句子結(jié)構(gòu)常見錯誤

1、本文檔如對你有幫助，請幫忙下載支持！句子結(jié)構(gòu)常見錯誤Sentence Structure Problems英語句子是受嚴(yán)格的語法規(guī)則制約的，在寫作中如果違背這些規(guī)則，那么寫出的句子就會使人無法理解，或引起歧義。要想避免發(fā)生這些情況，在寫作時(shí)就必須處理好句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面的幾個(gè)問題。我們對常犯的寫作錯誤進(jìn)行了歸納。殘缺句、接排句、誤置修飾語和懸垂修飾語是句子結(jié)構(gòu)中最常見的錯誤。我將對這些問題逐一進(jìn)行分析，以幫助大家弄清寫作中出現(xiàn)這些問題的原因，并掌握糾正錯誤的方法殘缺句 (Sentence Fragments)所謂殘缺句，顧名思義，就是指不能獨(dú)立成句的一個(gè)不完整的句子片斷。盡管殘缺句在形式上像句子一樣

2、是以大寫字母開頭，并在結(jié)尾處帶有標(biāo)點(diǎn)，然而在邏輯上并不能單獨(dú)表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思,僅是一組詞而已。請看下列句子：FragmentWondering what his son was going to do Revised SentenceMr Smith had been wondering what his son wasgoing to doFragmentSome errors in writing are serious For example，fragments and run on sentencesRevised Sentences Some errors in writing a

3、re serious ， for example， fragments and run on sentencesORSome errors in writing are serious ， among which arefragments and run-on sentences雖然句子的殘缺以各種形式出現(xiàn)，但最常見的形式是被分隔開的從句和以各種形式拆開的短語，如句號錯誤(period fault) 。FragmentsHaving driven across the desert We enjoyed the cool weatherHe enjoys flowers and shrubs

4、Which help screen his yard fromthe streetRevised SentencesHaving driven across the desert， we enjoyed the cool weather He enjoys flowers and shrubs ， which help screen his yardfrom the street 0RHe enjoys flowers and shrubs They help screen his yard fromthe street在寫作中要經(jīng)常檢查句子的殘缺問題，特別要注意那些以從屬連詞或短語等開頭的句

5、子，這些詞都是“危險(xiǎn)詞 ”。要確定以這些詞開始的每個(gè)從句，都應(yīng)附屬于一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子。避免殘缺句的最好辦法是注意區(qū)別句子和句子的一部分。我們知道句子的最基本特點(diǎn)是在語法和邏輯上是一個(gè)完整的意義表達(dá)單位。它至少具有一個(gè)主語和謂語。動詞的非限定形式不能在句中作為謂語單獨(dú)使用，除非是在如Where to go tonight? 簡短的問句中。因此在寫句子時(shí)要特別注意。改寫殘缺句主要有以下兩種方法：1 將句中用的句號變成逗號，或把分隔開的短語或從句同它所屬的句子合并成一個(gè)能表達(dá)完整意思的句子。例如：FragmentsSince there is a lack of interest There is a

6、 great lack of information You should make a determined effort to avoid sentence fragments Because they are considered serious mistakes in writing I look forward to holidays For example, Thanksgiving and ChristmasRevised SentencesSince there is a lack of interest， there is a great lack of informatio

7、n.You should make a determined effort to avoid sentence fragments because they are considered serious mistakes in writing I look forward to holidays ， for example， Thanksgiving andChristmas2）把殘缺句擴(kuò)展到主句中，或通過添加或減少某些成分。把殘缺改寫為獨(dú)立、完整的句子。例如：FragmentsI am interested only in the properties of citrus fruit Suc

8、h as lemons， oranges， and grapefruitHaving no money and being lonely in the big city.It was difficult to decide. which choice to make To return to school or to accept the job Revised SentencesI am interested only in the properties of citrus fruit. Examples are lemons， oranges， and grapefruitHaving n

9、o money and being lonely in the big city ， the women committed suicide It was difficult to decide whether to return to school or to acceptthe jobDirections ： Try to revise the following fragments in one or more thanone way1 Because some students have part-time jobs in addition to going to school2 Th

10、e table was covered with fresh vegetables Such as lettuce， carrots， spinach， and squash3 Joe tries to call home once a week To be in touch with his family4 He made a point of entering each misspelled word in a notebook. Which he kept for that purpose.5 It was a wonderful week. Fishing and swimming e

11、very day and dancing every night.Revised sentences1 Because some students have part-time jobs in addition to full-time class work ， they have very little free time2 The table was covered with fresh vegetables such as lettuce， carrots ，spinach and squash 3 Joe tries to call home once a week to keep i

12、n touch with his family4 He made a point of entering each misspelled word in a notebook which he kept for that purpose 5 It was a wonderful week We went fishing and swimming every day and dancing every night OR： It was a wonderful week We fished and swam every day and danced every night 2接排句(Run-on

13、Sentence)所謂接排句就是兩個(gè)或更多的句子混合交織在一起，而沒有正確的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號標(biāo)明它們之間關(guān)系的句子。這樣的句子，意思含混不清，使讀者不能理解各部分之間的關(guān)系。接排句有兩種形式:一是融合句(fused sentence),即在句子之間沒有標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號和句間連接詞； 另一種更為常見的形式是逗號連接(comma splice),即沒有并列連詞，只用逗號代替分號和句號，把兩個(gè)完整的意思連接起來.請看例句 :Fused Sentences1. The girls scored higher in math the boys scored higher in verbal skills 2. Gest

14、ures are a means of communication for everyone they are essential for the hearing-impaired Comma Splices1. Education is an elusive word, it often means different things to different people 2. Hikers would especially enjoy a vacation at Yellowstone National Park， the park consists of two million acre

15、s of backcountry 改正接排句的基本方法可根據(jù)句子之間的不同關(guān)系分為以下5 種1 .用句號分隔。當(dāng)長句或兩個(gè)句子之間的關(guān)系不是很密切或毫無關(guān)系時(shí)，可使用這種方法。例如：Revised SentencesThe girls scored higher in math The boys scored higher in verbal skills Gestures are a means of communication for everyone They are essential for the hearing-impaired Education is an elusive w

16、ord It often means different things to different people Hikers would especially enjoy a vacation at Yellowstone National Park The park consists of two million acres of backcountry2 用分號隔開。用分號連接兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的分句時(shí)，它們之間的關(guān)系 在意義和語法結(jié)構(gòu)上比起使用句號時(shí)，關(guān)系較緊密。Revised SentencesThe girls scored higher in math ； the boys scored h

17、igher in verbal skills Gestures are a means of communication for everyone ； they are essential for the hearing impaired Education is an elusive word ； it often means different things to different people Hikers would especially enjoy a vacation at Yellowstone NationalPark； the park consists of two mi

18、llion acres of backcountry 3 使用并列連詞連接。當(dāng)接排的句子之間關(guān)系緊密，容易辨別且合乎邏輯時(shí)，可以借助并列連詞來連接，通常在這些連詞前要加上逗號。Revised SentencesThe girls scored higher in math ， and but the boys scored higher in verbal skills Gestures are a means of communication for everyone ， but they are essential for the hearing impairedEducation is

19、an elusive word ， for it often means different things to different people Yellowstone National Park consists of two million acres of backcountry， and hikers would especially enjoy a vacation there4 使用連接副詞連接。根據(jù)作者的意圖和句子的需要。接排的句子可以使用連接副詞來連接。這時(shí)，句子之間要用分號。在連接副詞的后面還要加逗號，但是一般在單音節(jié)的連詞后不加逗號。如 so, yet。thus 等.Re

20、vised SentencesThe girls scored higher in math ； however， the boys scored higher in verbal skills Gestures are a means of communication for everyone; neverthe1ess， they are essential for the hearing-impaired Education is an elusive word; indeed, it often means different things to different people Ye

21、llowstone National Park consists of two million acres of backcountry; therefore, hikers would especially enjoy a vacation there 5 .使用從屬連詞、關(guān)系副詞或關(guān)系代詞連接. 當(dāng)可以判斷出一個(gè)句子從邏輯上或意義上從屬于另一個(gè)句子時(shí), 可以將此接排句改寫成復(fù)合句。Revised SentencesThe girls scored higher in math ， while the boys scored higher in verbal skills Although

22、gestures are a means of communication for everyone ， they are essential for the hearing-impaired The power failure caused a blackout which created a lot of problemsHikers would especially enjoy a vacation at Yellowstone National Park， which consists of two million acres of backcountry Directions: Re

23、vise the following run-on sentences1 Women no longer need to move into the traditionally maleprofessions they have already opened most of the doors to desirable career paths2 I called for a reservation at a famous restaurant in town ， all the tables were taken before the Dragon Boat Festival 3 Eric

24、was late to work he ran all the way Revised sentences1 Women no longer need to move into the traditionally male professions ， for they have already opened most of the doors to desirable career paths OR： Women no longer need to move into the traditionally male professions ； they have already opened m

25、ost of the doors to desirable career paths OR： Women no longer need to move into the traditionally male professions They have already opened most of the doors to desirable career paths OR： Because women have already opened most of the doors todesirable career paths ， they no longer need to move into

26、 the traditionally male professions2 I called for a reservation at a famous restaurant in townAll the tables were taken before the Dragon Boat FestivalOR： I called for a reservation at a famous restaurant in town，butall the tables were taken before the Dragon Boat FestivalOR： I called for a reservat

27、ion at a famous restaurant in town；however ， all the tables were taken before the Dragon Boat Festival OR： I called for a reservation at a famous restaurant in town； allthe tables were taken before the Dragon Boat FestivalOR： Although I called for a reservation at a famous restaurant intown ， all th

28、e tables were taken before the Dragon Boat Festival3 Eric was late to work ， so he ran all the way or ： Eric ran all the way ； otherwise ， he could have been late to work or ： Because Eric was late to work ， he ran all the way or ： Eric ran all the way because he was late to workor ： Eric was late t

29、o work although he ran all the wayDirections: Identify and correct serious errors(such as fragmentsfused sentences and comma splices)in each of the following 1 Without telling anyone ， even her sister， Mary ， going to the park， meeting her friends 2 The physics problems were just impossible , they t

30、ook all day to do3 That the course was so hard we all studied day and night, with no one getting an A or a B 4 I knocked on at the door when the lady came I gave her most ingratiating smile 5 Why do you ask what concern is it of yours?6 Getting married is easy ， staying married is a different matter

31、.7 Michelle tried each of the appetizers on the table And then foundthat, when the dinner arrived , her appetite had gone8 She didn t know what to say to his announceme， ntshe was not at a complete loss for words ， eitherRevised sentences1 Without telling anyone ， not even her sister ， Mary went to

32、the park to meet her friends 2 The physics problems were just impossible ； therefore ， they took all day to do 3 The course was so hard that we all studied day and night， with noone getting an A or a B 4 I knocked on at the door When the lady came ， I gave her most ingratiating smile 5 Why do you as

33、k? What concern is it of yours?6 Getting married is easy ； staying married is a different matterOR： Getting married is easy ， but staying married is a differentmatter OR： Although getting married is easy ， staying married is a different matter 7 Michelle tried each of the appetizers on the table She

34、then found that ， when the dinner arrived ， her appetite had gone 8 She didn t know what to say to his announcement ， nor was she ata complete loss for words ， either.OR： She was neither ready with a response nor at a complete loss for words3. 誤置修飾語(Misplaced Modifiers )在寫作中，為了使句子生動和更具有吸引力，常常需要添加修飾語

35、。按照英語構(gòu)句規(guī)則，充當(dāng)定語或狀語的詞、短語或從句必須盡可能地靠近所修飾的成分。如果忽視了這個(gè)規(guī)則，在修飾語和其所修飾的中心詞之間不恰當(dāng)?shù)貖A進(jìn)了其他成分，就可能造成句子意思混淆，產(chǎn)生歧義。請看下面句子：Misplaced ModifiersHe sold the old car to the man with leather seats Please give the book to the boy with the blue cover That cat belongs to my neighbor with five kittens Revised SentencesHe sold the

36、 old car with leather seats to the man Please give the book with the blue cover to the boy That cat with five kittens belongs to my neighbor 如果一個(gè)修飾語既可以修飾其前面的詞也可修飾其后面的詞，這樣的修飾語稱為歧義修飾語(squinting modifier) 。歧義修飾語會使讀者對其修飾目的感到困惑不解。所以，應(yīng)該把易產(chǎn)生歧義的修飾語放在它所惟一修飾的詞的前面。例如：The equipment without the accessories sold

37、the best (Different types of equipment were available ， some with and somewithout the accessories )The equipment sold the best without the accessories (Onetype of equipment was available ， and the accessories wereoptional )Squinting ModifiersWe agreed on the next day to make the adjustmentsStudents

38、who practice writing often will benefit Revised SentencesWe agreed to make the adjustments on the next day(We agreed that on the next day we would make the adjustments)- OrOn the next day， we agreed to make the adjustments(On the next day， we agreed that we would make the adjust-ments )Students who

39、often practice writing will benefit Students who practice writing will often benefit 所以，在寫作中我們要特別注意副詞的位置，要把它們放在使讀者對句子的意義更清楚的地方。請分析下面這個(gè)句子：He only suggested three rules for us to follow 除非我們在這里確實(shí)是指“ He only suggested them； he didn tinsist on them ”，否則 only 這個(gè)詞就應(yīng)放在它所修飾的詞前面：He suggested only three rules

40、 for US to follow 要注意句子會隨著only 位置的改變而改變其意義。Directions ： Identify the misplaced word or words in each sentence Then rewrite the sentences and make the meaning clear1 Our team didn t even score once2 . She is teaching a seminar this term on market economy at theOsaka International University.3 The cit

41、y almost spent twenty million dollars on the new stadium4 Tony bought an old car from a crooked dealer with a faulty transmission5 The suburbs nearly had five inches of rain 6 We could see the football stadium driving across the bridge 7 I almost had a dozen job interviews after I sent out my resume

42、8 There were strong calls for an immediate ceasefire in the UNSecurity Council9 The exchange students we met for coffee occasionally questioned us about our latest slang.10 I put the chair in the middle of the room that I had recently purchased. Revised sentences1 Our team didn t score even once .2

43、This term she is teaching a seminar on market economy at the Osaka International University 3 The city spent almost twenty million dollars on the new stadium4 Tony bought an old car with a faulty transmission from a crooked dealer 5 The suburbs had nearly five inches of rain.6 Driving across the bri

44、dge ， we could see the football stadium.7 I had almost a dozen job interviews after I sent out my resume.8 There were strong calls in the UN Security Council for an immediate ceasefire9 The exchange students we occasionally met for coffee questioned us about our latest slang OR： The exchange student

45、s we met for coffee questioned us occasionally about our latest slang.10 I put the chair that I had recently purchased in the middle of the room 4懸垂修飾語(Dangling Modifiers)懸垂修飾語是與句子的主語不能構(gòu)成邏輯關(guān)系的修飾語。懸垂修飾語可以出現(xiàn)在句中的任意位置，但大多位于句首。請看下面例句：Dangling ModifiersBy going to the various sorority houses on campus and

46、 meeting hundreds of new girls ， my conversation ， manners， and poise became more polishedTo write the proposal ， research must be done兩句中斜體的修飾語與句子的主語不存在邏輯關(guān)系。在第一句中，當(dāng)作者想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為“I是句子的主語，并打算對自己做個(gè)描述。但是由于用了"my conversation 做句子的主語就破壞了句子中的邏輯關(guān)系而引起荒謬可笑的解釋：It was her conversationthat visited the sorority h

47、ouses 動詞的非限定性短語作狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語必須與句子主語保持一致，否則就會形成懸垂性修飾語。如果把句子的主語改成“I,”就可改成一個(gè)令人滿意的句子了。同樣，在第二句中，動詞不定式在邏輯上不能修飾句子的主語，theresearchRevised SentencesBy going to the various sorority houses on campus and meeting hundreds of new girls ， I polished my conversation ， manners， and poiseTo write the proposal, the profe

48、ssor must first do some re- search2懸垂動名詞(Dangling Gerund)Dangling ModifiersBy installing a birdbath the birds were given a source of water After finishing the research ， the paper was easy to writeRevised SentencesBy installing a birdbath ， we gave the birds a source of water After finishing the res

49、earch ， I found that the paper was easy to write 3懸垂動詞不定式(Dangling Infinitive)Dangling ModifiersTo ski properly， a course of instruction is necessaryTo write well ， good books must be readRevised SentencesTo ski properly ， a beginner should take a course of instruction.To write well, I must read goo

50、d books. 4懸垂省略從句(Dangling Elliptical Clause)Dangling ModifierWhile climbing the hill , the rain began to fallWhen only a small boy , my father took me with him to ChicagoRevised SentencesWhile climbing the hill , she felt the rain beginning to fallWhen I was only a small boy ， my father took me with

51、 him toChicago常用的修改懸垂性修飾語的方法有：1 .找出句子中隱含的主語，對所修飾的短語提供行為者(actor)( 承擔(dān)動作行為的人或物).Dangling ModifiersAt the age of six my uncle bought my first pet ， a goldfish.While leaving the house , the phone rangUsing this drug ， many undesirable side effects are experiencedRevised SentencesAt the age of six, I rece

52、ived my first pet, a goldfish from myuncle While leaving the house, I heard the phone ringUsing this drug ， patients experience many undesirable side effects2 .補(bǔ)足懸垂短語或省略從句必要的成分，擴(kuò)展其成為一個(gè)完整的從句，由行為者做主語.Revised SentencesWhen I was six , my uncle bought me my first pet , a goldfishAs I was leaving the hou

53、se ， the phone rang.Many undesirable side effects are experienced when this drug is used.Directions ： Please revise the following sentences with dangling modifiers 1 Thumbing through the magazine ， her eyes automatically noticed the cosmetic ads 2 To please the visitors， a cross talk was performed3 On entering the teacher s office， a terrestrial globe caught his attention ；4 Though only seventeen ， the army accepted his application 5 From attending professional meetings ， important lessons can be learned6 With fifty pages left to read ， War and Peace was absorbing7 On the n