英文修辭手法詳解Figures-of-speech

1、文檔可能無法思考全面，請(qǐng)瀏覽后下載! Figures of speech (修辭)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to

2、talk about some common forms of figures of speech. 1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at  least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as.as, as if and like are used to transfer the

3、 quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country. 2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For examp

4、le, the world is a stage. 3) Analogy: (類比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance. 4) Personifica

5、tion: (擬人）It gives human form of feelings  to animals, or life and personal attributes(賦予) to inanimate(無生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees. 5) Hyperbole: (夸張）： It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration

6、 to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing. 6) Understatement: (含蓄陳述）  It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely im

7、plied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter. 7) Euphemism: (委婉）  It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(無冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as” pass away&qu

8、ot;.8 / 9 8) Metonymy (轉(zhuǎn)喻）   It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces). 9) Synecdoche (提喻）  It is involves the substitution of the pa

9、rt for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks. 10) Antonomasia (換喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man.

10、 Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor. 11) Pun: (雙關(guān)語(yǔ)）  It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weap

11、ons carried by a soldier.) 12) Solipsism: (一語(yǔ)雙敘）  It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in

12、grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here we are used to refer to you and me.) In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting, and losing limb and mind, and dying, other

13、s stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.) 13) Zeugma: (軛式搭配）  It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly apply

14、ing in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, the sun shall not burn you by day or the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn) 14) Irony: (反語(yǔ)）  It is a figure of speech  that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of wha

15、t is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good. 15) Innuendo: (暗諷）  It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(

16、不贊美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom. 16) Sarcasm: (諷刺）  It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feel

17、ings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through.  17) Paradox: (似非而是的雋語(yǔ)）  It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary t

18、oestablished fact or practice, but which onfurther thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more haste, less speed.   18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修飾）   It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(結(jié)合) of two contra

19、sting, contradictory or incongruous(不協(xié)調(diào)) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混亂) and proud humility(侮辱). 19) Antithesis: (對(duì)照）  It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silenc

20、e is golden. 20) Epigram: (警句）  It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(強(qiáng)烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor. 21) Climax: (漸進(jìn)）&

21、#160; It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I conquered. 22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降） It i

22、s the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(賦予) a college, or a cat. 23) Apostrophe： &#

23、160; (頓呼）   In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said.For instance, England! awake! awake! awake! 24) Transferred Epithet: (轉(zhuǎn)類形容詞）  It is a figure of speech where an epithet

24、 (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修飾) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I spent sleepless nights on my project. 25) Alliteration: (頭韻）  It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words f

25、or effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(間隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is  also called "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free. 26) Onomatopoe

26、ia: (擬聲）  It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated  with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement。  Explanation version1一、什么是修辭格     修辭格(figures of speech)是提高語(yǔ)言表達(dá)效果的語(yǔ)言藝術(shù)

27、。它能使語(yǔ)言生動(dòng)形象、具體活潑，給人以美的享受。要翻譯好英語(yǔ)修辭格，首先要弄清其特點(diǎn)、弄清英漢兩種語(yǔ)言在這方面的異同，然后根據(jù)具體情況采用恰當(dāng)?shù)募记蛇M(jìn)行翻譯。英語(yǔ)修辭格種類很多，但粗略分來似可分為音韻修辭格、詞義修辭格和句法修辭格。     （一）音韻修辭格(phonological rhetorical devices)     顧名思義，音韻修辭格是利用詞語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)音特點(diǎn)創(chuàng)造出來的修辭手法。它主要包括 onomatopoeia、alliteration 和assonance。Onoma

28、topoeia 是模仿事物發(fā)出的聲響的修辭手法，與漢語(yǔ)的擬聲辭格完全相同。恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用它可以使語(yǔ)言更加形象生動(dòng)。如：     Presently there came the click of high-heeled shoes.     高跟皮鞋聲閣閣地傳了過來。     Alliteration就是在一個(gè)詞組或一個(gè)詩(shī)行中，有兩個(gè)以上彼此靠近的詞，其開頭的音節(jié)（或其他重讀音節(jié)）具有同樣的字母或聲音；assonance 是在一句話或在一個(gè)詩(shī)行中間，有兩個(gè)或更

29、多的詞具有相同的元音。前者與漢語(yǔ)的雙聲(漢語(yǔ)中兩個(gè)或多個(gè)音節(jié)，聲母相同，叫做雙聲，它不是辭格)相似，后者與漢語(yǔ)的疊韻（兩個(gè)或多個(gè)音節(jié)彼此韻母相同）非常相似。例如：  （1）       Peter Piper picked a peck of picking pepper.（alliteration）     皮特.派特咽下了一口腌菜用的胡椒粉。     （2）With this faith we will be a

30、ble to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. (assonance)  懷著這個(gè)信念，我們能把絕望的大山鑿成希望的磐石。      （二）詞義修辭格(semantic rhetorical devices)     詞義修辭格主要借助語(yǔ)義的聯(lián)想和語(yǔ)言的變化等特點(diǎn)創(chuàng)造出來的修辭手法。它們主要包括   simile, metaphor, allusion, metonymy, transf

31、erred epithet, personification, hyperbole, irony, euphemism, pun, oxymoron, zeugma, contrast  等。        A. simile，metaphor；allusion     Simile 與漢語(yǔ)的明喻基本相同，用某一事物或情境來比擬另一個(gè)事物或情境。其本體和喻體均同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在句中，在形式上是相對(duì)應(yīng)的。英語(yǔ)  simile  

32、;的比喻詞一般是  like, as（as）等, 漢語(yǔ)明喻的比喻詞通常是"好象"、"仿佛"等。例如：     They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails.     這些人猶如街上的有軌電車，  滿足于在自己的軌道上運(yùn)行。     Metaphor 兼有漢語(yǔ)隱喻、借喻及擬物的特點(diǎn)，即把甲事物當(dāng)作乙事物來描寫。如： 

33、    （1）Experience is the mother of wisdom.  經(jīng)驗(yàn)為智慧之母。（隱喻）     （2）She is shedding crocodile tears. 她在掉鱷魚眼淚。（借喻）     （3）  Mark my words, the first woman who fishes for him, hooks him.     

34、瞧著吧，  不管什么女人釣他，  他就會(huì)上鉤。（擬物）     比喻修辭手法主要涉及形象。人們生活在自然界，有許多共同的經(jīng)歷和感受。比較英漢兩種語(yǔ)言中常用的比喻，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)有許多驚人的相似之處，比如都用狐貍比喻狡猾，用羊比喻溫順、用鋼鐵比喻堅(jiān)硬，常見喻體相同的還有Footnote （腳注 ）、  Harelip（兔唇）等。當(dāng)然，比喻形象往往打上各個(gè)民族獨(dú)特文化的烙印，某些英語(yǔ)喻體形象會(huì)讓中國(guó)讀者不知所云，  如英文  as wise as a man of Gotham（

35、60; "象戈丹人一樣明智"）  就讓人費(fèi)解。其實(shí)戈丹是英國(guó)的一個(gè)村莊，相傳那里的人是最愚蠢的，所以這個(gè)比喻的意思是"蠢笨無比"。類似的例子還有：     as thick as thieves親密無間 （不是"像賊一樣厚"）      as old as the hills 古老 （不是"像山一樣老"）     The ship plows the sea.

36、0;船在乘風(fēng)破浪地前進(jìn)。（不是"船在犁海"）      Allusion與漢語(yǔ)的暗引相近似。其特點(diǎn)是不注明來源和出處，一般多引用人們熟知的關(guān)鍵詞或詞組，將其融合編織在作者的話語(yǔ)中。引用的東西包括典故、諺語(yǔ)、成語(yǔ)、格言和俗語(yǔ)等。英語(yǔ)引用最多的是源出圣經(jīng)故事以及希臘、羅馬神話、伊索寓言和那些淵源流長(zhǎng)的諺語(yǔ)、格言等。例如：     （1）Grammar may be his heel of Achilles.語(yǔ)法是他的大弱點(diǎn)。（Achilles 是希臘神話中的一位勇士。除

37、了腳踵處，他身上其他地方刀槍不入。）     （2）The project is an economic albatross from the start.     這個(gè)項(xiàng)目從一開始就是一個(gè)擺脫不了的經(jīng)濟(jì)難題。(Albatross 是英國(guó)詩(shī)人柯勒律治的古舟子詠中的信天翁，它被忘恩負(fù)義的水手殺死后，  全船陷入災(zāi)難中。)     B. metonymy; transferred epithet    

38、; Metonymy、synecdoche 和_1antonomasia 都是不直接說出事物的本來名稱，而換用另一個(gè)名稱或另一個(gè)說法。它們大體上相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)的借代（分為旁借和對(duì)代兩類）。如Crown（王冠）可喻指君主、王權(quán)、王國(guó)政府等；doll（玩具）可喻指姑娘、寶貝等。再如：   （1）The baby was brought up on the bottle.     這個(gè)嬰兒是喝牛奶或羊奶長(zhǎng)大的。（metonymy用奶瓶代奶）     （2）

39、Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest.某個(gè)沉默的、無名詩(shī)人也許在此長(zhǎng)眠。（antonomasia用米爾頓代詩(shī)人）     Transferred epithet 是采用表示性質(zhì)和特征的形容詞或相當(dāng)于形容詞的詞來修飾、限定與它根本不同屬性的名詞。這種修辭手法能與漢語(yǔ)中的移就基本相似。例如：     The doctor's face expressed a kind of doubting admiration. （用"疑惑"

40、;修飾限定"欽佩"）醫(yī)生的臉上流露出欽佩而又帶有疑惑的神情。     C. personification; hyperbole     personification 與漢語(yǔ)擬人完全相同，就是賦予物以人的言語(yǔ)屬性。這種擬人化的修辭手法讀起來使人感到特別形象生動(dòng)、富有情趣。例如：     Words pay no debts.  空話還不了債。     Hyperbole 與漢

41、語(yǔ)的夸張完全相同，都是為了表達(dá)深刻的感受,抒發(fā)強(qiáng)烈的感情，通過故意夸大事實(shí)來給人留下深刻的印象。例如：      His words made my blood freeze. 聽了他的話，我的血都快凝固了。     D. irony; euphemism；pun     Irony 的含義比漢語(yǔ)的反語(yǔ)廣泛。它包括 verbal irony, dramatic irony, situational irony。后兩種已超出一般修辭格的范

42、疇，這里不作詳細(xì)介紹。Verbal irony 與漢語(yǔ)反語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)完全相同，也是正話反說，反話正說，一般需借助于特定的上下文和語(yǔ)境才能被正確理解。在多數(shù)情況下， irony可以譯成漢語(yǔ)的反語(yǔ)。例如：     She talked about great people as if she had the fee-simple of May fair, and when the court went into mourning, she always wore black.  她一開口就是某某勛爵某某大人，那口氣竟好象她

43、生來就是貴族。宮里有了喪事，  她沒有一回不穿孝。     Euphemism就是用轉(zhuǎn)彎抹角的說法來代替直截了當(dāng)?shù)脑?，把原來顯得粗魯或令人尷尬的語(yǔ)言溫和、含蓄地表達(dá)出來。這在漢語(yǔ)中叫委婉語(yǔ)。例如：    用 sanitation engineer 替代garbage man(清潔工)     用 the disadvantaged替代 the poor(窮人)     

44、;用 industrial action替代 strike(罷工)     Pun與漢語(yǔ)雙關(guān)一樣，就是用一個(gè)詞，一句話，或一個(gè)語(yǔ)言片段同時(shí)表達(dá)雙重意思：一個(gè)是表面的，一是隱含的，并且以隱含的意思為主。恰當(dāng)?shù)倪\(yùn)用這種手法會(huì)使語(yǔ)言生動(dòng)有趣，達(dá)到由此及彼的效果。英語(yǔ) pun  和漢語(yǔ)的雙關(guān)語(yǔ)都可以分為兩類：諧音雙關(guān)（homophonic puns）和語(yǔ)義雙關(guān)（homographic puns）。 前者是利用詞意根本不同的諧音詞構(gòu)成。后者是利用一詞多義的特點(diǎn)來構(gòu)成。雖然pun 和漢語(yǔ)雙關(guān)在格式和修辭作用上基本相同，但是由于兩種語(yǔ)言的

45、語(yǔ)音不同，多義詞也很難找到完全對(duì)應(yīng)的詞語(yǔ)。例如：     What does that lawyer do after he dies?-Lie still.  那個(gè)律師死后干什么？躺著仍說鬼話。(注：lie 躺，  撒謊；still 安靜地，  仍然)     E. oxymoron; zeugma; contrast     Oxymoron(矛盾修辭法）與漢語(yǔ)中的反映辭格類似，都是將相互矛盾的概念和判斷巧妙地聯(lián)系在一起，以便相互映襯，突出事物的特點(diǎn)，表達(dá)復(fù)雜的思想感情和意味深長(zhǎng)的哲理。矛盾修辭手法在英語(yǔ)中常見，但在漢語(yǔ)中很少見。如： sweet sorrow  憂喜參半  (不是甜蜜的悲傷)；  proud humility 不卑不亢  (不是驕傲的謙卑)   Zeugma（軛式搭配法）是用一個(gè)詞（動(dòng)詞、形容詞或介詞）與兩個(gè)以上的在意義上不相干的名詞搭配。它用詞簡(jiǎn)練，  饒有風(fēng)趣，與漢語(yǔ)的拈連在性質(zhì)上完全一致。例