高中英語語法剖析Unit3　TheMillionPoundBank-Note學案新人教版必修3

1、語法·剖析名詞性從句(一) 在復合句中起名詞作用的從句叫做名詞性從句。它包括主語從句、賓語從句，表語從句和同位語從句。名詞性從句是中學階段的一個重要語法項目，在歷年的高考中幾乎都有涉及，所以我們必須好好掌握它。本單元我們主要學習賓語從句和表語從句。下面我們就來看看:引導名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類:連接詞:that ,whether ,if (不充當從句的任何成分)連接代詞:what ,whatever ,who ,whoever ,whom ,whose ,which連接副詞:when ,where ,how ,why賓語從句賓語從句在主從復合句中充當賓語。引導賓語從句的關聯(lián)詞與引

2、導主語從句、表語從句的關聯(lián)詞大致一樣，在句中能夠作謂語動詞或介詞及非謂語動詞的賓語。1.由連接詞that引導的賓語從句由連接詞that引導賓語從句時，that在句中不擔當任何成分，在口語或非正式的文體中常被省去。如:We all agreed(that) it would be a mistake not to take his advice.我們都認為不聽他的意見將是個錯誤。注意以下幾點:從句是并列句時,第二個分句前的that不可省。如:We all think (that) she is working very hard and that she will surely go to a

3、very good university.我們都認為她學習非常努力，一定能進一個非常好的大學。在demand，order，suggest，decide，insist,desire,demand,request,command等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動詞后，賓語從句常用“(should)+動詞原形”。如:The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once.司令員命令部隊馬上出發(fā)。動詞+it+形容詞或慣用搭配+that從句。We think it important that every citizen should h

4、ave good manners.我們認為每個市民有禮貌是很重要的。(其中it為形式賓語，而真正的賓語就是that引導的從句。)注意動詞doubt的否定結構才能夠接that從句。如:I don't doubt that he will be against the idea.我毫不懷疑他會反對這個想法。I doubt whether he will be against the idea.我懷疑他是否會反對這個想法。2.wh-疑問詞引導的賓語從句用who，whom,which,whose,what,when,where,why,how,whoever,whatever,whicheve

5、r等關聯(lián)詞引導的賓語從句相當于特殊疑問句，連接詞都在從句中擔當一定的成分。應注意句子語序要用陳述語序。如:She always thinks of how she can work well.她總是在想怎樣能把工作做好。3.whether或if引導的賓語從句用whether或if引導的賓語從句，從句仍保持陳述句語序，whether或if不擔當成分。如:I wonder whether he will come or not.我想知道他來還是不來。此外，whether與if 作“是否”講時，在下列情況下一般只能用whether，不用if:a.引導主語從句并在句首時；b.引導表語從句時；c.引導從

6、句作介詞賓語時；d.從句后有“or not”時；e.后接動詞不定式時。4.注意賓語從句中的時態(tài)呼應當主句動詞是現(xiàn)在時，從句根據(jù)自身的句子情況，而使用不同時態(tài)。如:I know that he studied English last term.(從句用一般過去時) 我知道他上學期學過英語。當主句動詞是過去時態(tài)(could,would除外)，從句則要用相對應的過去時態(tài)，如一般過去時、過去實行時、過去將來時、過去完成時等；但是當從句表示的是客觀真理、科學原理、自然現(xiàn)象，則從句仍用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。如:The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.

7、老師告訴我們湯姆已經(jīng)離開我們去美國了。5.think,believe,imagine,suppose等動詞引起的否定性賓語從句中，要把主句中的動詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄊ?，即將從句中的否定形式移到主句中。?We don't think you are here.我們認為你不在這兒。表語從句在句中作表語的從句叫表語從句,表語從句位于系動詞后。1.that引導的表語從句that僅起連接作用，無意義，在句中不作任何成分，通常不能省略。這種從句往往對主句主語的內容起進一步解釋的作用。其基本結構為主語+系動詞+that從句。如：What surprised me most was that all the

8、pupils were unusually quiet.使我十分驚訝的是所有的學生異乎尋常的安靜。當主語是reason時，表語從句要用that引導而不是because。如：The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.2.wh-疑問詞引導的表語從句連接代詞what，which，who，whom，whose除在句子中起連接作用外，還可在從句中充當主語、賓語、表語、定語，且各有各的詞義。如：The problem is who is really fit for the hard

9、 job.問題是誰才真正適合做這份艱苦的工作。(who在從句中作主語)Tom is no longer what he used to be.湯姆不再是以前的湯姆了。(what在從句中作系動詞be的表語)連接副詞when,where,how,why除在句中起連接作用外，在從句子中還充當時間，地點，方式，原因狀語，本身具有詞義。如：That's where I can't agree with you.那就是我不能同意你的地方。whether引導的表語從句連接詞whether起連接作用，意為“是否，究竟，到底”(注意：if不能引導表語從句)，在句中也不作任何成分。如：The qu

10、estion is whether that man will turn up in time.問題是那個人是否會及時出現(xiàn)。3.其他連詞as if,because,as,as though引導的表語從句because引導表語從句通常只用于“This/That/It is/was because.”結構中。as if/as though引導的表語從句常置于系動詞look，seem，sound，be，become等后面，常用虛擬語氣，表示不存在的動作或狀態(tài)。如：The elephant feels as if/though he were a wall.大象摸起來像一堵墻。4.主語是表示建議、命令

11、、要求等的名詞，那么表語從句應該用虛擬語氣，即should后接動詞原形,(should可以省略)。如：His suggestion is that we (should) climb all the way to the top of the hill.他的建議是我們應該一路爬到山頂。賓語從句和表語從句典型用法正誤辨析1.我們不知道下一步該怎么做。錯誤：We wonder how we shall do next.正確：We wonder what we shall do next.辨析：what，how都可以引導賓語從句，how在從句中充當狀語，而what在從句中充當主語、賓語或表語。2.請

12、你告訴我他們在哪里野餐？錯誤：Could you tell me where are they having a picnic?正確：Could you tell me where they are having a picnic?辨析：不管主句是陳述句是疑問句，賓語從句都應該用陳述語序。3.我們相信他們已經(jīng)提前完成他們的任務了，是嗎？錯誤：We believe that they have finished their task ahead of time,don't we?正確：We believe that they have finished their task ahead

13、of time,haven't they?辨析：以think，believe，consider，suppose等動詞加that引導的賓語從句，如果主句的主語是第一人稱I/we,反意疑問句應根據(jù)從句來提問；如果主語是第二或第三人稱的話，則反意疑問句應根據(jù)主句來提問。4.現(xiàn)在我們面臨的問題是我們城市的廢物該如何處理。錯誤：The problem we are facing is that the waste in our city should be dealt with.正確：The problem we are facing is how the waste in our city s

14、hould be dealt with.辨析:表語從句可以用that引導，也可以用連接代詞what，who，whom，which，whose等以及連接副詞how，where，when，why來引導。根據(jù)句意，此句用how來引導，并作deal with的狀語。5.李先生看起來好像十分精通維修電腦。錯誤：Mr Li seems that he is very expert at repairing computers.正確：Mr Li seems as if he is very expert at repairing computers.辨析：seem/look所需接的表語從句應該用as if/

15、although引導，也可用it seems that句式，但是that所引導的是主語從句。如：The bridge looks as if it will be broken soon.It seems that they have been to the United States before.6.對不起我不知道你也想?yún)⒓幽莻€競賽。錯誤：I'm sorry that I don't know you want to take part in that competition.正確：I'm sorry that I didn't know you wante

16、d to take part in that competition.辨析：I'm sorry引導的賓語從句中通常用過去時態(tài)，說明對已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情道歉。7.那個人所提出的問題是這項工程是否能按期完工。錯誤：The question which the man raised was if the project could be completed on time.正確：The question which the man raised was whether the project could be completed on time.辨析:if和whether都可以引導名詞性從句表示

17、“是否”，但是if通常只能引導賓語從句，而whether則可以引導賓語從句、主語從句和表語從句等，并且whether可以與or not連用。8.那就是那些旅客沒能到達山頂看日出的原因。錯誤：That was because those passengers couldn't go to the top of the mountain to see the sunrise.正確：That was why those passengers couldn't go to the top of the mountain to see the sunrise.辨析：that/this/i

18、t is because用于說明前面發(fā)生事情的原因，而that/this/it is why則用于說明前面發(fā)生事情的結果。9.那位老人終于弄清楚他在何時何地丟了他的雨傘。錯誤：The old man finally found out when or where he had lost his umbrella.正確：The old man finally found out when and where he had lost his umbrella.辨析：此處時間和地點為并列存在，應該用and連接，when and where共同引導一個賓語從句，實際上是兩個賓語從句when he had