英語(yǔ)畢業(yè)論文_論中西飲食文化差異

1、專業(yè)資料On Differences Between Chinese and Western Dietary CulturesAbstractDiet is absolutely necessary in the life of mankind, and even in the existence or development. Because of the differences between Chinese and western cultural traditions, the Chinese and western dietary cultures are different in

2、concept, target, pattern, attribution and nature. We study these differences and then find out the points that can be digested, in order to facilitate the communication about cultures between China and the west. Taiwan Professor Zhang Qijun said, “ The old saying, 'Eat, drink, man, woman who wis

3、hes greatly'. For such a standard fair, western culture (in particular, modern American culture) can be said to be male and female culture. But the Chinese culture can be said to be a dietary culture. "As the reason of the cultural traditions, the western lives tend to men and women, but be

4、cause of the narrow gender relations, Chinese people are dumping guidance on life in the restaurants. Thus the diet is rich in culture. Food culture in the west is not developed enough, but this underdevelopment itself is the result of the development of a culture, so it is still significant tostudy

5、 the dietary culturesof Chinese and Western diet. By the analysis of the differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures, we can comprehend the respective cultural traditions of China and the west. And we can also improve and create the culture of China.Key Wordsdietary culture; cultural tr

6、adition; differences摘要飲食是人類生活、生存與發(fā)展的必需，可是由于中西方文化傳統(tǒng)的差異，導(dǎo)致了中西方飲食文化在觀念、對(duì)象、方式、歸屬與性質(zhì)方面產(chǎn)生了差異，研究這些差異，找出可以融會(huì)貫通的地方，促進(jìn)中西文化交流。臺(tái)灣張起鈞教授說(shuō)過(guò)“古語(yǔ)說(shuō)飲食男女人之大欲存焉 。就這樣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而論，西方文化（特別是近代美國(guó)式的文化）可說(shuō)是男女文化，而中國(guó)可說(shuō)是一種飲食文化。 ”由于文化傳統(tǒng)的緣故，西方人的人生傾向男女關(guān)系，而中國(guó)人由于對(duì)男女關(guān)系的褊狹，把人生精力傾泄導(dǎo)向于飲食。由此賦予飲食以豐富的文化內(nèi)涵，雖然飲食文化在西方不夠發(fā)達(dá)，但這種不發(fā)達(dá)本身也是一種文化發(fā)展的結(jié)果，所以對(duì)中西飲食文化的比

7、較仍有意義。通過(guò)對(duì)中西飲食文化差異的分析，我們可以了解中西方各自的文化傳統(tǒng)；同時(shí)能對(duì)中國(guó)文化進(jìn)行改善與創(chuàng)新。關(guān)鍵詞飲食文化; 文化傳統(tǒng); 差異IntroductionOnce there is a saying that "Food is eating well- deserved for human life ” , so food is an indispensable condition for the survival and development of human beings. There are two desires in life: one is feasting

8、 them to survive; and another is the lust of men and women, which can help the mankind to carry on the family line. Facing the two desires, China pays more attention to the former, while the west tends to the latter.Such phenomenon affectsthe culturaltrend. Diet is actually the contentsof our daily

9、lives, but why we call it culture?That is because the diet has specialstatus in the Chinese culture, and it also has a great distinction between China and the west.As one of the world ancient nations, China s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization. But in western countries

10、, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did, and thereiseven not aware of it to the "heaven" degree. With the opposite, they recognized and interpreted the world in the perspective of the lust or love of men and women more. Whether the aw

11、areness of original sin of Christianity, Adam and Eve legend, or ancient Greek philosophy (such as Plato's dialogue) who considered the personal relationships “ love ” as the love of ontology of beauty, and regarded it as a reality thinking of philosophy, all these ideas become the basis of west

12、ern philosophers cultural thoughts. All these had potential effects on the development of western culture and westerners characters.Receiving the influence of respective cultural tradition, the Chinese and western dietary culture has had different characteristic. The differences in concepts, targets

13、, patterns, attribution and nature had reflected the different dietary culture in the different state characteristic; such characteristic has enriched the research value of dietary culture. Studying these cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the

14、 west through a comprehensive study of the subject. It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.I. Differences in ConceptsFirst, the Chinese and western diet have the differences that cannot be ignored in concepts. Nobody will deny that the Western diet is a ratio

15、nal concept, regardless of the color of food, incense, flavor and shape, but nutrition must be assured. It cares about the intake of calories, vitamins, protein and so on during a day.Comparing with the Chinese diet, western diet tastes stereotyped, as simple as chewing the candle, but the sense tel

16、ls them: We must eat them all because of the nutrition. And then they put it bluntly, just like refueling machine.The concept of western diet is compatible with the whole western philosophy. Metaphysics is the main feature of western philosophy. Such kind of philosophy brings vitality to western cul

17、ture, so the natural sciences, psychology and methodology achieve a rapid development. In some other aspects, such philosophy proposition isa significantly obstacle, such as the dietary culture, which is the inevitable thing to drop behind, and just the metaphysicsof methodology marks everywhere. In

18、celebration, it stresses tableware, stresses the staple, stresses the servings, and stresses the color and shape mix of raw materials. But no matter how luxurious the grade is; from Los Angeles to New York, only one taste of steak, it is no art to speak of. And as dishes, the chicken is chicken; ste

19、ak is steak, even in groups, which are also conducted in a shallow dish. In a dish of "French Muttonchops", one side is potato mud, and muttonchops sits next to it, another side is allocation of cooking beans, and plus a few tablets of tomato. Color is on clear, but the tastesof the variou

20、s materials are separated, not toreconcile, and the entire flavorisalso simple and clear.Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet. When people sample dishes, they often say this dish is "delicious", and that dish is "not delicious". But if you ask what is meant by "delicious&q

21、uot;, why "tasty" and what are the aspects of "delicious", I am afraid that it will be difficult to answer. This shows that which Chinese people hankeron a diet is just the “ mood” that is difficultfor one to say anything. Even usingthe "color, flavor, shape and implement &q

22、uot;which people often said to make the" realm "reification, I am afraid it is still difficult to crown all.The beauty pursuit of Chinese cuisine is clearly overriding the rational pursuit.This concept of diet is also coinciding with the traditional Chinese philosophy.Chinese philosophy as

23、 a representative of oriental philosophy, its distinguishing features is the macro, visual, vague and evasive. Chinese cooking method is to reconcile, and the ultimate goal is to reconcile out of a beautiful taste. The main stress is measure and the overall co-ordination. It contains a wealth of dia

24、lectics of Chinese philosophy, and all these depend on the degree of the wonderful flavor and harmony of dish. The ever-changing within degrees decides the changeable of Chinese food, and it also decides the characteristics of Chinese food as well as the characteristics on each of the chefs.II. Diff

25、erences in targetsAll diet cannot be done without vegetables. The word "dish" is for the sound in China, and it always has something to do with the plants. According to a survey of western plants scholar, there are 600 varieties of vegetables, six times more than in the west. In fact, the

26、Chinese dishes, vegetabledish is usual food. Meat dish enteredthe normal diet only on holidays or higher living standards, so since ancient times, and there was a saying of "fresh vegetables". Chu ? Mandarin language: "Commonp eople eat fresh vegetables, fish only offered in the worsh

27、ip." It is said that fresh vegetables are mainly to the civilian in general, only being able to eat meat only in worship. Vegetarian diet takes the dominant position in the normal structure.Chinese people consider the vegetables as the main dish; it has inextricably linked with the advocacy of

28、Buddhists. They deem animals as "people" and plants have "no soul." So, they advocate vegetarianism.Westerners do not seem to have such a good habit. They uphold a cultural origin of nomadic, seafaring nation. Living mainly by fishing and hunting, collection and planting are just

29、 the complement. There are more meat dishes in their lives. Feeding, clothing, and using are taken from the animals, and even Western medicine is derived from animals. When the westerners introduce the diet characteristics of their countries, they always feel that their diet is more reasonable on th

30、e mix of nutrition than China. The food industry is more developed, such as cans, fast food, although the taste is monotonous, but it saves time, and it also has good nutrition.Therefore,in their countries: people are generally healthier and taller than Chinese, and the people have strong shoulders

31、and developed muscles; but Chinese people look short, their shoulders narrow and legs thin, their skin yellow and their body weak. The differences between Chinese and western food for Westerners to judge the merits of the two diet is not justified. Mr. Sun Yat-sen had profound study of the culture o

32、f food and incisive exposition. In his composing The Scheme for National Reconstruction, detailing the differences between Chinese and Western diet phenomenon, he concludes: "Chinese ordinary people drink green tea, and eat simple food such as vegetables and tofufor meal. Such kinds of food are

33、the most healthyand beneficial according tothe research of hygienist.Therefore, theremote peoplein china, whose diet are farfrom meat and wine, alwayslive a long life.Also Chinahas a big population, and Chinese people have enormouspower to resistdisease, butthey never try the non- diet. “ He added:&

34、quot; The Chinese vegetarians all eat tofu. Tofu is expected as the real meat in plants, as it has the nutrition that meat has. Itis the meat without toxic materials. So the Chinese are vegetarian used to be a custom without the promotion of scholars. It is also a custom that the European and Americ

35、an drink thick Wine, eat meat and fish. So there was science promotion before and a severe law later, such as the United States Prohibition. And the transfer will not carry out in a short time. "Mr. Sun s words tell out the scientific benefits of Chinese diet and disadvantages of Western diet.A

36、ccording to the characteristics of the significant differences between Chinese and Western diet targets, the Chinese character is called the plant character, while the Westerners is animal character. In response to the culturalbehaviors,Westerners love adventure, exploration, conflict; but the Chine

37、se people only like to liv e banally. According to American expert on folklore Ruth s opinions on the"cultural pattern" theory, Chinese culture is quite similar to the classical world Apollo- type character and Westerners is similar to the modern world Faust-type.Indeed, the Westerners suc

38、h as Americans in the development of the west, they put the whole family on the truck, and go out of the city in amid rumbling with the supplies. The Chinese people are always thinking about "home" and "roots", despite the promotion that young people should take the world as home

39、. But after a few decades, the overseas Chinese will come back to the mainland with crutch to seek their roots. This concept of return and such human spirit that can only be said to cooperate with the accumulation in the diet. Then it brings cohesiveness to the Chinese nation and then makes the huma

40、n folk full of energy.III. Differences in Dietary PatternsThe Chinese and Western dietary patterns can be very different, and these differences affect the national character. In China, a celebration, no matter what, there will be only one form, as sitting together, sharing one feast. Banquet uses ro

41、und table, which has created a unity of form, which is courtesy, comity atmosphere. Cate are in the center of the table. It is the objects for people to appreciate and taste, and it is also an intermediate of communication. People toast each other and share the vegetables, which reflect the mutual r

42、espect between people in the face of the good things,also show the virtues of comity. Although from the health point of view,this approach has obvious deficiencies, but it is in our national "happy" mentality, it reflectsthe classical Chinese philosophy area of "and" impact for f

43、uturegenerations. It is helpful to facilitate the collective emotional exchanges and consequently difficult to reform.The western-style banquets, although the food and wine are very important, but in fact they are just foil. The core of Banquet is friendship, by the conversation with the guests who

44、sitting next to achieve the purpose of recreation. If making an analogous compare between the recreation of the banquets and dancing, it may be said that the Chinese banquet is like group dance, and the western banquet is like men and women dancing. This shows that communication purpose of Chinese b

45、anquet and western banquet are very obvious. Only the Chinese banquet is more popular in the communion, but western banquet shows guests reflected in the friendship between neighbors.The more obvious differences between Chinese and western dietary patterns is buffet dinner which is popular in the We

46、st. This method is to display all food, and everybody is picking not fixed in his or her places to eat. They walk freely. This approach would provide the emotional interaction between individuals; they never need to put every word on the table. This also shows a western personality and self-respect.

47、However, all the eating without jamming lacks the real affective tone like theChinese people. Some people want to put the buffet in the Chinese food, but I think it is not feasible. Zhang Qijun in the Principles of Cooking tells us the main reason: "First, buffet is not like drinking tea. Drink

48、ing tea is just the thing to you before you choose, and displayed in the cafeteria there is a large number of food to eat, so when you want to have it, it is cold yet. Chinese cuisine will serve hot, if cold, nothing to eat. Secondly, buffet dishes only can do hard dishes and beneficial dishes. Then

49、 you can access for large plots. And those most representative of the Chinese culinary arts, such as the tender and lighter dishes, are not in this show. Third, the buffet can do stewing pot; it means a big pot in terms of food. Any sophisticated cooking of a dish can only be cooked in a pot at two

50、most, and it is not able to cook the dish for dozens of people. So it will not be delicious, never talking of the taste. Under such circumstances, it is clear that the use of buffet dinner will deny Chinese culinary arts. "The Chinese people are drinking around the table to show harmony and uni

51、ty, but the buffet has broken such pattern. It raises the personal independence and self-mentioned at the first place. This is the opposite of the scale of the great unity of all Chinese traditional culture.IV. Differences in Diet AttributionThere are differences between Chinese and western diet att

52、ribution. Western diet tends to be scientific and rational, but the Chinese diet tends to be art and sentimental. During the underdevelopment era of diet, these two trends have only one aim to live and never be hungry. And when the dietary culture is full developed, the tendency is shown in this dif

53、ferent purpose: the former is in the development of nutrition, the latter is expressed as the stress on the flavor.Cooking is from diet; the origin of food is a life-sustaining nutrition. Therefore, the focus of western diet is only the extension of the original diet practicality.The emphasis on the

54、 flavor of Chinese cuisine caters the diet to the arts field.Mencius said: "Flavor in the mouth has the same interests". "Interests" points out the key from nutrition to arts. Such interests are from the meaning of flavor. InChina, eating is not meant to have enough. It is about

55、nutrition. Sometimes we eat though we are full. We are overloaded with food. Why? Saying bluntly, it is to appreciate the art of cooking; and not saying it nicely, it is the temptation of "delicious" for the enjoyment of taste. Watching the rational diet in the west,itis not only waste, bu

56、t also harmful to the men body. In fact, the herbalist doctors are also opposed to overeat, claiming "dietary restraint". But the dialectics tell us Chinese people, occasionally the "overload" and once we are comfortable, we can absorb and store. Qigong masters at the situation o

57、f non-eatand non-drink at homeis still in good spirits, although their weight loses, but it is intact on the human body; and it is the consumption of such storage. Herbalist doctor also advocates winter nutrition. It is also in order to store for keeping energy in the coming year. Chinese people'

58、;s views are more dialectical than the western diet propositions opposing overloaded stubbornly. It is closer to the science truth, and has been checked up for thousands of Chinese medicine practice. Psychologists Spinoza said: "The desire is human nature than other. ” The human desire for deli

59、cious is the nature of human beings which is fully reflected. In process of the taste enjoyment, it is imbued with the shares of é lan vital. Life should not be a yoke, but also not bea repressed desire. We can not use the absolute reason to regulate the behavior ofall people. On the diet, it i

60、s not the purpose of "science" and "nutrition" and some delicious are excluded from the table outside. Only delicious things can satisfy people's appetite and then give the arrival of physical and mental pleasure. Chinese diet shows the transformation about sentimental form to rational form from the old days till now, and cause the Chinese dietary culture brimming with imagi