機(jī)電專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)第2版15Unit 15放大器

1、LOGO 徐存善主編operational amplifierpulse amplifiercurrent amplifiervoltage amplifier 徐存善主編 徐存善主編 An amplifier increases the magnitude of, or amplifiers, an electric signal. The signal may be derived, for example, from a TV antenna. Of all components, the amplifier is by far the most widely used building

2、 block in electronics systems. An amplifier may be represented by simple block diagram of Fig.15-1. The input signal voltage is denoted by Es and the input signal current is denoted by Is. Across the output terminals is load resistor RL. Resistance RL may represent, for example, the resistance of a

3、loudspeaker coil, a motor winding, or the input of a connected amplifier stage. Voltage EO is the output (load) voltage, and current IO the output (load) current1. Symbols P1 and P0 are the input and output signal powers, respectively. 徐存善主編 There are different kinds of amplifiers, such as voltage a

4、mplifier, current amplifier, pulse amplifier and operational amplifier, etc. If the amplifier is optimized to amplify voltage signals, it is called a voltage amplifier. For current signals, it is referred to as a current amplifier. If it is to develop output power of one watt or more, it is generall

5、y classified as a power amplifier. Another method of classification is based on the amplitude of signals. For small signals, in the order typically of microvolts and millivolts, the amplifier may be classified as small-signal, and for larger signals as a large-signal amplifier2. Simple algebra is al

6、l that is required for calculating the performance of small-signal amplifiers3. Graphical methods, however, are generally used in the analysis of large-signal amplifiers. 徐存善主編Amplifiers are also classified in terms of load current flow. Fig.15-2 shows the classes of amplifier operation. Fig.15-2 a

7、shows one cycle (360) of a sine wave input signal to an amplifier. If the load current also flows for 360, as indicated in Fig.15-2 b, the amplifier is operating as class A. Class B operation, illustrated in Fig.15-2 c, exists when the load current flows for only 180. If the load current flows for m

8、ore than 180 but less than 360, class AB operation is realized (Fig.15-2 d). Class C operation is obtained if the load current flows for less than 180 (Fig.15-2 e). 徐存善主編Class A operation is used for small signal and single-transistor (referred to as single-ended) power amplifiers. And for class B o

9、r AB operation the amplifier contains two transistors, referred to as a push-pull amplifier4. Class C operation is often used in the amplification of r-f signals in a circuit containing a tuned load.Amplifiers are also classified according to their intended operation. Examples include audio, r-f, vi

10、deo, microwave, and pulse amplifiers.The performance of amplifiers is characterized by the following terms: voltage gain, current gain, power gain, input resistance, output resistance, bandwidth, and distortion. 徐存善主編Magnitude 5mAnitju:d n . 大小 ，量derive di5raiv v . 起源；導(dǎo)出；獲得；得自antenna An5tenE n 天線inp

11、ut 5input n . 輸入電路；投入 vt. 自電子 輸入；將輸入電腦denote di5nEut v . 表示 ，意味著output 5autput n . n. 產(chǎn)量；輸出，輸出量；出產(chǎn) vt. 輸出loudspeaker 5laud5spi:kE n . 揚(yáng)聲器，擴(kuò)音器coil kCil vt. 盤(pán)繞，把卷成圈n. 卷；線圈vi. 成圈狀 徐存善主編winding 5waindiN n . 繞組，線圈Respectively rI5spektIvlI adj. 個(gè)別的，各自的optimize ptimaiz vt. 使最優(yōu)化，使完善vi. 優(yōu)化；持樂(lè)觀態(tài)度watt wCt n .

12、瓦特amplitude 5Amplitju:d n. 振幅；豐富，充足；廣闊microvolt 7maikrEu5vEult n . 微伏millivolt 5mili7vEult n . 毫伏algebra 5AldVibrE n . 代數(shù)學(xué)，代數(shù) 徐存善主編graphical 5rAfikEl adj. 圖表的sine sain, saini n. 正弦 prep. （拉）無(wú)（等于without）illustrate 5ilEstreit v . 說(shuō)明, 闡明；用圖說(shuō)明audio 5C:diEu adj. 聽(tīng)覺(jué)的，音頻的pulse pQls n . 脈沖gain ein v .&

13、n . 收獲；增益；利潤(rùn)；獲得；增加；賺到bandwidth 5bAndwidW n . 帶寬distortion dis5tC:FEn n . 變形；扭曲；曲解；失真in terms of 根據(jù), 通過(guò), 用 徐存善主編 1. Voltage Eo is the output (load) voltage, and current Io the output (load) current. 譯文：電壓Eo是輸出（負(fù)載）電壓，電流Io是輸出（負(fù)載）電流。 說(shuō)明：該句為并列句，在后一個(gè)分句current Io之后省掉了動(dòng)詞is。 徐存善主編2. and for larger signals as

14、 a large-signal amplifier.譯文：而放大較大信號(hào)的放大器稱(chēng)為大信號(hào)放大器。說(shuō)明：在as之前省去了主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)the amplifier may be classified, 因?yàn)樗c前一個(gè)的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)相同，為了避免重復(fù)，所以省略了相同的部分?！癰e classified as” means “be referred to as or be called”，即“歸類(lèi)為、叫作、稱(chēng)為”。 徐存善主編3. Simple algebra is all that is required for calculating the performance of small-signal a

15、mplifiers.譯文：計(jì)算小信號(hào)放大器性能只需要簡(jiǎn)單的代數(shù)知識(shí)。說(shuō)明：句中all作表語(yǔ)，其后的that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾代詞all。 徐存善主編4. And for class B or AB operation the amplifier contains two transistors, referred to as a push-pull amplifier譯文：作乙類(lèi)或甲乙類(lèi)放大時(shí)，放大器有兩個(gè)晶體管，稱(chēng)為推挽放大器。說(shuō)明： This is a compound sentence. In the later clause, after current Io “is” omitted

16、. referred to as 表示“稱(chēng)為、叫作稱(chēng)為、叫作”，refer to also means“提到、提到、說(shuō)到或涉及到某人說(shuō)到或涉及到某人/ 某事物；查詢、參考、送交某事物；查詢、參考、送交”等，for example：The World Trade Organization ( hereinafter referred to as “the WTO”) is hereby established. 特此建立世界貿(mào)易組織（下稱(chēng)“WTO”）。 徐存善主編I. Place a T (true) or an F (false) beside the following sentences

17、according to the text.1. If the amplifier is optimized to amplify voltage signals, it is called a power amplifier.2. Another method of classification is based on the amplitude of signals.3. Graphical method, are generally used in the analysis of small-signal amplifiers. F T F 徐存善主編I. Place a T (true

18、) or an F (false) beside the following sentences according to the text.4. Simple algebra is all that is required for calculating the performance of large-signal amplifiers. 5. Amplifiers are also classified in terms of load current flow.6. Amplifiers are also classified according to their intended o

19、peration. F TT 徐存善主編II. Fill in the blanks with the proper words given in the brackets, changing the form if necessary. 1. The signal may be _(derive) form a TV antenna.2. For current signals, it is _ (refer) to as a current amplifier. 3. Another method of _(classify) is based on the amplitude of si

20、gnals.4. Graphical methods are used in the _ (analyze) of large-signal amplifiers. derivedreferred classificationanalysis 徐存善主編 Translate the following sentences into Chinese1. An amplifier increases the magnitude of an electric signal. 2. For current signals, it is referred to as a current amplifie

21、r.放大器能夠增強(qiáng)放大電信號(hào)。 放大器用來(lái)放大電流信號(hào)，稱(chēng)為電流放大器。 徐存善主編 Translate the following sentences into Chinese3. Amplifiers are also classified in terms of load current flow. 4. Amplifiers are also classified according to their intended operation.放大器也可以按負(fù)載電流相位改變情況來(lái)分類(lèi)。放大器也可按其工作類(lèi)型來(lái)分類(lèi)。 徐存善主編在英語(yǔ)中，介詞(preposition)雖然是一種小詞，但在文中

22、卻起到了中介和連接作用。在翻譯過(guò)程中，介詞的翻譯如果處理不好，就無(wú)法表達(dá)某些最基本的思想或概念。在科技英語(yǔ)的翻譯中，除了一些常用短語(yǔ)已有譯法外，大量介詞需要從其基本意義出發(fā)，聯(lián)系上下文加以靈活處理。下面我們將對(duì)常見(jiàn)的幾種基本譯法加以探討。 徐存善主編 英語(yǔ)中常用介詞來(lái)表達(dá)動(dòng)作意義。漢譯時(shí)，將介詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞的情況一般有以下幾種： 1. 在作表語(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)中 This machine is out of repair 這臺(tái)機(jī)器失修了。 2. 在作目的或原因狀語(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)中 The letter E is commonly used for electromotive force. 電動(dòng)勢(shì)通常用E這

23、個(gè)字母表示。 徐存善主編 3. 在作條件、方式或方法狀語(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)中 But even the larger molecules with several hundred atoms are too small to be seen with the best optical microscope 即使有幾百個(gè)原子的分子也是太小了，用最好的光學(xué)顯微鏡也看不見(jiàn)它們。 4. 介詞短語(yǔ)作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí) Heat sets these particles in random motion 熱量使這些粒子作隨機(jī)運(yùn)動(dòng)。 徐存善主編 根據(jù)介詞的含義及上下文語(yǔ)境，同時(shí)考慮漢語(yǔ)的慣用表達(dá)法，增加譯詞。 例如：That

24、s all there is to it 那就是與此有關(guān)的全部?jī)?nèi)容。 The engineer was taken ill with consumptionIt was flour on the lungs，the doctor told him at the time 這個(gè)工程師得了肺病、那是由于面粉對(duì)肺部的影響當(dāng)時(shí)醫(yī)生這樣對(duì)他說(shuō)的。（在本句中on=effect) 由此可見(jiàn)，在翻譯過(guò)程中，熟悉介詞與動(dòng)詞或形容詞的習(xí)慣搭配對(duì)于增詞并正確理解詞義至關(guān)重要。 徐存善主編 省略翻譯是在確切表達(dá)原文內(nèi)容的前提下使得譯文簡(jiǎn)練且合乎漢語(yǔ)規(guī)范決不是任意刪減或省略。以下幾種情況，介詞可以不譯： 1 表示手段、

25、方法的介詞 There are four seasons in a year 一年有四季。 2 表示情況的介詞 It is known to all that everything in the universe is in constant motion and constant change. 大家都知道宇宙萬(wàn)物都在不斷運(yùn)動(dòng)變化。 徐存善主編 3 介詞for (為了)，from (從)，to (對(duì))，on (在 時(shí))等 The barometer is a good instrument for measuring air pressure 氣壓計(jì)是測(cè)量氣壓的好儀器。 4 表示與主語(yǔ)有關(guān)的

26、某一方面、范圍或內(nèi)容的介詞 Something has gone wrong with the engine 這臺(tái)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)出了毛病。 5 在句中作定語(yǔ)的of The change of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done in motors 電能變?yōu)闄C(jī)械能是通過(guò)電動(dòng)機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。(句中of短語(yǔ)和change在邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系，可譯成主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。) 徐存善主編 有的介詞短語(yǔ)在翻譯過(guò)程中必須采用反譯法，如不從反面著筆，譯文就有可能不通，在這里列舉出以下幾種情況： 1 在beyond, past，against 等表示超過(guò)某限度的能力或反對(duì)時(shí) R

27、adio telescopes have been able to probe space beyond the range of ordinary optical telescopes 射電望遠(yuǎn)鏡已能探測(cè)普通光學(xué)望遠(yuǎn)鏡達(dá)不到的宇宙空間。 2 在of，from等表示地點(diǎn)，距離時(shí) The boat sank of the coast 這只船在離海岸不遠(yuǎn)處沉沒(méi)了。 3 在but，except，besides等表示“除去、除外”時(shí) Copper is the best conductor but silver 銅是僅次于銀的最優(yōu)導(dǎo)體。 徐存善主編Digital Integrated Circuits

28、Linear Integrated Circuits 徐存善主編Integrated CircuitsIntegrated circuit, or IC is a combination of a few interconnected circuit elements such as transistors，diodes，capacitors，and resistors produced in a single manufacturing process on one and the same bearing structure，called the substrate，and intende

29、d to perform definite function involved in converting information1 集成電路，縮寫(xiě)為IC，是幾個(gè)互相連接的電路元件的組合，諸如晶體管、二極管、電容器和電阻等電路元件的組合。它們是在同一個(gè)基底結(jié)構(gòu)上，同時(shí)是在一個(gè)單獨(dú)制造過(guò)程中生產(chǎn)出來(lái)的，這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)叫做襯底；目的是用在信息轉(zhuǎn)換中執(zhí)行一定的功能。 徐存善主編The electrically interconnected components that make up2 an IC are called integrated elementsIf an integrated circui

30、t includes only one type of components， such as only diodes or resistors，it is said to be an assembly or set of components 組成集成電路的那些不可分離地聯(lián)合在一起的并在電方面互相連接的元件，稱(chēng)為集成元件。如果集成電路只是包含一種類(lèi)型的元件，例如僅由二極管或只由電阻組成，便稱(chēng)為元件組件或元件組。 徐存善主編The principle of integrated circuit elements lies in the followingA great number of “s

31、et” are produced simultaneously on a waferEach set contains all the components such as transistors，diodes，and resistors which are interconnected with short fine metallic stripes deposited on the wafer surface 3They make up an functional blockEach ICs of components is a ready integrated circuitAll IC

32、s are regularly distributed on the wafer surface 電路元件的集成原理如下。首先把大量的“組”同時(shí)生產(chǎn)于晶片上，每個(gè)組包含諸如晶體管、二極管和電阻之類(lèi)的全部元件，各元件用沉積在晶片表面上短細(xì)金屬條紋互相連接起來(lái)，組成一個(gè)合適功能的塊。每個(gè)元件組都是一個(gè)現(xiàn)成的集成電路。全部集成電路都有規(guī)則地分布在晶片表面上。 徐存善主編ICs can be classified by function into two：circuits to be applied in digital systems and those to be applied in linea

33、r systemsThe digital ICs are employed mostly in computers，electronic counters，frequency synthesizers and digital instrumentsAnd the analog，or linear ICs operate over a continuous range，and include such devices as operational amplifiers 制造集成電路的技術(shù)可分為兩大類(lèi)：薄膜技術(shù)和單片技術(shù)。集成電路按其功能也可分為兩大類(lèi)，即用于數(shù)字系統(tǒng)的電路和用于線性系統(tǒng)的電路。數(shù)

34、字集成電路廣泛應(yīng)用于計(jì)算機(jī)、電子計(jì)數(shù)器、頻率合成器和數(shù)字儀器中。模擬或線性集成電路可在連續(xù)范圍內(nèi)工作，它包括諸如運(yùn)算放大器之類(lèi)的器件。 徐存善主編The invention of IC is a great revolution in the electronic industrySharp size，weight reduction are possible with these techniques；and more importantly，high reliability，excellent functional performance，low cost and low power di

35、ssipation can be achievedICs are widely used in the electronic industry集成電路的發(fā)明是電子工業(yè)的一次重大革命。利用這一技術(shù)，完全可能實(shí)現(xiàn)尺寸縮小和重量減輕；更重要的是，能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)高可靠性、良好的工作性能、低成本和低功耗。集成電路已廣泛應(yīng)用于電子工業(yè)。 徐存善主編interconnect ,int(:)knekt vt 使互相連接vi. 互相聯(lián)系manufacture ,mnjufkt n制造，制造業(yè) v. 制造，加工bearing bri n承載，關(guān)系，方向 軸承；方位；舉止；關(guān)系substrate sbstreit n.

36、基質(zhì)；基片；襯底（等于substratum）definite definit adj. 確切的；一定的；確定的；明確的involved invlvd adj. 卷入的；有關(guān)的（involve v. 涉及；包含）simultaneous ,simlteinis adj. 同時(shí)的；同時(shí)發(fā)生的n. 同時(shí)譯員metallic mitlik, me- adj. 金屬的，含金屬的 n. 金屬纖維stripe straip n. 條紋，斑紋；種類(lèi) vt. 加條紋于functional fknl adj. 功能的；職能的；函數(shù)的 徐存善主編synthesizer sinisaiz n. 合成者；合成器；合成儀

37、；綜合器assembly sembli n集合，裝配，匯編；集會(huì)；組裝principle prinspl n原理，原則；道義；本質(zhì)，本義；根源，源泉wafer weif n. 圓片，晶片；薄片，干膠片；薄餅；vt. 用干膠片封deposit dipzit n堆積物，沉淀物 v存放，堆積，沉淀distribute distribju(:)t vt散布，分布reduction ridkn n減少，縮減量dissipation ,disipein n消耗，分散electronic counter 電子計(jì)數(shù)器frequency synthesizer 頻率合成器 徐存善主編1What is integ

38、rated circuit? What functions can integrated circuits perform?2. What are called integrated elements? I. Answer the following questions according to the text Integrated circuit is a combination of a few interconnected circuit elements such as transistors，diodes，capacitors，and resistors produced in a

39、 single manufacturing process on one and the same bearing structure，called the substrate，and intended to perform definite function involved in converting information.The electrically interconnected components that make up2 an IC are called integrated elements 徐存善主編3. Can you describe the principle o

40、f integrated circuit elements? Try to present it.IAnswer the following questions according to the reading The principle of integrated circuit elements lies in the followingA great number of “set” are produced simultaneously on a waferEach set contains all the components such as transistors，diodes，an

41、d resistors which are interconnected with short fine metallic stripes deposited on the wafer surfaceThey make up an functional block 徐存善主編4. How many types can ICs be classified into by function? What are they?5. Why is the invention of IC a great revolution in the electronic industry?I. Answer the

42、following questions according to the text ICs can be classified by function into two：circuits to be applied in digital systems and those to be applied in linear systems Because sharp size，weight reduction are possible with these techniques；and more importantly，high reliability，excellent functional p

43、erformance，low cost and low power dissipation can be achieved 徐存善主編An integrated circuit looks like nothing more than a tiny chip of metal，perhaps one-half of a centimeter on a side，and not much thicker than a sheet of paperIt is so small that if it fell on the floor, it could be easily swept up wit

44、h the dustAlthough it is very small，it represents the most highly skilled technology at every step of its manufactureAt todays level of development，it might comprise more than ten thousand separate electronic elements including elements of many different functions，such as diodes，transistors，capacitors and resistorsII. Translate the following short passage