北京科技大學(xué)考博英語模擬真題及其解析講解

1、 北京科技大學(xué)考博英語模擬真題及其解析The meanings of“science”and“technology”have changedsignificantly from one generation to another.More similarities thandifferences,however,can be found between the terms,(46Bothscience and technology imply a thinking process,both are concernedwith causal relationships in the materi

2、al world,and both employ anexperimental methodology that results in empirical demonstrationsthat can be verified by repetition.(47Science,at least in theory,is less concerned with the practicality of its results and moreconcerned with the development of general laws,but in practicescience and techno

3、logy are inextricably involved with each other.Thevarying interplay of the two can be observed in the historicaldevelopment of such practitioners as chemists,engineers,physicists,astronomers,carpenters,potters,and many other specialists.Differing educational requirements,social status,vocabulary,met

4、hodology,and types of rewards,as well as institutional Geng duoyuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xiquan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi objectives andprofessional goals,contribute to such

5、 distinctions as can be madebetween the activities of scientists and technologists;butthroughout history the practitioners of“pure”science have mademany practical as well as theoretical contributions.(48Indeed,the concept that science provides the ideas for technological innovations and that pure re

6、search is therefore essential for any significant advancement in industrial civilization is essentially a myth.Most of the greatest changes in industrial civilization cannot be traced to the laboratory.Fundamental tools and processes in the fields of mechanics,chemistry,astronomy, metallurgy,and hyd

7、raulics were developed before the laws governing their functions were discovered.The steam engine,for example,was commonplace before the science of thermodynamics elucidated the physical principle underlying its operations.In recent years a sharp value distinction has their bitter opponents,but toda

8、y many people have come to fear technology much more than science.(49For these people,science may be perceived as a serene,objective source for understanding the eternal laws of nature,whereas the practical manifestations of technology in the modern world now seem to them to be out of control.(50Man

9、y historians of science argue not only that technology is an essential condition of advanced,industrial civilization but also that the rate of technological change has developed its own momentum in recent centuries.Innovations now seem to appear at a rate that increase geometrically,without respect

10、to geographical limits or political systems.These innovations tend to transform traditional cultural systems,frequently with unexpected social consequences. Thus technology can be conceived as both a creative and a destructive process. 答案46.科學(xué)與技術(shù)都包含有一種思維的過程,兩者都涉及到物質(zhì)世界的因果關(guān)系,兩者都運(yùn)用了一套實(shí)驗(yàn)的方法論,這種方法論所產(chǎn)生的是能

11、夠通過重復(fù)得以驗(yàn)證的經(jīng)驗(yàn)性的實(shí)證結(jié)果。47.至少在理論上,科學(xué)較少地關(guān)心其研究成果的實(shí)用性,而更多地關(guān)注于歸納出普遍的法則;但是在實(shí)踐中,科學(xué)與技術(shù)卻相互關(guān)聯(lián),無法割裂。48.人們認(rèn)為科學(xué)為技術(shù)創(chuàng)新提供理念,因此,對(duì)于工業(yè)文明中的任何一次意義重大的進(jìn)步,純理論的研究是必不可少的,當(dāng)然,這種觀念其實(shí)是個(gè)神話。49.對(duì)于這些人來說,科學(xué)或許被看成是一種平靜的、客觀的理解自然永恒法則的出發(fā)點(diǎn),而如今在他們看來,現(xiàn)代世界里技術(shù)的實(shí)際運(yùn)用似乎已失去控制。50.許多科學(xué)史家認(rèn)為,技術(shù)不僅是先進(jìn)的工業(yè)文明必不可少的條件,而且在最近的幾個(gè)世紀(jì)里,技術(shù)變革的速度已形成了自身的勢(shì)頭?？傮w分析本文介紹了科學(xué)和技術(shù)之

12、間的關(guān)系以及對(duì)人類的影響。第一段:科學(xué)和技術(shù)之間的相似性要大于差異性,它們之間的相互影響反映在各個(gè)行業(yè)的發(fā)展中。第二段:技術(shù)的發(fā)展不依賴科學(xué)的發(fā)展,兩者之間的價(jià)值分歧越來越尖銳。而且,現(xiàn)在很多人對(duì)技術(shù)的恐懼甚于對(duì)科學(xué)的擔(dān)心。第三段:技術(shù)的發(fā)展既有創(chuàng)造性也有毀滅性。試題精解46.精解本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:嵌套式定語從句、抽象名詞。本句是由and連接的三個(gè)并列句,都以both開頭。第三個(gè)分句的主干 是:both employ an experimental methodology,賓語methodology后接有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語從句做定語,該定語從句中又嵌套了一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語從句(dem

13、onstrationscan be verified by repetition。由于有嵌套式定語從句,因此需要采用拆譯法,從第一個(gè)that開始單獨(dú)成句。詞匯方面:imply意為“暗示,意味;必然包含”;be concerned with 意為“與有關(guān),涉及;關(guān)注,感興趣”;empirical意為“以實(shí)驗(yàn)(或經(jīng)驗(yàn)為根據(jù)的,經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義的”;demonstration意為“證明,論證,說明,證實(shí)”,由于它是抽象名詞,可按照漢語習(xí)慣,采用加譯法,譯成“論證的結(jié)果”。verify意為“檢驗(yàn),查證,核實(shí)”。47.精解本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:比較結(jié)構(gòu)。本句是由but連接的并列句。前一分句中含有比較結(jié)構(gòu):is l

14、ess concerned withand more concerned with,可譯為“較少地關(guān)心而更多地關(guān)注于”。主謂之間的插入語at least in theory做狀語翻譯時(shí)可提前。詞匯方面:practicality意為“實(shí)用性”;inextricably意為“逃不掉地,解決不了地,解不開地”;be involved with sb./sth.意為“與關(guān)系密切”。48.精解本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:同位語從句、增譯法。句子的主干是the conceptis a myth。主語后接有由that引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)并列的同位語從句。由于主語后修飾成分較長(zhǎng),因此采用拆譯法單獨(dú)成句。并且先譯從句,后譯主句,

15、用復(fù)指代詞“這種觀念”來連接主句和從句的內(nèi)容。第二個(gè)同位語從句中therefore說明的是兩個(gè)從句間的因果關(guān)系,翻譯時(shí)要提前到第二個(gè)從句前。詞匯方面:pure research直譯為“純研究”,不是漢語習(xí)慣表達(dá),應(yīng) 采用增譯法,譯為“純理論的研究”。myth可意為“神話,杜撰出來的人或物,(沒有事實(shí)根據(jù)的虛構(gòu)信念(或觀點(diǎn)、理論”,根據(jù)上下文選擇其“沒有事實(shí)根據(jù)的觀點(diǎn)”的含義。49.精解本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:后置定語、狀語。該句子是由whereas(然而,但是連接的并列句。前一分句的主干是science may be perceived as asource,后面接for understandin

16、g介詞結(jié)構(gòu)做后置定語,翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)提前。后一分句的主干是manifestations now seem to be out of control,其中做時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)狀語的介詞短語in the modern world和now可提前翻譯。詞匯方面:perceive sth.as sth.意為“視為,認(rèn)為,理解為”;source 意為“來源,根源,源頭”,根據(jù)上下文譯為“出發(fā)點(diǎn)”;manifestation 意為“顯示,表明,表示”,根據(jù)上下文譯為“(技術(shù)的運(yùn)用”。50.精解本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:賓語從句。主句是Many historians of science argue,后面not onlybut also 連接了兩個(gè)并列的賓語從句。詞匯方面