在口語中可以省略)At the time (when) I saw him, he was quite strong.Do yo

20、u know the year (whe n) The Declarati on of In depe ndence was published?2. Where(先行詞是place, room 等表示地面的名詞，在口語中可以省略)This is the place (where) I lived for 5 years.(先行詞只有reason,在口語中，可以省略why)That' s the reason (why) I ' m checking it now.還有一種省略應(yīng)特別關(guān)注，在this/that/it is后可省略先行詞 the time, the place,

21、the reason,直接跟 why,when, whereThat was (the time) when he lived there.It is (the place) where that rock festival is held every year.That' s (the reason) why he spoke.一、關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語從句中的省略場合1. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞，that, which, who , whom在限制性定語從句中作賓語時可以省略The professor (that/who/whom) you wish to see has come.Where

22、is the book (which/that) I bought this morning?2. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞that在定語從句中作補(bǔ)語時可以省略He has cha nged. He is not the man (that) he was.3. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞that, which, who在定語從句中作主語時，只有當(dāng)主句是由It is, that is, there is引導(dǎo)的場合才能省略It isn ' t everybody (that/who) can learn a foreign Inguage so easily.That was his brother (who/tha

23、t) just went by.There was some one (who/that) asked for you, Bill.二、關(guān)系副詞 whe n,where, why引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句在非正式語體中，通?？梢允÷訧 shall n ever forget the day (whe n) we first met.The reas on (why) he came so early in his own affair.That' s the place (where) he stayed when he was in London.另外，在當(dāng)代英語里，that 可以用于表示

24、時間、地點(diǎn)、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+which ”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，在口語中that常被省略。His father died the year (that/when/in which) he was born.He is unlikely to find the place (that/where/in which) he lived forty years ago.三、 以the way作為先行詞的限制性定語從句用在非正式語體中通常省略in which或者thatThe way (in which/that) you an swered the qu

25、esti ons was admirable.,day, year, place, house, reason, way等作先行詞時可以被省略，其后的子句不再是形容詞子句，而變成名詞子句或副詞子句。This is where he was born. Where he was born是名詞子句This is the place where he was born. Where he was born是形容詞子句I ' ll meet her where I first met her. Where I first met her 是副詞子句I ' ll meet her at

26、 the place where I first met her. Where I first met her 是形容詞子句Tuesday is when the garbage truck comes. When the garbage truck comes 是名詞子句Tuesday is the day when the garbage truck comes. When the garbage truck comes 是形容詞子句2. 關(guān)系副詞有限定用法 ,指的是關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的形容詞子句只修飾先行詞。We were very happy in those days when we st

27、udied in school.3. 關(guān)系副詞有補(bǔ)述用法 , 即關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的是對等子句而不是形容詞子句 , 主要用于對主要子句中的不足之處加 以補(bǔ)充 , 前面都要加逗點(diǎn)與主要子句分開。Tom got married the day before yesterday, when it was his birthday too.引導(dǎo)的定語從句 : 先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞 , 如 place, room, house, street, area等 , 或含有地點(diǎn)意義的抽象名詞,如situation(處境,地勢),stage, point( 點(diǎn)),case(案例，情況),用where引導(dǎo)定語從句,在

28、定語從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語。The school where/in which I studied for only two years was three kilometers away.Harvard is a world-famous university. There Wang An got his Doctor' s degree.=Harvard is a world-famous university where Wang An got his Doctor' s degree.This is the house. I was born in the house.=Th

29、is is the house where/in which I was born.=This is the house which I was born in.A bank is the place where/in which they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back whenit begins to rain.The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.This is the house where I lived two ye

30、ars ago.* 先行詞為抽象名詞situation, stage, point, job, case, system, game, degree等 , 表示模糊化的地點(diǎn) , 用where 引導(dǎo)定語從句。You reach a point where medicine can't help.She is in a hopeless situation where we will keep a very close eye on her.引導(dǎo)的定語從句：先行詞是表示時間的名詞 , 如 day, time, year, hour 等, 用 when 引導(dǎo)定語從句 , 在句中作狀 語。Th

31、e time when/at which I first met Nelson was a very difficult period of my life.The day when/on which Nelson helped me was one of my happiest. When=in/at/on/during+ whichI ' ll never forget the day. I joined the league on that day.=I ' ll never forget the day when I joined the league.The days

32、 are gone when physical strength was all your needed to make a living.I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.I ' ll never forget the day when I joined the army.一、 ”介詞 +關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)1. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞 whom, which 在定語從句中作介詞的賓語時 , 可以跟介詞一起放在主句和從句之間； 當(dāng)先行詞指人時 , 介詞后的關(guān)系代詞用 whom, 其余用 which, 這時的關(guān)系代詞不能省略 ;

33、有時為了使關(guān)系代詞緊跟它所修飾的先行 詞, 也可以把介詞放在從句中有關(guān)動詞的后面 , 這時的 which 可用 that 替換。當(dāng)介詞放在有關(guān)動詞的后面時 , 關(guān) 系代詞 which, that, whom 在口語和非正式語體中經(jīng)常省略。This is the room in which he used to live. = This is the room (which/that) he used to live in.Who's the man with whom you just shook hands? = Who 's the man (that/whom) you

34、just shook hands with?注意 : 下列情況介詞不能提前1) 用who代替whom,用that代替which時，介詞不能提前He' s the boy (who) I learned English from.This should be the place (that) Tom send the parcel to.2) 當(dāng) whom, which 省去時介詞不能提前Is he the boy you went there with?This is the room he lived in.3) 當(dāng)whom, which作為含有介詞的動詞短語的賓語時,介詞一般來說不

35、能拆開提前You' re the very man (whom) I ' m looking for.This is the program (which) he liste ned to.2. ”介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)通?？梢院鸵恍╆P(guān)系副詞(when, where 和why相互轉(zhuǎn)換)1) where=i n/o n whichThis is the room where/in which he lived.2) whe n=on/in/at/duri ng whichI still remember the year when/in which I joined the Par

36、ty.I still remember the day whe n/on which I joi ned the Party.I still remember the hour whe n/at which the rocket was laun ched.3) why=for whichThis is the reas on why/for which he was killed.注意：并不是所有的介詞+關(guān)系代詞的結(jié)構(gòu)都可用關(guān)系副詞替代I am very impressed by the way in which he works.這里 in which 代表的是 in the way,在句

37、中作方式狀語 ，只有當(dāng)介詞+關(guān)系代詞結(jié)構(gòu)作表示時間、地點(diǎn)和原因的狀語時，才能相應(yīng)地用 when, where和why代替。試比較下面兩組句子：This is the factory that/which produces radios.劃線部分作主語 , 應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞 The factory producesradios.This is the factory where radios are produced.化纖部分作地點(diǎn)狀語 , 應(yīng)用關(guān)系畐U詞 Radios are produced in _the factory.Do you remember the days (that) we s

38、pe nt together?關(guān)系代詞在句中作賓語We spe nt the days together.Do you remember the days when we worked together?關(guān)系副詞作時間狀語 We worked together during the days.關(guān)系副詞的省略：time, every time, the mome nt 等后的關(guān)系副詞可以省略By the time (whe n) he was fourtee n years old, Jim had lear nt more tha n two thousa nds En glish words

39、.2. 在某些表示地點(diǎn)的名詞后，關(guān)系副詞有時也可以省略，如the place 等This is the place (where) I saw him last time.3. 先行詞the reason 后面的關(guān)系副詞可以省略The reas on (why) he came is quite clear.4. 當(dāng)先行詞是way時，關(guān)系副詞常常省略I know the way (that) he lear ns En glish.An architect is a pers on who/that desig ns build in gs.I will never forget the te

40、acher who/that taught us chemistry in the firstyear of my senior middle school.Anyone who/that wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first.Do you know the gen tlema n (whom/that) we met in the school library yesterday?This is the stude nt (whom/that) my father taught ten years

41、 ago.The girl (who/whom/that) I saw is called Mary.非正式英語中，可用 who代替 whomThe girl stude nt whose father is a senior engin eer used to study abroad. Whose father=the father ofwhomDo you know the n ame of the hotel whose window we can see here? Whose win dow=the window of which指the window of the hotelLo

42、ok out! Don ' t get too close to the house whose roof is under repair. Whose roof-the roof of whichI do no t like stories which/that have un happy endin gs.Toms works for a factory which/that makes watches.Is the girl that/whom sells n ewspaper?Where is the ice-cream that/which was in the fridge

43、?Is this the book (that/which) you want to buy?關(guān)系副詞 In Beiji ng July and August are the mon ths (whe n/that) it rains very ofte n.Do you remember the day (whe n/that) we first went to the Summer Palace?I haven ' t seen her since the year (when) I left Tokyo.Great cha nges have take n place in th

44、at school. It is no Ion ger what (=all that= the things that) it was20 years ago, whe n it was so poorly equipped.During the Spring Festival I went back to the town (where/that ) I was brought up.That 不能作為表示地點(diǎn)的關(guān)系副詞This is the place (where/ that ) Li Bai once lived.That 不能作為表示地點(diǎn)的關(guān)系副詞區(qū)另U: This is the

45、place (that/which) Li Bai once visited.If a shop has chairs (where) women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.The reas on (why/that) I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.This is the reas on (why/that) he came late to school. =This is why he came late to

46、 school.As是個比較特殊的關(guān)系代詞，一是用在某些句型搭配里，二是獨(dú)立于主句之外。一、在固定搭配己 asas, so as, such as, the same as中,as 弓丨導(dǎo)定語從句You may take as( 副詞)many books as( 關(guān)代，代替books,在定語從句中作賓語 )you want.I have got such a computer as yours.I have n ever see n so beautiful a place as Guil in.二、獨(dú)立于主句之外，as引導(dǎo)定語從句As we know, the earth tur ns a

47、round the sun.As is known to us, the earth tur ns around the sun.As we know和As is known to us均為定語從句，as分別作賓語和主語，替代后面的主句。Taiwa n is, as you kno w, is an in separable part of China.關(guān)系代詞 as指代整個主句 , 在定語從句中作賓語。As is ofte n the case, we have worked out the product ion pla n. Which禾口 as 弓丨導(dǎo)定語從句均可代表一句話或整個主句，

48、但which不能放在句首，另外as有”正如”的意思，而which沒有。一、關(guān)系代詞who和that的區(qū)別1. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞用作主語時，多用主格whoHe who loses hope loses all.先行詞為代詞 he, they , any, all, one等時, 多用 whoI met Alice, who told me that she was learni ng Chi nese.在非限制性定語從句中用who2. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞用作介詞后的賓語時，用賓格whom,不用thatThe man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our E

49、n glish teacher.=The man (who/whom/that) our headmaster talked to just now is our En glish teacher.口語中省略關(guān)代最自然3. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞泛指人時，多用thatHe is a man that is n ever afraid of failure. That用來泛指人4. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞出現(xiàn)在 who開頭的疑問句時，應(yīng)用thatWho is the girl that is talki ng to Tom in En glish?避免重復(fù)二、關(guān)系代詞which與that的區(qū)別1. 當(dāng)先行詞為 all,

50、 much, little以及不定代詞 anything, something, everything等時，關(guān)系代詞多用 thatAll that glitters is not gold.She told me everything (that) she knew.2. 當(dāng)先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞或限定詞the only, the very, all, every, any, no等時，關(guān)系代詞一般都用thatThat is the best no vel (that) I have ever read.He is the only pers on that has bee n i

51、n vited to the ball.3. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞出現(xiàn)在 which開頭的疑問句時，應(yīng)用thatWhich was the hotel that was recomme nded to the foreig n guest?4. 在非限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞一般只用 whichBeijing, which is the capital of the People' s Republic of China, will host the 2008 Olympic Games.5. 介詞后的關(guān)系代詞用which,不用thatShe has collected 600 stamps,

52、60% of which are German stamps.I saw a women running towards me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction from which she had come.He was educated at a local grammar school, after which he went to Cambridge.The English play in which my students acted at the

53、New Year' s party was a great success.=The English play which/that my students acted in at the New Year' s party was a great success.限制性定語從句中 , 從句與其所修飾的先行詞之間關(guān)系很密切 , 若缺少 , 句意則不完整 , 故從句前不用逗號隔開 非限制性定語從句中 , 從句與其所修飾的先行詞之間關(guān)系不太密切 , 若缺少 , 句意仍然完整 , 故從句一般都用逗號 隔開。試比較以下兩組句子 :The water which has been pol

54、luted by the factory is not fit to drink.Water, which is a clear liquid, is widely used in our everyday life.His brother who is nineteen years old is serving in the army now.不只一個哥哥His brother, who is nineteen years old, is serving in the army now.只有一個哥哥The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of

55、 improvements and employ more people to keep it running, which means spending tens of thousands of pounds.I have many friends, of whom some are business.定語從句的位置 : 定語從句一般總是直接置于所修飾的名詞或代詞之后。 有時候 , 定語從句與先行詞之間插入了其 他的短語 , 這樣它們被分隔了 , 這種情況下的定語從句被稱作隔離定語從句。There was a girl upstairs who was shouting and crying

56、, obviously mad.A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.定語從句置于句末以示強(qiáng)調(diào)The factory produced half a million of shoes every year, 80% of which are sold abroad. 定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別 : 同位語從句與定語從句從形式上看好像沒什么區(qū)別 , 實(shí)際上從含義和功能上看 , 還是比較易區(qū)分的。 同位語從句的 先行詞一般為 fact, idea, news, thought, reply, report, proble

57、m等抽象名詞 , 而且關(guān)聯(lián)詞大都為 that. 在idea, problem 等詞后根據(jù)句意可能用到 who, when, why, how 等其他關(guān)聯(lián)詞。關(guān)聯(lián)詞 that 在同位語從句中僅僅 起連接作用 , 不作任何成分 , 但又不可省略。 定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞 （ 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞 ）在從句中是要充當(dāng)句子成分 的且有實(shí)際意義。The suggestion that we should practice speaking English every day came from our monitor.同位語The suggestion （that） our monitor put forwar

58、d at the meeting is very valuable.關(guān)代 , that 作賓語A warm thought suddenly came to me that I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother ' s birthday.We haven' t settled the question ofwhether 是否 it is necessary for him to study abroad.考查 whether 引導(dǎo)的同位語從句。這個句子中的 of 可以省略 , 形式上看 , of 后面的從句為介詞的賓語從句 ,但實(shí) 際上 of 連接的 question 與 wh