英語(yǔ)中級(jí)聽(tīng)力：Formallanguageandinformallanguage正式語(yǔ)言和非正式語(yǔ)言中英對(duì)照

1、Formal language and informal language 正式語(yǔ)言和非正式語(yǔ)言1、Formal language and informal language正式語(yǔ)言和非正式語(yǔ)言You probable have noticed that people express similar ideas in different ways depending on the situation they are in. This is very natural. All languages have two general levels of usage 一 a fomal level

2、and an informal level. English is no exception. The diffenrence in these two levels is the situation in which you use a particular level.你或許注意到人們會(huì)用不同的方式表達(dá)類似的觀點(diǎn)，這取決于他們所處的環(huán)境。這種現(xiàn)象很自然。所有語(yǔ)言都有兩個(gè)普遍的使用層次一一 正式層面和非正式層面。英語(yǔ)也不例外。兩個(gè)層次的區(qū)別在于你使用 語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)境。Formal language is the kind of language you find in textbooks, re

3、ference books and in business letters. You would also use formal English in compositions and essays that you write in school. Informal language is used in conversation with colleagues, family members and friends, and when we write personal notes of letters to close friends.正式語(yǔ)言是在課本、參考書(shū)和商業(yè)信函中出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)言。你也

4、會(huì)在學(xué)校 布置的作文的論文中使用正式語(yǔ)言。 非正式語(yǔ)言是在與同事、家人和 朋友交流時(shí)使用的，以及我們?cè)趯?xiě)個(gè)人筆記或給好朋友寫(xiě)信時(shí)也會(huì)用 到。Formal language and informal language 正式語(yǔ)言和非正式語(yǔ)言Formal language is different from informal language in several ways. First, formal language tends to be more polite. What we may find interesting is that it usually takes more words

5、to be polite. For example, I might say to a friend or a family member "Close the door, please." But to a stranger, I probably would say, "Would you mind closing the door?"正式語(yǔ)言和非正式語(yǔ)言在很多方面有所不同。首先，正式語(yǔ)言顯得更禮貌。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)的有趣現(xiàn)象是通常要想追求禮貌，我們必須多說(shuō)些話。例如，我或許會(huì)對(duì)我的朋友和家人說(shuō)“請(qǐng)關(guān)門(mén)?！钡?，對(duì)于一位陌 生人，我可能會(huì)說(shuō)“你介意把門(mén)關(guān)上嗎

6、？”Another difference between formal and informal language is some of the vocabulary. There are bound to be some words and phrases that belong in formal language and others that are informal. Let's say that I really like soccer. If I am talking to my friend, I might say. "I am just crazy abo

7、ut soccer." But if I were talking to my boss, I would probably say, "I really enjoy soccer."正式語(yǔ)言和非正式語(yǔ)言的另一處不同在于部分詞匯。某些詞匯與詞組屬于正式語(yǔ)言，而有些是非正式的。我們說(shuō)真的喜歡足球時(shí)，如果和 我的朋友交流，我或許會(huì)說(shuō)：“我為足球瘋狂?！比绻麑?duì)我的老板， 或許會(huì)說(shuō)：“我很欣賞足球?！?英語(yǔ)單詞詞匯整理Formal language and informal language 正式語(yǔ)言和非正式語(yǔ)言1. usage n.用法，使用，慣用法eg: I don&

8、#39;t know the usage of this phrase.我不知道這個(gè)短語(yǔ)的慣用法。短語(yǔ)：nternational usage 國(guó)際慣例trade usage 貿(mào)易慣例usage rate 使用率long term usage長(zhǎng)期使用2. informal adj.非正式的eg: We had an informal meeting.我們做了非正式的會(huì)晤。短語(yǔ)：informal communication 非正式溝通informal group非正式群體；非正式組織informal education 非正規(guī)教育3. exception n. 除外eg: He took grea

9、t exception to what I said.他極力反對(duì)我的話。短語(yǔ)：with the exception of 除了 以夕卜without exception無(wú)例夕卜地，律no exception沒(méi)有例外;無(wú)一例外Formal language and informal language 正式語(yǔ)言和非正式語(yǔ)言make an exception 例夕卜，破例take exception反對(duì);有反感exception to the rule 出軌邊緣4. reference n. 參考，出處，參照eg: with reference to this project, we have so

10、mething to say.關(guān)于這個(gè)工程，我們有些意見(jiàn)。短語(yǔ)：in reference to 關(guān)于without reference to無(wú)論;與無(wú)關(guān)terms of reference責(zé)任范圍;審查范圍make reference (to)參考;涉及5. composition n.作文，著作，組織，合成物，成分eg: You've made several grammatical mistakes in the composition.你的作文中犯了幾處語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。短語(yǔ)：musical composition樂(lè)曲internal composition內(nèi)部合成composition

11、 of a picture畫(huà)面結(jié)構(gòu)6. essay n. 短文，散文eg: His essay was carried in the June number.他的散文登載在六月號(hào)上。Formal language and informal language 正式語(yǔ)言和非正式語(yǔ)言短語(yǔ):essay testn 申論方式測(cè)驗(yàn)model essay 范文同根詞：essayist n. 散文家;評(píng)論家7. colleague n. 同事eg: I'm writing to a colleague of mine in America.我在給我美國(guó)的一個(gè)同事寫(xiě)信。短語(yǔ)：colleague firm

12、 公司colleague Level 員工層面近義詞：brother/ fellow/ associaten. 同事，同僚佳句采摘：You probable have noticed that people express similar ideas in different ways depending on the situation they are in.你或許注意到人們會(huì)用不同的方式表達(dá)類似的觀點(diǎn)，這取決于他們所處的環(huán)境。2、Real health 真正的健康The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished betwe

13、en someone who is merely "not ill" and someone who isFormal language and informal language 正式語(yǔ)言和非正式語(yǔ)言in excellent health and pays attention to the body's special needs. Both types have simply been called "well". In rencent years, however, some health specialists have begun to

14、 apply the terms "well" and "wellness" only to those who are actively striving to maintain and improve their health.對(duì)于僅僅是“沒(méi)有生病”和身體非常健康、非常注意身體特殊需求的 兩種人，傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)并沒(méi)有嚴(yán)格區(qū)分。這兩種人都被簡(jiǎn)單定義為“身體 健康”。然而近些年來(lái)，一些醫(yī)學(xué)專家開(kāi)始認(rèn)為，只有那些主動(dòng)維持 和改善其身體狀態(tài)的人才稱得上“身體好”和“健康”。People who are well are concerned with nutriti

15、on and exercise, and they make a point of monitoring their body's condition.Most important, perhaps, people who are well take active responsiblity for matters related to their health. Even people who have a physical disease or handicap may be "well", in this new sense, if they make an

16、effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations.健康的人非常關(guān)注營(yíng)養(yǎng)均衡以及運(yùn)動(dòng)，他們非常重視監(jiān)控自己的身體 狀況。最重要的可能是健康的人主動(dòng)承擔(dān)起改善自己身體狀況的所有 責(zé)任。在這種意義上，只要他們能在他們現(xiàn)有的身體限制條件下盡可 能地保持最好的狀態(tài)，即使是一個(gè)有著生理疾病或缺陷的人都可能是 “健康”的。Formal language and informal language 正式語(yǔ)言和非正式語(yǔ)言"Wellness" may pe

17、rhaps best be viewed not as a state that people can achieve, but as an ideal that people can strive for. People who are well are likely to be better able to resist disease and to fight disease when it strikes. And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living, the concept of wellness can have a be

18、neficial impact on the ways in which people face the challenges of daily life.對(duì)“健康”的最佳理解可能不是人們能達(dá)到的一種狀態(tài)，而是人們能 追求的一個(gè)理想。健康的人更有可能預(yù)防疾病和在疾病發(fā)作時(shí)戰(zhàn)勝 它。通過(guò)關(guān)注健康的生活方式，健康的新概念還能對(duì)人們?nèi)绾蚊鎸?duì)日 常生活的挑戰(zhàn)產(chǎn)生積極的影響。英語(yǔ)單詞詞匯整理：1. excellent adj. 優(yōu)良的，杰出的 eg: Thomas Alva Edison is an excellent inventor. 愛(ài)迪生是一位杰出的發(fā)明家。短語(yǔ)：excellent featur

19、e優(yōu)點(diǎn)excellent quality優(yōu)良品質(zhì)同根詞：excellently adv.極好地excellence n. 優(yōu)秀，美德，長(zhǎng)處2. specialist n. 專家Formal language and informal language 正式語(yǔ)言和非正式語(yǔ)言eg: We had better call in a specialist at this critical moment.在這個(gè)關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻我們最好請(qǐng)一位專家來(lái)。短語(yǔ)：specialist system 專家系統(tǒng);專家制度heart specialist心臟病專家3. strive v. 努力，斗爭(zhēng)eg: He is hard

20、 to strive against disease.他很努力與疾病斗爭(zhēng)。短語(yǔ)：strive for 爭(zhēng)取，奮斗strive after奮斗;爭(zhēng)取strive against 反抗4. maintain v. 保養(yǎng)，維持eg: It was supposed to maintain the convertibility of the currency into gold.它的作用在于保持，貨幣與金子間的轉(zhuǎn)換。短語(yǔ)：maintain in 維持maintain contact with與保持聯(lián)系maintain world peace維護(hù)世界和平5. monitor v. 監(jiān)督，監(jiān)視eg: He

21、 was watching a game of tennis on a television monitor.Formal language and informal language 正式語(yǔ)言和非正式語(yǔ)言他那時(shí)正在電視監(jiān)控器上觀看一場(chǎng)網(wǎng)球賽。短語(yǔ)：monitor system監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)computer monitor電腦顯示器fire monitor 防火監(jiān)控器patient monitor病人監(jiān)護(hù)儀6. handicap n.（身體或智力的）缺陷eg: Kate didn't abandon herself because of the physical handicap.凱特并沒(méi)有

22、因?yàn)樯砩系娜毕荻员┳詶?。短語(yǔ)：mental handicap心理缺陷physical handicap 生理缺陷cultural handicap 文化上的障礙7. resist v. 抵抗，抵制eg: Many young people could not resist the spiritual pollution.很多年輕人不能抵制精神污染。短語(yǔ)：hard to resist人見(jiàn)人愛(ài);惹人喜愛(ài)resist no longer無(wú)法抵抗佳句采摘：Formal language and informal language 正式語(yǔ)言和非正式語(yǔ)言And by focusing attentio

23、n on healthy ways of living, the concept of wellness can have a beneficial impact on the ways in which people face the challenges of daily life.通過(guò)關(guān)注健康的生活方式，健康的新概念還能對(duì)人們?nèi)绾蚊鎸?duì)日常生 活的挑戰(zhàn)產(chǎn)生積極的影響。3、Urban Development城市發(fā)展More and more of the world's population are living in towns or cities. The speed at wh

24、ich cities are growing in the less developed countries is alarming. Between 1920 and 1960, big cities in developed countries increased two and a half times in size, but in other parts of the world the growth was eight times their size.世界上越來(lái)越多的人居住在城鎮(zhèn)或都市里。 在次發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家中，城市的 擴(kuò)張速度是值得關(guān)注的。在1920至1960年間，發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家大城市的

25、規(guī)模增加了兩倍半，但是在世界其他地方，城市的規(guī)模相當(dāng)于原來(lái)的 8倍。The sheer size of growth is bad enough, but there are now also very disturbing signs of trouble in the comparison of percentages of people living in towns and percentages of people working in industry. During the 19th century, cities grew as a result of the growth o

26、f industry. In Europe, the10Formal language and informal language 正式語(yǔ)言和非正式語(yǔ)言proportion of people living in cities was always smaller than that of the workforce working in factories. Now, however, the reverse is almost always true in the newly industrialized world; The percentage of people living in

27、cities is much higher than the percentage woking in industry.僅僅就城市增長(zhǎng)的規(guī)模而言已經(jīng)夠糟的了，但是倘若把居住在城鎮(zhèn)和都市的人口的比例和從事工業(yè)人口的比例進(jìn)行比較的話，現(xiàn)在也出現(xiàn)了非常讓人不安的跡象。在19世紀(jì)，作為工業(yè)發(fā)展的產(chǎn)物，城市也 隨之?dāng)U張。在歐洲，居住在城市人口的比例總是比在工廠中工作的勞 動(dòng)力的比例要小。然而，在新興的工業(yè)化地區(qū)，情況幾乎總是相反的 在城市居住的人口比例要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于工廠中勞動(dòng)人口的比例。Without a base of people working in industry, these cities c

28、annot pay for their growth. There is not enough money to build adequate houses for the people that live there, let alone the new arrivals. There has been little opportunity to build water supplies or other facilities. So the figures for the growth of towns and cities represent proportional growth of

29、 unemployment and underemployment, a growth in the number of hopeless and despairing parents ans starving children.沒(méi)有從事工業(yè)的勞動(dòng)力基礎(chǔ)，這些城市就無(wú)法償付它們的擴(kuò)張。它們 將缺乏為在那兒生活的居民建造足夠住所的資金， 更不必說(shuō)滿足后來(lái)11Formal language and informal language 正式語(yǔ)言和非正式語(yǔ)言者的居住了。它們將很難有機(jī)會(huì)修建供水系統(tǒng)和其他設(shè)施。城鎮(zhèn)和都 市擴(kuò)張的數(shù)字代表著失業(yè)和未充分就業(yè)增加的比例， 代表著越來(lái)越多 的失望的、沮喪的父母

30、和饑腸轆轆的兒童。英語(yǔ)單詞詞匯整理：1. sheer adj,純粹的，全然的，陡峭的 adv,完全地eg: His music is sheer delight.他的音樂(lè)是純粹的快樂(lè)。短語(yǔ)：sheer nonsense 一派胡言triple sheer 半透明薄綢2. disturbing adj,煩擾的，擔(dān)心的，令人不安的eg: There was something about him she found disturbing.她發(fā)現(xiàn)他身上有些東西讓她覺(jué)得不安。短語(yǔ)：disturbing force擾動(dòng)力；干擾力disturbing sleep擾人清夢(mèng)3. comparison n. 比較

31、eg: It is demonstrably an unfair comparison.這顯然是一種不公平的相似對(duì)比。短語(yǔ)：comparison with 與/目比in comparison本目比之下；與.比較12Formal language and informal language 正式語(yǔ)言和非正式語(yǔ)言in comparison with與.比較， 同 .比較起來(lái)by comparison框I比之下， 比較起來(lái)4. proportion n. 比例，土勻衡，部分eg: The punishment was out of all proportion to the crime.懲罰和罪行完

32、全不成比例。短語(yǔ)：in proportion 成比例才目稱a large proportion of大部分out of proportion不成比例in proportion as按.比例;依.程度而變mixing proportion混合比，配合比例5. workforce n.勞動(dòng)力，工人總數(shù)，職工總數(shù)eg: Earlier this year, women became the majority of theworkforce for the first time in U.S. history.今年年初，女人占勞動(dòng)力總數(shù)的比例超過(guò)了一半，這在美國(guó)歷史上是第一*次。短語(yǔ)：workforce level勞動(dòng)力水平workforce crisis勞動(dòng)力危機(jī)6. reverse n. 相反，背面eg: The wrong