休閑學(xué)答案電子教案

1、I. Short an swer questi ons: (30 poin ts)a. Backgro undIn dustrial revolutio n + rapid urba ni zati onSample programs and practicesSun day schoolTempera nee and teetotalismYMCA (1844 in Lon do n, 1851 in New York)b. Serious leisure is the systematic pursuit of an amateur, hobbyist, or volunteer acti

2、vity thatparticipants find so substantial and interesting that, inthe typical case, they launch themselves on a career cen tered on acquiri ng and express ing its specialskills, kno wledge, and experie neeFor examples:Golf club、tourism club、bicycle club。Casual leisure - relatively short lived, pleas

3、urable activity requiring relatively little or no special trainingto enjoy it. It is considerably less substantial and offers no career of the sort described for serious leisureSome examples: television, books, music。C.People seek neither an absenee nor an excess of stimulation, but an optimal level

4、 ofstimulation .What constitutes the optimal level varies from person to person and from time to time. Forexamples:Roller coaster rides, bun gee jump ing, sky diving.d.Why people do what they do? Because these activities are intrin sically reward ing. We en gage in anactivity for its own sake, that

5、is observable eve n among young childre n and ani malsFreedom of choice - the prerequisiteDone for the own sake/vol un tarily chose n/self-determi nedIntrinsic rewards Self-fulfillment, competence-elevating, social experiences con stitute the esse nce of intri nsically motivated leisurePers onal rew

6、ardsPerceived competence-the most importantA sense of compete nce and challe nge in leisure matched to result in optimal experie ncesWe avoid under- and over- challe nging situati ons because they can lead to anxiety or boredomthe notion of flowIn terpers onal rewardsEn gag ing in leisure activities

7、 for social con tact and social supportThose self-determi ned, compete nce-elevating, social experiences constitute the essence of intrinsically motivated leisure.initial intrinsic motivation maybe constrained by certain factors:Lack of opportunity to choose leisure behaviorThe prese nee of extri ns

8、ic rewards “over justificati on phe nomenon”Imposition of a deadline for a completion of an activityThe mere presence of observer or evaluatorSo called-“thiefn contingencies”e.1.Keeping idle hands busy theoryRootsThe early Protestant movement - Idleness was considered“an enemy of the soul”and work a

9、religious obligation because it prevented idlenessMajor argumentsPeople are expected to be happiest or at least mentally healthy when they are busyPeople who have nothing to do are expected to be more likely to engage in illegal and destructiveactivitiesRole of leisureLeisure keeps people withtoo mu

10、ch free timeon their hands occupiedLeisure keeps the mind busydistract ing people from distressfulthoughts that may be triggered by events such as death of a spouse or problems at workTargeted populationsE.g., older retired adults - at risk of this destructive idlenessAdolescentsJuvenile delinquency

11、 is a result of teenagers having too much free time ontheir handsNo socially acceptable leisure alternatives availableBoredom and consequent engagement in harmful activities such as druguse2.Pleasure-Relaxation-Fun theoryo Also known as psychological hedonismo Hedonism is a psychological theory that

12、 refers to the fact that people act insuch a way as to seek pleasure and avoid paino“Nature has placed mankind un der the gover nance of two sovereig n masters, pain , and pleasure .It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determ ine what we shall do”(Bentham 1789)o Pain-

13、aches, irritations, anxiety, anguish, discomfort, despair, grief, depressi on, guilt, remorseo Pleasure-elation, ecstasy, delight, joy, enjoymentMajor argume ntso People seek fun or pleasurable experiences in leisureo Fun and pleasurable experiences have long lasting effects on peoples lives,which c

14、on tribute to overall sense of well-be ingo Leisure can provide us with desirable moments of funo Maintain a sense of well being people need to experienee many small mome nts of enjo yme nt ratherthat rare and great peaks of pleasureNeed-compe nsatio n theoryMajor argume ntsWe all have to satisfy a

15、variety of psychological, cognitive and social needs to live happy livesHowever, due to a variety of factors we are ofte n un able to satisfy many ofthose n eeds as fully as we would likeLeisure activities are ofte n used to compe nsate or satisfy these unmet n eedsExampleWork and leisure relatio ns

16、hipII. Long essay questi on: (30 poin ts) A .休閑和炫耀性消費(fèi)之間的關(guān)系。休閑之事古已有之。一般意義上的休閑是指兩個方面：一是解除體力上的 疲勞，恢復(fù)生理的平衡；二是獲得精神上的慰藉，成為心靈的驛站。她是 完成社會必要勞動之后的時間，是人的生命狀態(tài)的一種形式。而對于人之 生命的意義來說，她是一種精神的態(tài)度，并在人類社會進(jìn)步的歷史進(jìn)程中 終扮演著重要的角色。中國古人對休閑內(nèi)容也是很講究的，并賦予很濃厚的文化內(nèi)涵，形成 了獨(dú)具一格的文化。如收藏字畫，篆刻臨帖，弈棋鼓琴，栽花養(yǎng)魚等，均 列為一種休閑生活的方式。其中所花去的錢是指在閑暇時間進(jìn)行的休閑產(chǎn) 品（

17、物質(zhì)的和精神的）消費(fèi)活動。休閑消費(fèi)是老百姓生活質(zhì)量提高的一個重要標(biāo)志，同時也極富夸示價(jià)值， 是有閑有錢的雙重表述。此外，高品位的休閑娛樂，例如對高雅藝術(shù)的鑒 賞，也是品位素養(yǎng)的一種彰顯，可以為消費(fèi)者帶來榮耀。當(dāng)前中國頗為流 行的出國旅游、古玩鑒賞、探險(xiǎn)越野、藝術(shù)欣賞等休閑娛樂，都有很強(qiáng)的 夸示成分在里邊。當(dāng)然，這種夸示可能是消費(fèi)者的有意為之，也有可能是 無心插柳。而炫耀性消費(fèi)就有些不同了，所謂炫耀性消費(fèi)，指的是富裕的上層階級通過對 物品的超出實(shí)用和生存所必需的浪費(fèi)性、奢侈性和鋪張浪費(fèi)，向他人炫耀和展示 自己的金錢財(cái)力和社會地位，以及這種地位所帶來的榮耀、聲望和名譽(yù)。其實(shí)休閑與炫耀性消費(fèi)的概念有

18、時候有些相近，因?yàn)樵诟蝗说男蓍e生活中，他們 的消費(fèi)很可能就是屬于炫耀性消費(fèi)，而普通人即使想要進(jìn)行炫耀性消費(fèi)也是無法 進(jìn)行的，因?yàn)殄X不夠，所以炫耀性消費(fèi)應(yīng)該包含于休閑里面，關(guān)系很相近。只是 用錢的多少來衡量而已。當(dāng)人們提到炫耀性消費(fèi)，第一個想到的是炫耀，與此相關(guān)的是大把的花錢。 我們以為，炫耀性消費(fèi)應(yīng)當(dāng)具有一些基本的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而這個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的主要意義 不存在于消費(fèi)所產(chǎn)生的金額。第一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，是炫耀性消費(fèi)應(yīng)當(dāng)是純粹的消 費(fèi)，因此我們需要鑒別一些貌似消費(fèi)而實(shí)際上是投資的“消費(fèi)”：譬如千 金宴請客戶，其目的是為了賺更多的錢，消費(fèi)只是一個幌子，一種公關(guān)手 段。第二個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，是炫耀性消費(fèi)的心靈依附性。如果沒有心靈上對

19、消費(fèi)所 產(chǎn)生的高人一等的依附、如果消費(fèi)的目的不是為了“顯擺”，就不是炫耀 性消費(fèi)，譬如有的富人一點(diǎn)小毛病也要到大醫(yī)院開高價(jià)藥，這種消費(fèi)只是 人們對于安全和權(quán)威的莫名信任和歸托而已?，F(xiàn)代人的休閑娛樂方式和內(nèi) 容，可謂花樣疊出，五彩繽紛。唱愈狂，跳愈瘋，玩更邪，還有腳綁橡皮 筋，從數(shù)十米高處頭朝下往水里跳的，玩起來著實(shí)驚心動魄。大凡時尚的 休閑娛樂，都要大把從兜里掏銀子，卡拉0K家庭影院、健美器械、保齡球、高爾夫、按摩桑拿、跑馬賽狗，都不是一文錢兩文錢可以玩的。人之娛樂，在下以為頂要緊的是追求心境淡泊雅悅，陶冶閑適的情趣， 以求修身養(yǎng)性?；ㄥX買來的娛樂，畢竟虛浮和短暫，況且工薪族老百姓， 能衣溫食

20、飽，居安業(yè)樂，如此便為天大的好生活了，犯不著再花冤枉錢， 去買那些翻天覆地，死去活來的時髦娛樂。我們應(yīng)該冷靜思考和研究解決大眾化旅游休閑消費(fèi)需求的不斷增長同社會供應(yīng) 不相適應(yīng)的矛盾，切不可把旅游規(guī)劃休閑打造成 強(qiáng)勢集團(tuán)”的奢侈品，而忽略了 平民對休閑生活的深切渴望。因?yàn)槿暧?14天節(jié)假日的工薪階層和既 有閑” 又有錢”的富裕階層是我國現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中旅游規(guī)劃休閑消費(fèi)的兩個重要群 體。很多人在脫離物質(zhì)休閑之后便難覓新徑，如何開拓自己精神領(lǐng)域的休閑？其 實(shí)，我們寄希望社會在培育健康休閑環(huán)境的同時，應(yīng)該更多地責(zé)問自己，因?yàn)橛泻芏嗟姆绞娇晒┻x擇。比如，好朋友不常見面也會陌生，為什么不把浪費(fèi)在昏天 黑

21、地打麻將和看肥皂劇上的時間用來和老朋友談心？這樣花的錢也少了， 同時也 就休閑了。我們不用必須去花很多錢去玩，以為那樣就會開心，其實(shí)不然，那只是心態(tài) 上的浮夸而已，要區(qū)分我們想得到的是什么，休閑得到快樂，炫耀性消費(fèi)得到面 子?？次覀兿胍裁戳?。B.Leisure is to relax, do not need deliberately to do some stimulating activities or to prepare many of theearly work. it is literally of play, loosen body and mind, dont think t

22、oo much, as long as it went.As a realm in the home of human spirit, leisure has been of important cultural value in the history ofthe progression of civilization. Investigating the social and in tellectual backgro unds for the rise ofleisure studes, we see the awake ning of the cultural con scious n

23、ess of mankind. In esse nee, the riseof leisure studies represents a contemplation on the future destiny of mankind, an effort to repair thefracture in the cultural spirit and value system of modern man, and an attempt, by reflecti ng on leisureand lifes values, to redefi ne the culturalspiritual co

24、ord in ates for huma n existe nce an thus prompt usto look in to ourselves and try to an swer the important questions in life: What path are we to take in thefuture? What, in the end, is the meaning and worth of huma n life? More importa ntly, it dema nds thatwe learn to think how we can become huma

25、n, become happy, free, and creative human beings withthe capacity to pursue truth, goodness, and beauty.For Aristotle, leisure meant being occupied in something performed for its own sake or as its own end -liste ning to music or poetry, in teract ion with frie nds, and, most importantly, contemplat

26、ion.Aristotle was a philosopher of happ in ess and a philosopher of leisure. Happ in ess can appear only inleisure. He repeats it many times- the ability to appropriately use leisure is the basis of the free manswhole life.For example, how an cie nt Greeks perceived leisure and what was the role of

27、leisure in their society?Of all ancient philosophers, Aristotle was the one who wrote about it most.We should not play. For adults plays bel ongs to the side of occupati on. We play to relax and toregenerate for work. In other words, play has a purpose.Accord ing to Aristotle, play does not produce

28、happ in ess but a feeli ng of relief from tension andphysical effort. For Aristotle“l(fā)eisure is a different matter”. Ithaintrin sic pleasure, intrin sic happ in ess and intrin sic felicity.This kind of happ in ess can only be experie need by people who have leisure.Most of these holidays were tied to

29、 the religious cale ndar (religious vs. secular). Each of them had itsspecific customs -decorating churches, horse parades, processions, wrestli ng, box ing, climb ing of agreased pole, races, circuses, clow ns, puppet shows, dan ces etc. Holidays were also related o annualfairs, the traditi onal place for marketing goods. Many of the annual festivals such as Mardi Gras or MayDay during which people drunk, dance and sig n had also other subtle meaning. They were symbols ofprotest aga inst the rich and powerful masters.Leisure of the ar