現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞和動名詞的用法

1、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的用法1)As Lily missed the bus, she was late for the class.Missing the bus, she was late for the class.2)As the student was scolded by the teacher, she felt unhappy.scolded by the teacher, she felt unhappy.、現(xiàn)在分詞（一）現(xiàn)在分詞的定義：現(xiàn)在分詞（Present Participle ）（又稱-ing形式、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式），是分詞的一種，由動詞原形+ing 形式組成。具有雙重性，一面

2、具有動詞的特征，可以有自己的賓語和狀語；另一面具有形容詞和副詞的 特征，可以充當(dāng)表語，定語，狀語，補(bǔ)足語，可以表示主動或正在進(jìn)行的動作，是非謂語動詞的一種。（二）現(xiàn)在分詞的功能與用法：1 .作定語單個(gè)分詞作定語時(shí)放在所修飾的名詞前，分詞短語作定語時(shí)放在后，并且名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞之間存有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。一般都可以轉(zhuǎn)化為一個(gè)進(jìn)行時(shí)的定語從句。a running boya boy who is runningan old man standing there an old man who is standing there例如：The report indicated that 45% of stud

3、ents were in jobs not specific qualifications.A. requiring B. to be required C. being required D. to have required2 .作補(bǔ)語只有兩類動詞可以加現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)：1）感官動詞：see hear watch feel notice observe find listen to look at2）使役動詞：have get make注意：要想用現(xiàn)在分詞來作賓補(bǔ)，只能是用于這些詞后，但是并不代表這些動詞后的賓補(bǔ)形式都要用現(xiàn)在分詞（有些后面可以加不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)）。eg. I saw

4、Thomas playing computer games .Don ' t have the students studying all day.注意：賓語與作賓補(bǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞之間存在 邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，即賓語是現(xiàn)在分詞動作的發(fā)出者。3 .作表語（1） 分詞作表語有兩種情況，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞作表語，一種是過去分詞作表語，究竟是用現(xiàn)在分詞還是用過去分詞作表語是學(xué)生們經(jīng)常困惑的地方。 一般來說， 表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞如 excite ， interest等都是及物動詞，漢語意思不是“激動”，“高興”，而是“使激動”、“使高興”，因而現(xiàn)在分詞應(yīng)該是“令人激動的”、“令人高興的”，過去分詞則是“感

5、到激動的”和“感到高興的”。所以， 凡表示“令人的"都是一ing形式，凡是表示“感到”都用一ed形式。這類詞常見的有：interesting 使人感到高興 interested 感到高興的exciting 令人激動的 excited 感到激動的delighting 令人高興的delighted 感到高興的disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 感到失望的encouraging 令人鼓舞的 encouraged 感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人費(fèi)解的puzzled感到費(fèi)解的satisfying令人滿意的satis

6、fied感到滿意的surprising 令人驚異的surprised 感到驚異的worrying令人擔(dān)心的worried感到擔(dān)心的如： Traveling is interesting but tiring .The pupils will get confused if they learn too much at a time.如果讓學(xué)生學(xué)得太多，他們會感到糊涂的。4. 作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語多表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、讓步、結(jié)果、方式、伴隨等。思考題 1： 請將下列句子中的現(xiàn)在分詞短語轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的狀語從句：時(shí)間狀語 ）（條件狀語）（原因狀語）Walking in the street, I s

7、aw him. （Working hard, you will succeed.Being ill, she stayed at home.Having failed many times, he didnt lose heart.（讓步狀語）（結(jié)果狀語）His parents died, leaving him an orphan.Please answer the question using another way. （ 方式狀語 ）He entered the classroom, taking a book in his hand. （伴隨狀語）注意： 有些慣用的分詞短語在句中可以沒

8、有邏輯上的主語而獨(dú)立存在：generally speaking 般來說 Judging from/by 由判斷出strictly speaking 嚴(yán)格來說 roughly speaking大致來說narrowly speaking 狹義上說 broadly speaking廣義上說(三)現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立主格獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)(Independent Genitive )有兩部分組成，前一部份是名詞或者代詞，后一部分是非 謂語動詞(不定式、動名詞和分詞)或形容詞、副詞、或介詞短語。前后兩部分具有邏輯主謂關(guān)系。獨(dú)立 主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中做狀語，多用于書面語。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)本身不是句子，在句子中作狀語，表示時(shí)間、

9、原 因、條件、伴隨、目的等。. Winter coming , it gets colder and colder .(it 在句中指代的是" 天氣")Weather permitting, we will go outing this weekend.思考題2:請將以上兩個(gè)句子中的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)改為相應(yīng)的狀語從句。(四)現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài):時(shí)太語態(tài)主動式被動式一式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式：(1)現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式通常表示其動作與謂語動詞的動作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如：She sat there readi

10、ng a novel .(2)現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式所表示的動作有時(shí)在謂語動詞的動作之前發(fā)生。如：Going into the room , he shut the door. 走進(jìn)房間，他就關(guān)上了門?，F(xiàn)在分詞的完成式：現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式表示其動作在謂語動詞的動作之前完成。Having finished her homework , the little boy began to watch TV.做完作業(yè)后，這個(gè)小男孩開始看電視?，F(xiàn)在分詞的被動式：現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式表示其邏輯主語為現(xiàn)在分詞動作的承受者。(1)現(xiàn)在分詞的一般被動式。如：The building being built is our li

11、brary.(2)現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動式。如：Having been told many times , he still did not know how to do it.（人家）已經(jīng)告訴他多少次了，他還是不知道怎么做。思考題 3： 請將下列兩個(gè)句子中的現(xiàn)在分詞短語改為相應(yīng)的定語從句或狀語從句。1. The question being discussed is of great importance.2. Having been warned by the teacher , the students didn t make such mistakes.例如：the queue for h

12、alf an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waitedto a recent U.S. survey, children spent up to 25 hours a week TV.A. to watch B. to watch C. watching D. watchflu is believed be viruses that like to reproduce in the cel

13、ls inside the humannose and throat.A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have causedflowers sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt t leave the water while you brush your teeth.A. run B. runningC. being run D

14、. to runsee you as something of a worrier, problems which don t exist and crossing bridgeslong before you come to them.A. settling B. discovering C. seeing D. designing答： 選 C 解析： 根據(jù)句意“他們把你看成是一個(gè)杞人憂天的人， 常?？紤]一些并不存在的問題，為那些尚未發(fā)生的事情而煩惱?！笨芍?，只有 see 才有“ 考慮 ”之意。 settle 解決； discover 發(fā) 現(xiàn)； design 設(shè)計(jì)。news reporter

15、s hurried to the airport, only the film stars had left.A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. toldwere silly not your car.A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having lockedman insisted a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in findingold man, ab

16、road for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked參考答案：1 -10 CCCBB CBBCD、過去分詞(一)過去分詞的概念過去分詞只有一種形式，沒有主動語態(tài)，它所表示的動作是一個(gè)被動的或是已完成的動作。過 去分詞在句中可用作定語、表語、賓語或狀語等成分。過去分詞在句中作某種成分時(shí)，其邏輯主語 一般為該分詞所表示的動作的承受者。(二)過去分詞的功能與用法(1)作定語就位于其修飾的名詞之后。被過去分詞所修飾的名詞，

17、was found by the police last week.(2)作表語過去分詞作表語時(shí)，表示其邏輯主語所處的狀態(tài),is broken .這個(gè)玻璃杯是破的。作表語用的過去分詞在許多詞典中已列為形容詞， dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone,個(gè)單詞，就位于其修飾的名詞之前，如果是分詞短語，就是該分詞的邏輯主語，如：The stolen car過去分詞作定語時(shí)，如果這個(gè)分詞是其邏輯主語就是句中的主語，如：The glass如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, hurt, interested, k

18、illed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered 等。注意：過去分詞作表語時(shí)，和動詞的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)相似，但兩者表達(dá)的意義不同，如：The glass was broken by my little brother.這個(gè)玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的(3)作賓語補(bǔ)足語過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，句中的賓語就是其邏輯主語，如：When I opened the door, I foundthe g

19、round covered by fallen leaves .注意：動詞have后的復(fù)合賓語中，賓語補(bǔ)足語如為過去分詞，常表示該分詞所表示的動作是 由別人來執(zhí)行的而不是句中主語自己來執(zhí)行的，如：I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我(找別人)把我的自行車給修了。(4)作狀語過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句，該結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語一般都是主句的主語，是過去 分詞所表示意義的邏輯賓語。為了使作狀語的過去分詞意義更加明確，常在分詞前加when, if,while, though, as等連詞，如：Seen from the hill/ When seen from

20、 the hill, our town looks beautiful.Given more time/ If given more time , we could have done it better.(we 是該結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語，是give的邏輯賓語。)三、現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別（一）語態(tài)不同現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動概念 ，及物動詞的 過去分詞表示被動概念。an inspiring speech 鼓舞人心的演說the inspired audience 受鼓舞的聽眾（二）時(shí)間關(guān)系不同現(xiàn)在分詞 所表示的動作一般是正在進(jìn)行 中的動作，而 過去分詞 所表示的動作，往往是 已經(jīng)完成 的動作，如：the

21、changing world 正在發(fā)生的世界；the changed world 已經(jīng)起了變化的世界。四、動名詞（ 一）動名詞的句法功能動名詞由動詞加ing 構(gòu)成， 與現(xiàn)在分詞的形式相同。 動名詞主要起名詞作用， 在句中擔(dān)任主語、表語、賓語和定語。1. 作主語 : 可以直接放在句首，也可以用先行代詞 it 作為形式主語，而把動名詞后置。eg. Seeing is believing. （ 眼見為實(shí) ）Saying is easier than doing.動名詞作主語還有以下兩個(gè)習(xí)慣表答法：It is no use （good） + 動名詞：做某事沒有用. It's no use cr

22、ying over spilt milk . （ 覆水難收 ）There is no + 動名詞 （= It is impossible to do sth.）. There is no knowing what may happen. （未來的事無法知道）2. 作表語： 通常是說明主語的內(nèi)容，注意它與謂語動詞進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別。.His hobby is collecting stamps.（此句為 SVC結(jié)構(gòu)）可改為：Collecting stamps is his hobby.Cf. He is collecting stamps . （is collecting是謂語動詞進(jìn)行時(shí)，此句為SVO

23、吉構(gòu)）不能改為： Collecting stamps is he.3. 作賓語A. 作及物動詞的賓語 enjoy, mind, finish, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, escape, pratise, suggest, keep(on), miss(2005 年上海卷 32 ) He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn't risk the good opportunity.A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lo

24、st 答案為B有些動詞(attempt, begin, continue, hate, like, love)后面既可以接不定式作賓語，也可以接動名詞作賓語，意義差別不大。通常認(rèn)為用動名詞泛指一般的傾向性，用不定式則表示特定或具體某一種動作。.I like swimming but I don't like to swim in winter.動詞prefer后面接不定式作賓語時(shí)，句子結(jié)構(gòu)與接動名詞作賓語是不一樣。.I prefer to drive rather than to be driven.I prefer driving to riding .思考題：請翻譯以上兩個(gè)句子。有

25、些動詞，如forget, remember, regret 等，后面接動名詞表示的動作先于謂語動詞動作， 不定式表示的動作后于謂語動詞。.When asked by police, he said that he remembered at he party, but not.A. to arrive, leaving B. to arrive, to leave C. arriving, leaving D. arriving, to leave在下列句型中動名詞作真正賓語：動詞+it (形式賓語)+賓補(bǔ)+動名詞(真正賓語).I think it no use telling them .W

26、e think it no good inviting to him.B.作介詞的賓語. The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour his notes.A. bringing up B. referring to C. looking for D. trying onbe used to doing習(xí)慣于做；look forward to doing盼望做； devote one's life to doing 致力于做；spent time (in) doing 花時(shí)間做；be fond of doi

27、ng 喜愛做；be good at doing 擅長 做；be proud of doing 為做而自豪； be tired of doing 對做感到厭倦；feel like doing 欲 想做；go on doing 繼續(xù)做(原來的事)；keep on doing 不停地做； what about doing 做怎 么樣；think of doing 考 慮做； be interested in doing 對做 感興趣；have some difficulty/trouble (in) doing做某事有困難；be busy (in) doing 忙于彳instead of doing做而不做.Everybody in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and jokes.A. turning up B. putting up C. making u