學(xué)府考研英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)班-語(yǔ)法王國(guó)清講義-21頁(yè)word資料

1、考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法講義 語(yǔ)法，無(wú)論是對(duì)于英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者還是教授者而言，都是最難掌握的問(wèn)題，而掌握扎實(shí)的語(yǔ)法無(wú)疑是學(xué)好英語(yǔ)的關(guān)鍵，盡管在研究生英語(yǔ)考試中并不直接涉及語(yǔ)法，但閱讀理解，寫(xiě)作和翻譯等試題無(wú)不體現(xiàn)出它的重要性。然而，市場(chǎng)上種類(lèi)繁多的語(yǔ)法書(shū)籍，大都是內(nèi)容多而不精， 即次重點(diǎn)不分，并且對(duì)于在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中， 大家共同反映的較有難度的語(yǔ)法， 如非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、虛擬語(yǔ)氣、定語(yǔ)從句都未能作出精辟分析，使讀者看后仍不知所云。本著這個(gè)目的，我們?cè)俅蜗嗑劭佳兄v堂，希望通過(guò)兩天的深入學(xué)習(xí)使廣大考生對(duì)語(yǔ)法有個(gè)徹底的了解，在今后考試中遇到相應(yīng)問(wèn)題能游刃有余。一、語(yǔ)法知識(shí)回顧（一）基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)1. 英語(yǔ)句子的基本句型（Basi

2、c Sentence Pattern）（ 1）主 +系 + 表（SVP）（ 2）主 +謂（不及物動(dòng)詞）（SV）（ 3）主 +謂（及物動(dòng)詞）+賓 （SVO）（ 4）主 +謂（及物動(dòng)詞）+間接賓語(yǔ)（指人）+直接賓語(yǔ)（指物）（SVOO）（ 5）主 +謂（及物動(dòng)詞）+賓 +補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（SVOC）2. 按照用途句子的分類(lèi)（ 1）陳述句（Declarative Sentence）（ 2）疑問(wèn)句（Interrogative Sentence）一般疑問(wèn)句 （General Question）特殊疑問(wèn)句 (Special Question)選擇疑問(wèn)句 （Alternative Question）反意疑問(wèn)句 （Tag

3、 Question） （詳見(jiàn)“考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法重難點(diǎn)精解”中的反意疑問(wèn)句）（ 3）祈使句（Imperative Sentence）（ 4）感嘆句（Exclamatory Sentence）3. 按照結(jié)構(gòu)句子分類(lèi)（Division by Structure）（ 1）簡(jiǎn)單句（Simple Sentence ）只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)（或并列主語(yǔ)）和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)（或并列謂語(yǔ)）構(gòu)成的句子稱(chēng)為簡(jiǎn)單句：（ 2）并列句（Compound Sentence）用并列連詞（或分號(hào)、冒號(hào)、逗號(hào)）把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成的句子叫并列句（ 3）復(fù)合句（Complex Sentence ）由關(guān)聯(lián)詞把一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句

4、聯(lián)系在一起所構(gòu)成的句子稱(chēng)為復(fù)合句，也稱(chēng)為主從復(fù)合句，復(fù)合句根據(jù)關(guān)聯(lián)詞在句中的作用可分為如下類(lèi)型：名詞性從句（Noun Clause）（主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句）狀語(yǔ)從句（Adverbial Clause ）（詳見(jiàn)“考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法重難點(diǎn)精解”中狀語(yǔ)從句）（二）重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法回顧1、主謂一致(Subject-verb Agreement)一致是指句子成份間或詞語(yǔ)間必須在人稱(chēng)、數(shù)、性等方面保持一致關(guān)系，一致這一語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象在日常應(yīng)用及各類(lèi)英語(yǔ)考試中出現(xiàn)較多，最主要的一致關(guān)系是主謂一致。（ 1）主謂一致的分類(lèi)： 語(yǔ)法一致，即主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也采取單數(shù)形式；主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也用復(fù)數(shù)形

5、式。 意義一致，即從意義上著眼來(lái)處理主謂一致問(wèn)題，也就是說(shuō)有時(shí)主語(yǔ)形式為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù)，這時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞視其意義采用復(fù)數(shù)形式，反之亦然。 就近一致，即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)往往和最靠近的詞語(yǔ)保持一致。（ 2）主謂一致原則的具體應(yīng)用：數(shù)詞與表示時(shí)間、金錢(qián)、度量衡、溫度等名詞作主語(yǔ)，表示一定量或總量時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式：集體名詞， 如： army, board, family, committee, couple, crowd, crew,jury, staff, team, public, government做主語(yǔ)，指整體時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，指集體各成員時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)：、 、 、 （詳見(jiàn)“考研

6、英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法重難點(diǎn)精解”中的主謂一致）2、強(qiáng)調(diào)句 （Emphatic Sentence）強(qiáng)調(diào)句是就句中某一成分著重說(shuō)明（ 1）在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前加助動(dòng)詞 do, did, does 強(qiáng)調(diào)該謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào) 句：（ 2）強(qiáng)調(diào)句中謂語(yǔ)以外的其它成分時(shí)用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型（詳見(jiàn)“考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法重難點(diǎn)精解”中的強(qiáng)調(diào)句 ）3、倒裝句（Inverted Sentence）（ 1）全部倒裝 there be 句型，有時(shí)一些表示存在意義的不及物動(dòng)詞也可用于該句型 here, there, now, then, thus, hence置于句首而主語(yǔ)不是人稱(chēng)代詞時(shí)：表示方向、地點(diǎn)的狀語(yǔ)置于句首，如： up, down, away,

7、here, in, out, off（ 2）部分倒裝否定詞或具有（半）否定意義的詞或詞組置于句首作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，如：never, scarcely, hardly, rarely, seldom等； only + 副詞 /介詞短語(yǔ) / 狀語(yǔ)從句，即句首狀語(yǔ)由 only 修飾時(shí)；、 、 、 （詳見(jiàn)“考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法重難點(diǎn)精解”中的倒裝句）4、定語(yǔ)從句（Attributive Clause）在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句稱(chēng)為定語(yǔ)從句，被定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞稱(chēng)為先行詞，定語(yǔ)從句必須置于先行詞之后，定語(yǔ)從句是研究生及四、六級(jí)等各類(lèi)考試中?？键c(diǎn)，也是語(yǔ)法中的重點(diǎn)：關(guān)系代詞：which, that, who（m）,

8、whose, as（ 1）引導(dǎo)詞關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why（ 2）關(guān)系代詞引出的定語(yǔ)從句和關(guān)系副詞引出的定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別（略）（詳見(jiàn)“考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法重難點(diǎn)精解”中的定語(yǔ)從句）5、虛擬語(yǔ)氣（Subjunctive Mood）虛擬語(yǔ)氣是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種形式，用來(lái)表示非真實(shí)的假設(shè)，或用來(lái)表示命令、建議以及說(shuō)話人的主觀愿望，有時(shí)也可以使語(yǔ)氣緩和、委婉的作用，虛擬語(yǔ)氣作為一重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法，在各類(lèi)考試中占有相當(dāng)大的分值，所以理會(huì)該語(yǔ)法，不僅對(duì)于考試，還是日常應(yīng)用中都有相當(dāng)大的作用： （ 1 ）虛擬語(yǔ)氣常用于條件句中，表示與現(xiàn)在、將來(lái)、過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，下圖表顯示的是與現(xiàn)在、將來(lái)、過(guò)去 相反假設(shè)時(shí)，虛

9、擬語(yǔ)氣主句與條件從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的變化形式，現(xiàn)以動(dòng)詞 do 為例。主句條件從句現(xiàn)在would/should/could/might + dobe f were/do f did將來(lái)would/should /could/might + dowere to+do/should +do（ 只能用 should）過(guò)去would/should/could/might + have donehad done（ 2）混合式虛擬語(yǔ)氣有時(shí)條件從句和主句時(shí)態(tài)不一致，可以根據(jù)主、從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間分別運(yùn)用相應(yīng)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣； 、 、 、 (詳見(jiàn)“考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法重難點(diǎn)精解”中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣)6、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(Non-finite

10、Verb )非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是動(dòng)詞的一種形式， 就其定義而言， 它在句中不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括動(dòng)名詞、分詞和不定式，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)中的重點(diǎn)也是難點(diǎn)。 (詳見(jiàn)“考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法重難點(diǎn)精解”中的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)( 1)分詞(Participle )分詞的時(shí)態(tài)(Tense)( 以動(dòng)詞do 為例 )語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般式doingbeing done現(xiàn)在分詞完成式having donehaving been done過(guò)去分詞done分詞的用法(Usage)2)動(dòng)名詞(Gerund)動(dòng)名詞是一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，它的形式與現(xiàn)在分詞相同，具有名詞和動(dòng)詞的某些特征，它可以帶賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)，在句中不能單

11、獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)。 動(dòng)名詞時(shí)態(tài)(Tense)( 以動(dòng)詞 do 為例 )主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done動(dòng)名詞用法(Usage)( 3)不定式(Infinitive)動(dòng)詞不定式是一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，在句中不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)。不定式時(shí)態(tài)(Tense) 以動(dòng)詞do為例主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般式to do to be done 完成式to have doneto have been done進(jìn)行式to be doing不定式用法Verbs)（ 4）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的區(qū)別 （Differences amongthe Non Finite 分詞和動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞和不定

12、式不定式和分詞7、比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)（Comparative Structure）（ 1）同級(jí)比較形式為：as+ （形容詞或副詞）原級(jí)十（名詞）+ as（ 2）優(yōu)劣比較優(yōu)等比較形式為：比較級(jí)+thanTom ran faster than I （did） in the mile race.劣等比較形式為：not so （as）+原級(jí)+ asiness+原級(jí)+ thanShe is not so beautiful as her sister. =She is less beautiful than her sister.二、試題精練：一 ）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)1. The security of

13、the babies is supposed to by the nurses.A) see to B) be seen to C) be seening to D) be seen2. He claimed at yesterday s part y.A) to treat badly B) to have treated badlyC) to be badly treated D) to have been badly treated3. “Did you find out who had stolen mywatch?”“That child didn tadmit”A) to have

14、 done that B) had done thatC) doing that D) having done that4. Do you remember to Professor Smith during your last visitA) to be introduced B) being introducedC) having introduced D) to have introduced5. One of the properties of light is travelling in wave formas it gose from one plaec to another.A)

15、 it B) it s C) its D) their6. The vacuum tube , invented near the beginning of our century,gave us the use of radio waves, an energy source never before ,and later opened the road for television,A) was captured B) captured C) capturing D) had been captured7. The headmaster s order to have the whole

16、place at oncewas unreasonable since he did not provide any tools.A) cleaning up B) to clean upC) cleaned up D) clean up8. neglecting our education, my father sent my brother andme to a summer school.A) Accused of B) Accusing ofC) That he was accused of D) To be accused of9. Susan stood motionless at

17、 the end of the diving board, hands at her sides, heels slinghtly raised, every muscleaction.A) anticipating B) anticipatedC) to anticipate D) having anticipated10. Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, butour work, we declined the offer.A) not being finished B) not having finishe

18、dC) had not been finished D) was not finished11. He lay on a straw mat with his .A) closed eyes and his mouth openB) eyes closed and his open mouthC) closed eyes and open his mouthD) eyes closed and his mouth open12. in the cupboard she went out to get something to eat.A) With something left B) With

19、 nothing leavingC) Without anything left D) Without something left13. by an American university, I finally flew to San Franciscoon August 6, 1988A) Being invited B) Having invitedC) Having been invited D) Had been invited14. “Why isn t Robert here? ”“It is my secretary s fault . Heforgot all abouthi

20、m. ”A) telephoning B) to telephoneC) to telephone to D) telephoning to15. The way he talks is simply intolerable. I object to likea child.A) treat B) be treated C) treating D) being treated16. , we have to adopt new measures to solve the problem.A) So is the situation B) That being the caseC) That i

21、s the case D) The situation is so17. The young doctor could not sleep at night, his thoughts himno peace.A) gave B) giving C) being given D) to give18. The room is so dirty that it wants .A) cleaning B) being cleaned C) to clean D ) cleaned19. Before the Spring Festival, the leaders of the village m

22、ade house-to-house survey,in each family about their needs and problems.A) to inquire B) to be inquiringC) inquiring D) inquired20. A large fish was slowly swimming through the water, its tailback and forth like the pendulum of a clock .A) swung B) was swungC) swinging D) was swinging(二) 倒裝、強(qiáng)調(diào)、省略1.

23、Not noly diffcult to light , but it smelled of oil .A) it was B) it made C) did it make D) was it2. you have been looking forward to .A) The letter is that B) The letter is hereC) Here the letter is D) Here is the letter3. In the scientific station designed to record moonquakesand meteorite impacts

24、.A) instruments were B) were instrumentsC) stands instruments D) instruments stand4. Most people would agree that only in exceptional circumstancesthe turth from the patient .A) should a doctor hide B) a doctor should hideC) a doctor would hide D) a doctor will hide5. As is the teacher , .A) so is t

25、he pupil B) so does the pupilC) the pupil does so D) the poupil is so6. Just as the soil is a part of the earth , the atomosphere .A) as it is B) the same isC) so is D) and so is7. Humble it may be , there is no place like home .A) although B) as C) how D) that8. Wood does not conduct electricity ,.

26、A) so do rubber B) so does rubberC) nor does rubber D) nor rubber does9. you want me to do ?A) Who is it that B) What is it thatC) Wherever is it that D) Whenever is it that10. Up went the price and .A) the living standard came downB) came down the living standardC) down the living standard cameD) d

27、own came the living standard11. Not until I shouted at the top of my voice his head .A) that he turned B) did he turnC) he didn t D) he had turned12. AdamSmith s “ The Wealth of Nations ” that Jim Greenwas fascinated by economic theory .A) After reading B) It was readingC) It was after reading D) Ha

28、ving reading13. the first to use nuclear weapons .A) At no time China will be B) Never China will beC) At no time will China be D) Will China never be14. No sooner had the bell rung .A) when the class began B) than the class beganC) while the class began D) then the class began15. Only when you have

29、 occupied suffcient materials cometo a sound conclusion .A) can you B) you can C) you will D) you are to16. Little that he would fulfill his task so rapidly .A) we expected B) did we expectC) do we expect D) we expect17. In no way smoke in the air-conditioned bus .A) passengers can B) are passengers

30、 permitted toC) passengers are permitted D) are permitted passengers to18. All animals need air and .A) so plants do B) so need plantsC) so do plants D) plants are so19. It is during his spare time Jhon has been studying a course in English .A) when B) where C) that D) as20. the lightening when I he

31、ard a clap of thunder .A) No sooner had I seen B) No more than I had seenC) Scarcely had I seen D) Not until I had seen(三) 一致關(guān)系1. This is the best of the automobiles that in working orderA) is B) had C) are D) have2. Fifteen minutes for a boy who is eager to see his girlfriend .A) seem a long time B

32、) seemed a long timeC) seems a long time D) seems long time ago3. It is not I but you who the first to run to the goal inthat competition .A) is B) was C) are D) is going to4. With the elevation of people s standard of living , cosmetics favorite topic , especially among women .A) became B) becomes

33、C) become D) have become5. Breathing normally in a heavily-polluted city equal tosmoking a pack of cigarettes a day .A) are B) is C) be D) will be6. What the man said under the oath by several other witnesses .A) was disputed B) were disputed C) disputed D) be disputed7. To balance the budget and to

34、 provide jobs two goals ofthe elected official .A) is going to be B) is C) becomes D) are8. The community , as well as the owners of the land indevelopment .A) are interested B) are interestingC) is interested D) is interesting9. Not noly Joan but her sisters the combination to the safewhich contain

35、s the list of the family securities .A) have known B) know C) knows D) is knowing10. either he or his accountants going to claim for the loss?A) Are B) Where C) Is D) Does11. Many an airplane in the exhibition .A) are shown B) has been shown C) has shown D) show them12. A series of debates between t

36、he lecturers for the nextweekend .A) are scheduled B) was scheduledC) were scheduled D) have been scheduled13. Not only Tom but also his wife fond of watchingtelevision .A) are B) were C) be D) was14. Joe s father , along with his two uncles , in New Yorkone more day .A) demand that he stay B) deman

37、ds that he staysC) demands that he stay D) demand that he stay15. going to the exhibition .A) All but he and I are B) All but he and I amC) All but him and me are D) All but he and me am16. At the moment each of the girls was too busy thinking aboutown personal safety to care much about the luggage

38、.A) her B) their C) his D) our17. According to the schedule , there-fourths of the dyke by the end of this year .A) had to be finished B) are to be finishedC) have to be finished D) has to be finished18. Many species of animals which once lived on the earth no longer in existence .A) is B) are C) wa

39、s D) were19. Myfamily very interested in playing bowls , which very much in fashion now .A) is is B) are are C) is are D) are is20. The number of students in the oral English program trainingto 20 .A) limits B) is limited C) limited D) are limited(四) 虛擬語(yǔ)氣、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+完成式1. Everything if Albert hadn t calle

40、d the fire brigade .A) will be destroyed B) will have destroyedC) would have destroyed D) would have been destroyed2. If you had studied the problem carefully yesterday , .A) you won t find any difficulty nowB) you would not have found any diffficult nowC) you would not find any difficulty nowD) you

41、 have not found any difficulty now3. He would be studying at the university now if he theertrance examination .A) passed B) have passed C) had passed D) should have passed4. The millions of calculations involved , had they been done by hand ,all practical value by the time they were finished .A) cou

42、ld lose B) would have lost C) might lose D) ought have lost5. But that he came to help me , I .A) could not have succeeded B) did not succeedC) could not succeed D) can t but succeed6. Many students and teachers urged that the library duringthe vacation .A) should keep open B) would be kept openC) i

43、s kept open D) be kept open7. It is moved that Lucy a performance at the eveningA) will give B) shall give C) give D) gives8. It s about time people notice of what wom en didthe War .A) take B) took C) have taken D) will take9. “ The lecturer was a tall thin man with white hair .”it Dr. Firld becaus

44、e he is short and fat . It Dr.he is thin .”A) can ' t be must beB) couldn ' t have been might have beenC) must be can' t beD) can ' t have been must have been10. It is generally thought to be of necessity to a college that he at least one foreign language .A) know B) knows C) would know D) should have known11. The business is risky . But , we would be rich .A) should we succeed B) might we succeed10C) would we succeed D) could we succeed12. George would certainly have attended t