選修六unit1 art

1、選修六Unit1Art 西方繪畫藝術(shù)簡史 Art is influenced by the customs and faith of a people. 藝術(shù)是受著一個民族的生活習(xí)俗和信仰一個民族的生活習(xí)俗和信仰的影響的。 Styles in Western art have changed many times. 西方的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格經(jīng)歷了多次多次變革。 As there are so many different styles of Western art, it would be impossible to describe all of them in such a short text.

2、由于西方的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格多種多樣，在短短短短的一篇課文里的一篇課文里不可能進行全面的描述。 Consequently, this text will describe only the most important ones, starting from the sixth century AD.因此因此,本文只談及從公元6世紀以來最主要的幾種藝術(shù)風(fēng)格。1. faith n.u 信任，相信，信心；誠意，善意；宗教信仰；c（某一）宗教。 【W(wǎng)ord transformation】詞性轉(zhuǎn)換 adj. faithful 忠實的，忠誠的；可信賴的（syn: loyal） adv. faithfully 忠實

3、地，忠誠地；準確地，如實地 n. faithfulness 忠實，忠誠 have faith in sb./sth.：對有信心 faith in sb./sth.：對失去信心 faith in sb./sth.：對恢復(fù)信心 keep faith to sb./sth.：對守信用 faith to sb./sth.：對不守信用lose restore break in good faith：誠心誠意；出于善意；真誠 in bad faith：存心不良；背信棄義 be faithful to ：對忠誠/忠實 Faithfully yours, * / Yours faithfully, * = S

4、incerely yours, * / Yours sincerely, * （正式信函署名前的套語）您忠實/忠誠的*【Instant practice】即時練習(xí)Though I have failed many times, I still have great faith in myself. 雖然我失敗了很多次，但我仍然對自己充滿信心。I have full faith in you; I believe you will do well! 我對你充滿信心，我相信你會干得好！We have lost faith in the managers promises. 我們不再相信經(jīng)理的承諾H

5、er friends kindness has restored her faith in human nature. 朋友們的善意使她恢復(fù)了對人性的信心。You cannot expect your friends to trust you if you dont keep faith with them. 假如你對朋友不守信義， 你就不要指望他們會信任你。6. Lily lent some money to Tom in good/bad faith. Lily 出于善意/存心不良地借給些錢了Tom.6. They handed over the weapons as a gesture

6、of good faith. 他們交出了武器以示誠意。6. We must learn to understand people of different (religious) faiths。 我們需要學(xué)會理解不同宗教信仰的人。6. People from all (religious) faiths are welcome. 歡迎來自各種宗教信仰的人們。6. Faith moves mountains. 精誠所至，金石為開。2. consequently adv. 所以；因而 【W(wǎng)ord transformation】 adj. consequent n. consequence 【Usa

7、ge tips】使用說明 consequently在句中單獨使用，相當(dāng)于therefore，as a result，as a consequence，表示由前面所述內(nèi)容造成的結(jié)果。 用consequently連接具有因果關(guān)系的句子時，其格式一般是： . Consequently, . ; consequently, . , and consequently .【Brief summary】 consequent on/upon：跟隨發(fā)生的；由引起的 in consequence of / as a consequence of = as a result of：作為的結(jié)果；因為 face/ t

8、ake/ suffer/ bear the consequence of ：承擔(dān)的后果 of no/little consequence (to sb.) = of no/little importance (to sb)：無關(guān)緊要；不重要【Instant practice】I missed the train and consequently was late for work.我沒有趕上火車，結(jié)果上班遲到了。My car broke down and consequently I was late.我的汽車壞了，結(jié)果我遲到了It was raining heavily; consequen

9、tly, I was late.天下著大雨，所以我遲到了The bank refused to help the company; consequently, it went bankrupt.銀行拒絕資助這家公司，因此該公司破產(chǎn)了。The company went bankrupt. Consequently, he lost his job.公司破產(chǎn)，因此他失業(yè)了。The Middle Ages (5th to the 15th century AD) 中世紀(公元5世紀到15世紀) During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was

10、to represent religious themes. 在中世紀,畫家的主要任務(wù)是把宗教的主題表現(xiàn)出來。 3. aim 3. aim n.c目的，目標(biāo)；u瞄準； v. 目的是，旨在；瞄準 【W(wǎng)ord transformation】 adj. aimless 無目的的，無目標(biāo)的 adv. aimlessly n. aimlessness【Brief summary】 with the aim of：目的是；為了 without aim = aimless：漫無目的 achieve ones aim：達到目標(biāo) aim at (doing) sth.：目的是：目的是；旨在；旨在；致；致力于力于

11、；瞄準；瞄準/對準對準 be aimed at：目的是：目的是；旨在；旨在 aim to do sth.：旨在做某事；立志做某事：旨在做某事；立志做某事 take aim at sb./sth.：把目標(biāo)對準；把批評的矛頭指向；針對；瞄準 aim sth. at sb.：針對；對象是 aim for sth.：致力于；瞄準/對準【Instant practice】1. Lucy went to London with the aim of finding a job. Lucy去倫敦是為了找工作2. One of Janes aims in life is to earn a great dea

12、l of money. Jane的人生目標(biāo)之一是賺一大筆錢3. After years of hard working, he finally achieved his aim (in life).經(jīng)過多年的努力工作，他終于實現(xiàn)了自己的（人生）目標(biāo)4. The program is aimed at teenage audience.這個節(jié)目的對象是十幾歲的觀眾5. The government is aiming at a 50% reduction in unemployment.政府正在力圖減少50%的事業(yè)人數(shù)。 A conventional artist of this period

13、was not interested in showing nature and people as they really were. 一個傳統(tǒng)的藝術(shù)家無意于如實地展現(xiàn)自然和人物。4. conventional 4. conventional adj. 傳統(tǒng)的，習(xí)慣的； 依照慣例/遵循習(xí)俗的，墨守成規(guī)的，普通平凡的； （武器）常規(guī)的，非核的。 （opp. unconventional）【W(wǎng)ord transformation】 n. convention c/u習(xí)俗，慣例，常規(guī)；（文學(xué)、藝術(shù)的）傳統(tǒng)手法，傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)格 c（國家或首腦見的）公約，協(xié)議，協(xié)定；（某職業(yè)、政黨的）大會，集會 （syn同

14、義詞: conference） adv. conventionally n. conventionality【Instant practice】She is very conventional in her views.她的觀點很保守/守舊Lucy is always conventionally dressed.Lucy的衣著總是很傳統(tǒng)/保守.In the conventional sense, this is not art.從傳統(tǒng)意義上來說，這不是藝術(shù)。 A typical picture at this time was full of religious symbols, which

15、 created a feeling of respect and love for God. 這個時期這個時期的典型典型的繪畫充滿了宗教的宗教的(象象)特征特征,體現(xiàn)出了對上帝的愛戴與敬重。 5. typical 5. typical adj. 典型的，有代表性的（syn: representative; opp: atypical）； 一貫的，平常的 特有的，不出所料的?！網(wǎng)ord transformation】 adv. typically 通常，一般 v. typify 作為的典型，是的典范，成為的特征 type n. 類型，種類；典型 v. 分類，測定的類型；打字，打印【Brief

16、summary】 typical of sb./sth.：典型的，特有的 It is typical of sb./sth. to do sth 做是sb./sth.的特征【Instant practice】1. This is a typical example of Impressionist painting.2. This wine is typical of the region. 3. It is typical of Tom to take hard jobs. 4. It is typical of Lucy to forget bringing her bag to scho

17、ol.5. The weather at the moment is not typical for November. But it was evident that ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious scenes in a more realistic way.但是,很顯然很顯然到了13世紀時,觀念發(fā)生變化,像喬托這樣的畫家開始以以一種比較現(xiàn)實的方式一種比較現(xiàn)實的方式來畫宗教場景。6. evident 6. evident

18、 adj. 清楚的，明白的，顯而易見的，顯然的。 （syn: clear, obvious）【W(wǎng)ord transformation】 adv. evidently 明顯地，顯然地（syn: clearly, obviously）；據(jù)說 evidence n. 根據(jù)，證明，證據(jù) v. 證明，表明，作為的證據(jù)【Brief summary】 It is evident (to sb.) that：（就某人看來）顯然 be evident in/from ：顯然表明 evidence of/for ; evidence that ：證據(jù)表明 in evidence：顯眼，顯而易見 It is evi

19、dent that smoking is harmful to health. It is evident to me that Lucy is well prepared for this class.The Renaissance (15th to 16th century) 文藝復(fù)興時期( 15世紀到16世紀) During the Renaissance, new ideas and values gradually replaced those held in the Middle Ages. 在文藝復(fù)興文藝復(fù)興時期,新的思想和價值觀價值觀逐漸取代了中世紀的思想和價值觀。 Peopl

20、e began to concentrate less on religious themes and adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. 人們開始較少關(guān)關(guān)注注宗教主題而采取一種更人性化的生活態(tài)生活態(tài)度度。 7. adopt 收養(yǎng)，領(lǐng)養(yǎng)；采用 【W(wǎng)ord transformation】 n. adoption 收養(yǎng)，領(lǐng)養(yǎng)；采用（想法、計劃、名字等）；選定，推舉（候選人） n. adopter adoptee interviewer-interviewee adj. adopted 收養(yǎng)的，領(lǐng)養(yǎng)的；移居的 adj. adoptive 收養(yǎng)的，有收養(yǎng)

21、關(guān)系的有收養(yǎng)關(guān)系的1. Many childless couples choose to adopt children.2. The factories have adopted the latest modern technology.3. After going to France, Lucy soon adopted the French way of life. At the same time painters returned to classical Roman and Greek ideas about art. 同同時時畫家們回到了羅馬、希臘的古典藝術(shù)理念上。 They tr

22、ied to paint people and nature as they really were. 他們力爭如實地畫出人物和自然。 Rich people wanted to possess their own paintings, so they could decorate their superb palaces and great houses. 富人們想擁有擁有自己的藝術(shù)品并用來裝飾自己的高級宮殿和豪高級宮殿和豪宅宅 。9. superb adj. 極佳的，卓越的，質(zhì)量極高的【W(wǎng)ord transformation】 adv. Superbly【Brief summary】 su

23、per adj. 超級的，頂好的，頂呱呱的 adv. 特別，格外 n. 警官，警長；（大樓）管理人 super- (prefix in adj. adv. and n.) 極極，超，超，超級超級；上，上，上方上方【Instant practice】 super-rich superman superglue supercomputer superstructure Superconductor A super meal A super football player They paid famous artists to paint pictures of themselves, their

24、houses and possessions as well as their activities and achievements.,他們出價聘請著名藝術(shù)家來為自己畫像,畫自己的房屋和財物財物,以及他們的活動和成就8. possession n. u 所有；具有；擁有；占有c （常用復(fù)數(shù)possessions）個人財產(chǎn)；私人物品 【W(wǎng)ord transformation】 v. possess 擁有；具有； adj. possessive 占有欲強的，不愿分享的，有占有欲強的，不愿分享的，有獨占欲望的；獨占欲望的； 表示所屬關(guān)系的，所有格的（possessive pronouns物主代詞物

25、主代詞） （adv. Possessively; n. possessiveness） possessed 著魔的著魔的 n. possessor 所有者，持有人（所有者，持有人（syn: owner） 【Brief summary】 come into possession of：獲得 take possession of：擁有；占有 in possession of：擁有；占有 in the possession of sb. = in sb. possession：為所有 be possessed of sth. ：具有某種品質(zhì)或特征 like one/a man/a woman pos

26、sessed：著了魔似的；拼命地；猛烈地 Be possessive of/about sb./sth.：對：對有獨占有獨占欲望的欲望的能組成類似詞組的還有control和charge take control of：控制；管理 in control of：控制；管理 in the control of：由控制/管理 take charge of：負責(zé) in charge of：負責(zé) in the charge of：由負責(zé)Instant practice A true friend is the best possession. He gave up possession of the ho

27、use. She came into possession of the house. He run out of the room like a man possessed. Tom is very possessive about his toys/car. One of the most important discoveries during this period was how to draw things in perspective. 在此期間,最重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)之一最重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)之一就是如何用透視法用透視法來畫出事物。 This technique was first used by

28、 Masaccio in 1428. 這一手法是1428年由馬賽其奧第一次使用的。10. technique 10. technique n.c技巧，技藝，工藝；u, sing技術(shù)，技能。（also technic） 【W(wǎng)ord transformation】 adj. technical 技術(shù)的，工藝的；專業(yè)的 adv. technically在專業(yè)上，在技巧上，在技藝上； n. technicality 技術(shù)性細節(jié)，訴訟程序性細節(jié) technician 技師，技術(shù)員；精于技巧者 When people first saw his paintings, they were convinced

29、 that they were looking through a hole in a wall at a real scene. 當(dāng)人們第一次看到他的畫時,還以為是透過透過墻上的小洞來觀看真實的場景,并對對此深信不疑深信不疑。11. convince v.使確信；使相信；說服。 【W(wǎng)ord transformation】 adj. convinced 深信的；確信的 convincing令人信服的；有說服力的 （opp: unconvincing） adv. convincingly令人信服地 【Brief summary】 convince sb. to do sth.：說服某人做某事；：

30、說服某人做某事；使某人信服其應(yīng)當(dāng)做某事使某人信服其應(yīng)當(dāng)做某事 convince sb. of sth. / convince sb. that ：使：使某人信服某人信服Compare：advise，persuade，convince，表示“勸說”。 advise表示“勸告”“規(guī)勸”或“建議”某人應(yīng)該做某事或如何做，只表示勸說的動作，而不強調(diào)結(jié)果只表示勸說的動作，而不強調(diào)結(jié)果。 persuade表示通過勸說而使人愿意采納某種意見或采取某個行動，強調(diào)已經(jīng)達到了強調(diào)已經(jīng)達到了“說服說服”、“勸服勸服”的結(jié)果的結(jié)果 convince表示通過向某人陳述事實，運用推理或邏輯證通過向某人陳述事實，運用推理或

31、邏輯證明使某人明使某人“信服信服”、“深信深信”，其語氣比persuade強，強調(diào)通過努力，辯論等而最終使對方“心服口服心服口服”。 convince所要求的主語可以是人，也可以是事物主語可以是人，也可以是事物； 而advise和persuade所要求的主語必須是人主語必須是人，不能是事物不能是事物。體會以下例句： He advised me to work hard. （他勸告我要努力學(xué)習(xí)；勸說的結(jié)果未知） He persuaded me to work hard. （他勸服了我要努力學(xué)習(xí)；我采取了相應(yīng)的行動） He convinced me to work hard. （他使我認識到要努力

32、學(xué)習(xí)；我不僅采取了行動，并且從內(nèi)心信服他的勸告）【Instant practice】1. He has been trying to convince me of the importance of learning English2. We could not convince him of his mistake.3. We could not convince him that he was wrong.4. Your argument is too weak to convince me.5. How can I convince you of my honesty? If the r

33、ules of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. 如沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)透視法,人們就不可能畫出如此逼真的畫如此逼真的畫。 By coincidence, oil paints were also developed at this time, which made the colours used in paintings look richer and deeper. 巧合的是巧合的是這一時期油畫顏料也得到了發(fā)展,它使得繪畫的色彩看上去更豐

34、富、更深沉。 12. coincidence 12. coincidence n. （令人吃驚的）巧合，巧事；并存，同時存在； （想法、意見等）相同，符合，一致。 【W(wǎng)ord transformation】 adj. coincident 同時發(fā)生的，同一地方發(fā)生的 coincidental 巧合，碰巧，非計劃之中 adv. coincidentally v. coincide 同時發(fā)生；相同，相符，極為類似；相接，相交，同位，重疊【Brief summary】 by (sheer/pure) coincidence：純屬巧合 It is (not) a coincidence that; =

35、 It is (not) coincidental that：（不）是碰巧（不）是碰巧/偶然偶然 coincide with：與：與同時發(fā)生同時發(fā)生/相交相交/重疊重疊【Instant practice】 By coincidence, we both decided to go to Guangzhou to watch the Asian Games during the holiday. My holiday coincides with Lucys. It is purely coincidental that we both chose to call our pets Emma.

36、I think it is not a coincidence that you meet the boy today. Without the new paints and the new technique, we would not be able to see the many great masterpieces for which this period is famous. 沒有新的顏料和新的(繪畫)手法,我們就不能看到很多使這一時代著名的杰杰作作。Impressionism (late 19th to early 20th century)印象派時期( 19世紀后期到20世紀初

37、期) In the late 19th century, Europe changed a great deal from a mostly agricultural society to a mostly industrial one. 19世紀后期,歐洲發(fā)生了巨大的變化,從以農(nóng)業(yè)為主的社會以農(nóng)業(yè)為主的社會變成了以工業(yè)為主的社會。以工業(yè)為主的社會。a great deal a great deal 許多地；大量地?？僧?dāng)作副詞使用，類似于a lot。 a great deal of許多的；大量的?？僧?dāng)作形容詞使用，一般修飾不可數(shù)名詞；做主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。【Instant practi

38、ce】 My family means a great deal to me. I am feeling a great deal better now. They spent a great deal of money on books. Our living conditions have improved a great deal. English classes have been giving everybody a great deal of pleasure. Many people moved from the countryside to the new cities. 許多

39、人從從農(nóng)村遷入到遷入到新城市。 There were many new inventions and social changes. 有著許多新發(fā)明,還有許多社會變革。 Naturally, these changes also led to new painting styles. 這些變革也自然而然地促成促成了新的繪畫風(fēng)格。 Among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who lived and worked in Paris.在那些突破突

40、破傳統(tǒng)畫法的畫家中有生活和工作 在 法 國 巴 黎 的 印 象 派 畫 家 。 The Impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors. 印象派畫家是第一批室外寫第一批室外寫景的畫家景的畫家。 They were eager to show how light and shadow fell on objects at different times of day. 他們急切地想把一天中不同時間投射到物體上的光線和陰影呈現(xiàn)出來。 However, because natural light changes so quickly,

41、the Impressionists had to paint quickly. 然而由于自然光的變化很快,印象派畫家們必須很快地作畫 Their paintings were not as detailed as those of earlier painters. 因此,他們的畫就不像以前那些畫家們的畫那樣細致了。 At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very angry about it. 起初,許多人都不喜歡這種畫法,甚至還怒不可遏。 They said that the painters w

42、ere careless and their paintings were ridiculous.他們說這些畫家作畫時漫不經(jīng)心、粗枝大葉,而他們的作品更是荒謬可笑。Modern Art (20th century to today) 現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)(20世紀至今) At the time they were created, the Impressionist paintings were controversial, but today they are accepted as the beginning of what we call modern art.在印象派作品的創(chuàng)建初期,它們是存在著爭

43、議的,但是如今己被人們接受而成為現(xiàn)在我們所說的“現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)”的始祖了。 This is because the Impressionists encouraged artists to look at their environment in new ways. 這是因為印象派鼓勵畫家用一種嶄新的視角用一種嶄新的視角看待他們的環(huán)境。 There are scores of modern art styles, but without the Impressionists, many of these painting styles might not exist. 如今,現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)風(fēng)格有好幾十種,

44、然而如果沒有印象派,那么這許多不同的風(fēng)格就不可能存在。 scores of scores of 許多的；大量的。用于修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞。 score n.c 得分，比分；分數(shù)，成績；（約）二十個； v. （游戲、比賽或考試中）得分；記分；評分。 score意為“二十”， 用法同hundred、thousand。 即與數(shù)詞連用時，表示確切的數(shù)目“二十的倍”，其后不可加s； scores of； 注意：score后面一般要接介詞of，而如果名詞是表示時間的詞（如：year）時，常常會省略of。 Italy won the soccer game by a score of 4 to 1. He has an IQ score of 140. The final score of the soccer match was 4 to 1 for Italy. On the one hand, some modern art is abstract; that is, the painter does not attempt to paint objects as we see them with our eyes, but instead concentrates on certain qualities of the object