高考必考語法精講精練專題十名詞性從句含解析

1、高考必考語法精講精練語法專題十：名詞性從句名詞性從句是比較重要的語法項目。2017年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試大綱附錄語法項目表中對名詞性從句列了四項：主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。全國卷新課標對名詞性從句的考查一般在語法填空和短文改錯中，主要考查從句引導(dǎo)詞的用法。 2015年高考全國卷沒有考查名詞性從句。 2016年高考全國卷第71題（短文改錯）考查了賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.本句中須將that改為where。2017年高考全國卷沒有考查了名詞性從句。在復(fù)合句中起名詞作

2、用的從句叫做名詞性從句。名詞可以充當句子的主語、賓語、表語和同位語，因此，名詞性從句包括主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句和同位語從句。What was most important to her was her family.(主語從句)I dont know what you want to say.(賓語從句)The good news is that we have won the game.(表語從句)The news that we have won the game is true.(同位語從句)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞：從屬連詞 that, because疑問代詞 who, whom,

3、 whose, which, what,whether,if疑問副詞 when, where ,why,how,縮合連接詞whatever,whoever,whomever,whichever,however, whenever,wherever關(guān)聯(lián)短語 as if ,as though注意：連詞that在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時無詞義，不充當句子成分，只起連接作用，在主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中不能省略，在引導(dǎo)賓語從句時，口語或非正式的文體中常被省去；疑問代詞、疑問副詞、縮合連接詞以及關(guān)聯(lián)短語在句中既保留自己的含義又起連接作用，在從句中充當成分。名詞性從句一般都用陳述句的語序，即使從句表達的是疑

4、問含義。例如：The problem is what he has done to the little boy. We all dont know when he will come.1. 主語從句在復(fù)合句中作主語的句子叫主語從句主語從句通常由從屬連詞that，whether 和連接代詞what, who,which,whatever, whoever以及連接副詞how,when,where, why等詞引導(dǎo)。例如：That he stole a bike was true. What he wants to tell us is not clear. Who will win the ma

5、tch is still unknown. Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. Whether he can pass the exam depends on whether he study hard or not.Whatever you do is none of my business.Whoever comes to our library will be welcome.單個的主語從句作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如果是兩個或兩個以上的主語從句作主語，謂語動詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Whe

6、re and when he was born has not been found. When the person was murdered and why he was murdered are still unknown. 主語從句比較長的時候，為避免句子頭重腳輕，常用it 代替主語從句作形式主語放于句首，而把主語從句置于句末。主句的謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。常用句型如下：（1）It + be + 名詞 + 主語從句。例如：It is a fact that he has gone abroad. It is a pity that you missed the sports meeti

7、ng last week.（2）It + be + 形容詞 + 主語從句。例如：It is obvious that he told a lie.It is certain that he will win the game.（3）It + be + 過去分詞 + 主語從句。例如：It is said that she will come to the party tomorrow.It has not been announced when the plane are to take off. （4）It + 不及物動詞 + 主語從句。例如：It happened that the meet

8、ing was canceled that day.It occurred to me that I had forgotten to bring my wallet.注意:在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等語氣時，謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣 (should) +do，常用的句型是：It is necessary/important/natural/strange/essential, etc.) that 例如：Its necessary that you should study hard.It is strange that he should say that.It is e

9、ssential that a college student should master at least a foreign language.2. 賓語從句在復(fù)合句中作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，在句中可以作謂語動詞或介詞及非謂語動詞的賓語。例如：I want to know what he has told you.She always thinks of how she can work well. She will give whoever needs help a warm support.1).由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句

10、由連接詞that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時，that在句中不擔任任何成分，在口語或非正式的文體中常被省去。但如從句是并列句時,第二個分句前的that不可省。例如：He has told me (that) he will leave Wuhan and that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 注意:在insist,suggest, advise,decide, demand, desire,require, request,order, command等表示“堅持、建議、決定、要求、命令”（“堅決要命”）等意義的動詞后，賓語從句中謂語部分常用虛擬語氣，即should+

11、動詞原形。例如：I insist that she (should) do her work alone. The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 但是, 如果suggest作“表明、暗示”講, insist作“堅持說、堅持認為”講，則其后的賓語從句中用陳述語氣。例如：The smile on his face suggested that he had passed the examination. The boy insisted that he had not stolen the money.2).用whe

12、ther或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句whether和if均可引導(dǎo)動詞后的賓語從句，?？苫Q。但從句中有or not時或介詞后的賓語從句中只能用whether連接。其它名詞性從句，如主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句中表示“是否”只用whether. 介詞后的賓語從句一般不用which和if引導(dǎo)，要用whether和what。that也很少引導(dǎo)介詞賓語從句，只在except, but, besides等之后才用。例如：I dont care about whether you have money or not. Everything depends on whether we have enough mo

13、ney. He seldom loses his temper except that you make a fool of him.3).賓語從句中的時態(tài)呼應(yīng)賓語從句的謂語動詞時態(tài)受主句謂語動詞的影響，如果主句的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時，從句中的謂語動詞可以用各種時態(tài)。例如：I know that he studies English every day. I know that he studied English last term. I know (that) he will study English next year.We all know that he has studied E

14、nglish since 1998. 如果主句中的謂語動詞用了一般過去時，則從句中的語動只能用過去時的某種形式，如一般過去時，過去進行時，過去將來時等。例如：We believed that he had earned enough money to build a house. The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America當從句表示的是客觀真理，科學(xué)原理，自然現(xiàn)象，則從句仍用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。例如：The teacher told us that the sun rises in the east.4).當主句是I/ We think (s

15、uppose, expect, believe, guess, imagine) 時，其后的賓語從句如果是否定形式，常把否定詞not從從句中轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中成為否定的轉(zhuǎn)移。例如：We dont believe that he will win the game. I dont think he will do so. 注意：doubt用于肯定結(jié)構(gòu)時，后面用whether/ if 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句；用于否定結(jié)構(gòu)或疑問結(jié)構(gòu)時，后面用 that 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。be sure 用于肯定句或疑問句時，后接 that 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句；用于否定句時，后接whether/if 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。例如：I dou

16、bt whether he will come tomorrow.There is no doubt that he will come tomorrow.I am sure that he will win the game.I am not sure whether he will win the game.3. 表語從句在復(fù)合句中作表語的句子叫表語從句。表語從句常放在系動詞之后。引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，表語從句位于連系動詞后，有時用as if, because引導(dǎo)。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語+系動詞+表語從句。例如：The fact is that we have l

17、ost the game. Thats just what I want. This is where our problem lies. That is why he didnt come to the meeting. It looks as if it is going to rain. This is because he missed the train by one minute.注意：當主語是reason 時，表語從句要用that引導(dǎo)而不是because。例如：The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by o

18、ne minute this morning. 4. 同位語從句在復(fù)合句中作同位語的從句叫同位語從句。同位語從句用于解釋說明其前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語從句一般跟在某些表示抽象概念的名詞后,如 news, idea, information, fact, hope,thought, belief 等，用來說明名詞所表示的具體內(nèi)容，引導(dǎo)同位語從句的連接詞通常有that, whether和連接副詞when, where, why, how；連接代詞who，what，whose，which也可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句。例如：The news that he won the first place was

19、true.It is a question how he did it.The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment has been solved.We havent settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.I have no idea when she will be back. The question who should do the work requires consideration. 同位語從句一般緊跟在被

20、解釋的名詞之后，但有時候也可以分開，將從句放在句末。例如：The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule should be adopted.Word came that Mr. President would come and inspect our school.5.同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別（1）定語從句修飾限定先行詞，它與先行詞是修飾關(guān)系；同位語從句解釋說明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容，它與先行詞是同位關(guān)系。The plane that has just taken off&

21、#160;is for Paris.  （定語從句）    The fact that he has died is quite clear. （同位語從句）（2）定語從句由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞在從句中擔當相應(yīng)的句子成分，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時經(jīng)?？墒÷?。同位語從句主要由連詞that 引導(dǎo)，在從句中不充當句子成分；where, when, how, who, whe

22、ther, what 等連詞也可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句，這些連詞則在從句中擔當成分。The news that he told me is true.  （定語從句）The news that he has just died is true.   （同位語從句）The problem that were facing now

23、0;is how we can collect so much money. (定語從句)The problem how we can collect so much money is hard to solve. （同位語從句）The question that he raised puzzled all of us

24、. （定語從句）The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer.（同位語從句）       （3）同位語從句與先行詞一般可以用be動詞發(fā)展成一個完整的句子, 而定語從句則不能。如：The idea that we can ask the teacher for advice is wonderful.（同位語從句）The idea is that we 

25、can ask the teacher for advice.The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all. （同位語從句）The fact is that the earth moves around the sun.Pay attentio

26、n to the problem how we can protect the wild animals. （同位語從句） The problem is how we can protect the wild animals.高考英語短文改錯及語法填空分析與訓(xùn)練·名詞性從句考點規(guī)律分析:名詞性從句短文改錯改錯考點主要涉及從句引導(dǎo)詞的誤用、缺失以及多余。語法填空主要涉及從句引導(dǎo)詞

27、的選擇。名詞性從句單句改錯之真題訓(xùn)練：1.but it didnt matter that I would win or not. (全國卷)2.(2016·全國卷)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live3.(2016·全國)The summer holiday is coming.My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday.4.Besides, I have few friends, I dont know

28、 that they dont like to talk with me. (全國卷)名詞性從句單句改錯之提升訓(xùn)練：1. Its uncertain that the experiment is worth doing.   2.That is hard is to do good all one's life and never do anythi

29、ng bad.  3.What the boy didn't take medicine made his mother angry.             4.What he really means is what he disagrees with

30、60;us.           5.If we can finish translating the book depends on the time.              6.That is that Lu Xun

31、60;once lived.            7. The fact which she had not said anything surprised all of us.  8.  There is no doubt whether he will come tomorrow.9. The

32、 reason why he was late was because he missed the train by one minute this morning. 10.That he wants to tell us is not clear. 名詞性從句單句語法填空之真題訓(xùn)練：1.(2016·全國，閱讀B)We now realize _ important family is and how important to be near them, especially when youre raising children.2.(2016·全國，閱讀B)Member

33、s leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops._ finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.3.(2016·全國，閱讀D)The journey was intended to achieve more than _Captain Robert Falcon Scott had done.4.(2016·北京，29)The most pleasant thing of the

34、rainy season is_one can be entirely dust.5.(2016·四川，七選五)Scientists are still not exactly sure _genes influence aging, but they believe that they do.6.(2016·江蘇，21)It is often the case_anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.7.(2015·湖南，26)You have to know _ you're going i

35、f you are to plan the best way of getting there.8.(2015·北京，33)I truly believe _ beauty comes from within.9.(2015·重慶，8)We must find out _ Karl is coming, so we can book a room for him.10.(2015·四川，8)The exhibition tells us_we should do something to stop air pollution.11.(2015·安徽，25

36、)A ship in harbor is safe, but that's not_ships are built for.12.(2014·大綱全國，24)Exactly _ the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain，but it was probably around 1565.學(xué)習札記：參考答案及解析名詞性從句單句改錯之真題訓(xùn)練：1.that 改為 whether，whether 與 or not 搭配，表示“是否”2.thatwhere 考查從句連詞。該句是賓語從句，意為“靠近我住的地方”，that改為where。3.howwhat考查疑問詞的用法。我和同學(xué)們正在談?wù)摷倨诶镒鍪裁?。固定表達what to do，如何用how結(jié)構(gòu)為how to do sth。4. that 改為 why，why 引導(dǎo)賓語從句，表示