高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法剖析Unit3　TheMillionPoundBank-Note學(xué)案新人教版必修3

1、語(yǔ)法·剖析名詞性從句(一) 在復(fù)合句中起名詞作用的從句叫做名詞性從句。它包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。名詞性從句是中學(xué)階段的一個(gè)重要語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目，在歷年的高考中幾乎都有涉及，所以我們必須好好掌握它。本單元我們主要學(xué)習(xí)賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句。下面我們就來(lái)看看:引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類:連接詞:that ,whether ,if (不充當(dāng)從句的任何成分)連接代詞:what ,whatever ,who ,whoever ,whom ,whose ,which連接副詞:when ,where ,how ,why賓語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句在主從復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)。引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引

2、導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，在句中能夠作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或介詞及非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。1.由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句由連接詞that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，that在句中不擔(dān)當(dāng)任何成分，在口語(yǔ)或非正式的文體中常被省去。如:We all agreed(that) it would be a mistake not to take his advice.我們都認(rèn)為不聽(tīng)他的意見(jiàn)將是個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。注意以下幾點(diǎn):從句是并列句時(shí),第二個(gè)分句前的that不可省。如:We all think (that) she is working very hard and that she will surely go to a

3、very good university.我們都認(rèn)為她學(xué)習(xí)非常努力，一定能進(jìn)一個(gè)非常好的大學(xué)。在demand，order，suggest，decide，insist,desire,demand,request,command等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動(dòng)詞后，賓語(yǔ)從句常用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”。如:The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once.司令員命令部隊(duì)馬上出發(fā)。動(dòng)詞+it+形容詞或慣用搭配+that從句。We think it important that every citizen should h

4、ave good manners.我們認(rèn)為每個(gè)市民有禮貌是很重要的。(其中it為形式賓語(yǔ)，而真正的賓語(yǔ)就是that引導(dǎo)的從句。)注意動(dòng)詞doubt的否定結(jié)構(gòu)才能夠接that從句。如:I don't doubt that he will be against the idea.我毫不懷疑他會(huì)反對(duì)這個(gè)想法。I doubt whether he will be against the idea.我懷疑他是否會(huì)反對(duì)這個(gè)想法。2.wh-疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句用who，whom,which,whose,what,when,where,why,how,whoever,whatever,whicheve

5、r等關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句相當(dāng)于特殊疑問(wèn)句，連接詞都在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一定的成分。應(yīng)注意句子語(yǔ)序要用陳述語(yǔ)序。如:She always thinks of how she can work well.她總是在想怎樣能把工作做好。3.whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句用whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，從句仍保持陳述句語(yǔ)序，whether或if不擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。如:I wonder whether he will come or not.我想知道他來(lái)還是不來(lái)。此外，whether與if 作“是否”講時(shí)，在下列情況下一般只能用whether，不用if:a.引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句并在句首時(shí)；b.引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)；c.引導(dǎo)從

6、句作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)；d.從句后有“or not”時(shí)；e.后接動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)。4.注意賓語(yǔ)從句中的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)當(dāng)主句動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句根據(jù)自身的句子情況，而使用不同時(shí)態(tài)。如:I know that he studied English last term.(從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)) 我知道他上學(xué)期學(xué)過(guò)英語(yǔ)。當(dāng)主句動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)(could,would除外)，從句則要用相對(duì)應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，如一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去實(shí)行時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)等；但是當(dāng)從句表示的是客觀真理、科學(xué)原理、自然現(xiàn)象，則從句仍用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。如:The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.

7、老師告訴我們湯姆已經(jīng)離開(kāi)我們?nèi)ッ绹?guó)了。5.think,believe,imagine,suppose等動(dòng)詞引起的否定性賓語(yǔ)從句中，要把主句中的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄊ?，即將從句中的否定形式移到主句中。?We don't think you are here.我們認(rèn)為你不在這兒。表語(yǔ)從句在句中作表語(yǔ)的從句叫表語(yǔ)從句,表語(yǔ)從句位于系動(dòng)詞后。1.that引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句that僅起連接作用，無(wú)意義，在句中不作任何成分，通常不能省略。這種從句往往對(duì)主句主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容起進(jìn)一步解釋的作用。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+that從句。如：What surprised me most was that all the

8、pupils were unusually quiet.使我十分驚訝的是所有的學(xué)生異乎尋常的安靜。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是reason時(shí)，表語(yǔ)從句要用that引導(dǎo)而不是because。如：The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.2.wh-疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句連接代詞what，which，who，whom，whose除在句子中起連接作用外，還可在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)，且各有各的詞義。如：The problem is who is really fit for the hard

9、 job.問(wèn)題是誰(shuí)才真正適合做這份艱苦的工作。(who在從句中作主語(yǔ))Tom is no longer what he used to be.湯姆不再是以前的湯姆了。(what在從句中作系動(dòng)詞be的表語(yǔ))連接副詞when,where,how,why除在句中起連接作用外，在從句子中還充當(dāng)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，方式，原因狀語(yǔ)，本身具有詞義。如：That's where I can't agree with you.那就是我不能同意你的地方。whether引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句連接詞whether起連接作用，意為“是否，究竟，到底”(注意：if不能引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句)，在句中也不作任何成分。如：The qu

10、estion is whether that man will turn up in time.問(wèn)題是那個(gè)人是否會(huì)及時(shí)出現(xiàn)。3.其他連詞as if,because,as,as though引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句because引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句通常只用于“This/That/It is/was because.”結(jié)構(gòu)中。as if/as though引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句常置于系動(dòng)詞look，seem，sound，be，become等后面，常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示不存在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如：The elephant feels as if/though he were a wall.大象摸起來(lái)像一堵墻。4.主語(yǔ)是表示建議、命令

11、、要求等的名詞，那么表語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)該用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即should后接動(dòng)詞原形,(should可以省略)。如：His suggestion is that we (should) climb all the way to the top of the hill.他的建議是我們應(yīng)該一路爬到山頂。賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句典型用法正誤辨析1.我們不知道下一步該怎么做。錯(cuò)誤：We wonder how we shall do next.正確：We wonder what we shall do next.辨析：what，how都可以引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，how在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)，而what在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。2.請(qǐng)

12、你告訴我他們?cè)谀睦镆安停垮e(cuò)誤：Could you tell me where are they having a picnic?正確：Could you tell me where they are having a picnic?辨析：不管主句是陳述句是疑問(wèn)句，賓語(yǔ)從句都應(yīng)該用陳述語(yǔ)序。3.我們相信他們已經(jīng)提前完成他們的任務(wù)了，是嗎？錯(cuò)誤：We believe that they have finished their task ahead of time,don't we?正確：We believe that they have finished their task ahead

13、of time,haven't they?辨析：以think，believe，consider，suppose等動(dòng)詞加that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，如果主句的主語(yǔ)是第一人稱I/we,反意疑問(wèn)句應(yīng)根據(jù)從句來(lái)提問(wèn)；如果主語(yǔ)是第二或第三人稱的話，則反意疑問(wèn)句應(yīng)根據(jù)主句來(lái)提問(wèn)。4.現(xiàn)在我們面臨的問(wèn)題是我們城市的廢物該如何處理。錯(cuò)誤：The problem we are facing is that the waste in our city should be dealt with.正確：The problem we are facing is how the waste in our city s

14、hould be dealt with.辨析:表語(yǔ)從句可以用that引導(dǎo)，也可以用連接代詞what，who，whom，which，whose等以及連接副詞how，where，when，why來(lái)引導(dǎo)。根據(jù)句意，此句用how來(lái)引導(dǎo)，并作deal with的狀語(yǔ)。5.李先生看起來(lái)好像十分精通維修電腦。錯(cuò)誤：Mr Li seems that he is very expert at repairing computers.正確：Mr Li seems as if he is very expert at repairing computers.辨析：seem/look所需接的表語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)該用as if/

15、although引導(dǎo)，也可用it seems that句式，但是that所引導(dǎo)的是主語(yǔ)從句。如：The bridge looks as if it will be broken soon.It seems that they have been to the United States before.6.對(duì)不起我不知道你也想?yún)⒓幽莻€(gè)競(jìng)賽。錯(cuò)誤：I'm sorry that I don't know you want to take part in that competition.正確：I'm sorry that I didn't know you wante

16、d to take part in that competition.辨析：I'm sorry引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中通常用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，說(shuō)明對(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情道歉。7.那個(gè)人所提出的問(wèn)題是這項(xiàng)工程是否能按期完工。錯(cuò)誤：The question which the man raised was if the project could be completed on time.正確：The question which the man raised was whether the project could be completed on time.辨析:if和whether都可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句表示

17、“是否”，但是if通常只能引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，而whether則可以引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句、主語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句等，并且whether可以與or not連用。8.那就是那些旅客沒(méi)能到達(dá)山頂看日出的原因。錯(cuò)誤：That was because those passengers couldn't go to the top of the mountain to see the sunrise.正確：That was why those passengers couldn't go to the top of the mountain to see the sunrise.辨析：that/this/i

18、t is because用于說(shuō)明前面發(fā)生事情的原因，而that/this/it is why則用于說(shuō)明前面發(fā)生事情的結(jié)果。9.那位老人終于弄清楚他在何時(shí)何地丟了他的雨傘。錯(cuò)誤：The old man finally found out when or where he had lost his umbrella.正確：The old man finally found out when and where he had lost his umbrella.辨析：此處時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)為并列存在，應(yīng)該用and連接，when and where共同引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，實(shí)際上是兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句when he had