【步步高】2017版高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí) 語(yǔ)法專題 第二部分 詞法篇-其他詞類 專題1 名詞素材 外研版

1、專題1 名詞名詞的核心考點(diǎn)1可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)這里主要講其不規(guī)則變化。(1)單、復(fù)數(shù)同形。如：means，aircraft，deer，fish，Chinese，Japanese，sheep，works(工廠)，cattle。(2)合成名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。如：boyfriendboyfriends，go­betweengo­betweens(中間人)，grown­upgrown­ups。(3)有些名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù)。如：glasses眼鏡，clothes衣服，goods貨物，trousers褲子，belongings所有物，wages工資，riches財(cái)富，surrou

2、ndings環(huán)境，ashes灰塵，compasses圓規(guī)，cattle家畜，congratulations祝賀，have words with sb.同某人吵架，in high spirits情緒高漲地，give ones regards to sb.向某人問(wèn)好，in rags衣衫襤褸，It is good manners to do sth.做某事是有禮貌的。(4)集體名詞的數(shù)。有些集體名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù)，如：people，cattle，police；有些名詞只用作單數(shù)，如：machinery，furniture，mankind，jewellery；有些名詞既可用作單數(shù)又可用作復(fù)數(shù)，單數(shù)看作

3、整體，復(fù)數(shù)看作集體的各個(gè)成員。如：The crew is large.船員人數(shù)很多(指整體)。The crew are all tired.船員們都累壞了(指?jìng)€(gè)體)。2不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)(1)一般說(shuō)來(lái)抽象名詞為不可數(shù)名詞，但當(dāng)抽象名詞表示具體的東西時(shí)，可用作可數(shù)名詞且詞義發(fā)生變化，主要類型如下：抽象名詞表示具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、感情情緒的人或事。抽象名詞(不可數(shù))具體化(個(gè)體名詞，可數(shù)名詞)in surprise驚訝地a surprise一件令人驚訝的事win success獲得成功a success一個(gè)(件)成功的人(事)win honour贏得榮譽(yù)an honour一個(gè)(件)引起尊敬的人(事)f

4、ailure失敗a failure一個(gè)失敗者/一件失敗的事by experience靠經(jīng)驗(yàn)an experience一次經(jīng)歷with pleasure樂(lè)意a pleasure一件樂(lè)事抽象名詞與a(an)連用，淡化了抽象概念，轉(zhuǎn)化為似乎可以體驗(yàn)到的動(dòng)作、行為或類別。A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.Would you like to have a walk (swim，bath，talk) with me?It is a waste of time reading such a novel.She made an ap

5、ology to her mother for her wrong doings.(2)物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，但表示數(shù)量或種類之多時(shí)，可以用作可數(shù)名詞。物質(zhì)名詞有形或數(shù)的相應(yīng)物體時(shí)，有單、復(fù)數(shù)。如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡；some drink一些飲料，a drink一杯飲料，three drinks三杯飲料；his hair他的頭發(fā)，a few grey hairs幾根白發(fā)；glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。3名詞所有格(1)s所有格the boys mother，the childrens toys，the tea

6、chers books，Lucy and Lilys bedroom(共用)，Lucys and Lilys bedrooms(各自的)(2)“of名詞”所有格the roof of the house，the cover of the book，the name of the girl wearing a red coat，a picture of my father(a picture that my father is in)(3)雙重所有格a friend of my brothers(one of my brothers friends)，a picture of my father

7、s(one of my fathers pictures)(4)“s”所有格的特殊表示形式有：用于表示人的名詞或表集體、機(jī)構(gòu)的名詞后，如：Toms home，the doctors，the companys new factory等。用于表示時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、重量等的名詞后，如：todays newspaper，five minutes walk(drive)，five pounds weight，ten dollars worth of coffee。用于表示國(guó)家、世界、城市等地方的名詞后，如：the worlds population，Chinas industry，New Yorks p

8、arks。(5)所有格的句法功能表所有關(guān)系 Jacks brother表主謂關(guān)系 Mr Wangs praise表動(dòng)賓關(guān)系 the famous stars admirers表修飾關(guān)系 a doctors degree表同位關(guān)系(只用of所有格)the city of Beijing4名詞的功能(1)可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)Mary turned nurse.He bought a new book.We made him monitor of our class.(2)作定語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)中有些名詞沒(méi)有其對(duì)應(yīng)的同根形容詞，這些名詞可以直接用來(lái)作定語(yǔ)修飾另一個(gè)名詞。分類意義air polluti

9、on空氣污染boy friend男朋友coffee cup咖啡杯 body language身體語(yǔ)言road accident交通事故 the Nobel Prize諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、稱呼等Doctor Jack杰克醫(yī)生 Professor Li李教授evening school夜校 winter sleep冬眠表目的、手段、來(lái)源、所屬意義reception desk接待臺(tái) sports field田徑場(chǎng)stone table石桌 color TV彩電(3)作狀語(yǔ)名詞作狀語(yǔ)多為表時(shí)間或距離等概念的名詞。The war lasted eight years.(4)作同位語(yǔ)Tom，our mon

10、itor，left school last year.名詞與語(yǔ)法填空在語(yǔ)法填空中，對(duì)于名詞的考查主要涉及可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)、名詞的所有格以及詞類變換。典題試做1用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空1In addition to their simple beauty，what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their (able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.(2015·全國(guó))答案ability解析形容詞性物主代詞their之后應(yīng)當(dāng)用名詞，故將able轉(zhuǎn)化為

11、其名詞形式ability。2Id skipped nearby Guilin，a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese (painting)(2015·全國(guó))答案paintings解析由于該名詞由so many修飾，故填該名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式paintings。3While there are amazing stories of instant t

12、ransformation，for most of us the (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work，like cleaning up a polluted river.Just be patient.(2014·新課標(biāo)全國(guó))答案changes解析考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。前面是定冠詞the，因此后面要用名詞，再由謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞are可知此空要用其名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，故填changes。4I feel my legs shaking.I cannot do this any longer.Unbelievable！Oh.，if

13、 you dont mind，Ill stop and take a deep .(2014·遼寧)答案breath解析考查根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境填詞。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，說(shuō)話者對(duì)于現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)感到體力不支，因此需要停下來(lái)深吸一口氣。take a deep breath深吸一口氣。5But Jane knew from past experience that her (choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father.(2009·廣東)答案choice解析空格前有形容詞性物主代詞，所以空格處應(yīng)填名詞，choose的名詞形式是choice

14、。應(yīng)對(duì)策略1首先要弄清數(shù)與格，即名詞是否該用復(fù)數(shù)，是否要用所有格；其次，注意有關(guān)名詞的構(gòu)詞法，即有關(guān)名詞的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換。這就要求考生要搞清楚名詞在句中作什么成分，近幾年常考名詞作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)的情況。名詞與短文改錯(cuò)短文改錯(cuò)中對(duì)于名詞的考查最可能考查名詞的數(shù)與格。漢語(yǔ)中的名詞在形式上沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)變化，而是通過(guò)在其前加數(shù)詞或量詞等方式來(lái)表示。而英語(yǔ)則不同，除了在名詞前加數(shù)詞外，如果是可數(shù)名詞，還須用其名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式，而不可數(shù)名詞沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式。其次名詞的考查還會(huì)涉及詞性轉(zhuǎn)換方面的錯(cuò)誤。典題試做2單句改錯(cuò)(每小題1處錯(cuò)誤)1The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier a

15、nd dirtier.(2015·全國(guó))答案airsair解析由后面的定語(yǔ)從句we breathe in可知，此處先行詞的意思是“空氣”，air當(dāng)“空氣”講時(shí)為不可數(shù)名詞。故airs改為air。2One day，little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent.It was.his parents were missing.Tony saw his parents.(2015·全國(guó))答案parentparents解析從后文可以看出Tony的父母一起和他去的購(gòu)物中心，后文兩次出現(xiàn)parents，所以應(yīng)該將parent改

16、為parents。3As I told you last time，I made three new friend here.(2015·四川)答案friendfriends解析名詞friend為可數(shù)名詞，其前有three修飾，需要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，故把friend改成friends。4My old classroom was interesting because three side of the classroom were made from glass.(2015·浙江)答案sidesides解析前面有three修飾，故side要用復(fù)數(shù)形式sides。5Mum taug

17、ht me some basic step of baking.(2015·陜西)答案stepsteps解析根據(jù)前面的some可知，step應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)形式。6For example，we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day.(2014·新課標(biāo)全國(guó))答案第一個(gè)hourhours解析由one and a half可知，hour應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。7Weve called several time about Cleos early morning barking.(

18、2014·遼寧)答案timetimes解析time在此處意為“次數(shù)”，為可數(shù)名詞，再根據(jù)前面的several可知，應(yīng)用times。8This made for the grow in the porcelain industry.(2013·新課標(biāo)全國(guó))答案growgrowth解析定冠詞the后面應(yīng)跟名詞形式，故grow應(yīng)改為growth。9He has ruined his healthy.(2013·遼寧)答案healthyhealth解析在形容詞性物主代詞后應(yīng)用名詞，所以應(yīng)把healthy改為health。10When I finally arrived a

19、t my friend he lent me lots of clothes.(2011·新課標(biāo)全國(guó))答案friendfriends解析根據(jù)句意可知，當(dāng)我最后到達(dá)“我朋友的家”(my friends)時(shí)，他借給我許多衣服。故friend應(yīng)改為friends。應(yīng)對(duì)策略2遇到名詞首先注意區(qū)分它是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞；其次還可以根據(jù)名詞前的修飾語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)來(lái)判斷。此外，還要注意名詞的所有格以及名詞的句法功能，判斷是否存在詞性轉(zhuǎn)換方面的錯(cuò)誤。書(shū)面表達(dá)中名詞易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)聚焦1寫(xiě)作中對(duì)于復(fù)數(shù)名詞易疏漏­s或­es，如：(誤)Id love to make friend w

20、ith you.(誤)All the picture displayed are of great value.2部分名詞的復(fù)數(shù)變化錯(cuò)誤，如：familys，knifes，difficultys，pianoes，heros，woman doctors，tooths，childrens，medias。3部分詞性易混作名詞，如：動(dòng)詞誤作名詞形容詞誤作名詞動(dòng)詞名詞形容詞名詞succeedsuccesshonesthonestyaffecteffecthealthyhealth4可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞混淆。如：不可數(shù)可數(shù)take actiontake measuressome advicesome sugg

21、estionstake exerciseeye exercisesmake progressinformation.單句語(yǔ)法填空1He had witnessed too many (die) and wounds at the Battle of Solferino in Italy four years earlier，in which 40,000 people were killed，wounded or missing.答案deaths解析考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。這里指的是“死亡”，是可數(shù)名詞，在句中作及物動(dòng)詞witness的賓語(yǔ)，空前的too many暗示應(yīng)用death的復(fù)數(shù)形式。2Appl

22、es new machine，the Lisa，proved to be an expensive (fail)答案failure解析考查派生詞的用法。從空前的“an expensive”可知此處缺少一個(gè)名詞，故填failure。failure在此處意為“失敗的事”，為可數(shù)名詞。3I ran into my neighbor，Dennis，yesterday afternoon.He asked if I wanted two tickets to the theater.He had season tickets but couldnt go to this (perform)答案perfo

23、rmance解析根據(jù)this的提示可知，此處應(yīng)該使用perform的名詞形式。4Tourism should also advance the wealth and (happy) of local inhabitants.答案happiness解析根據(jù)and平行關(guān)系及其前名詞wealth可知，應(yīng)填happy的名詞形式。5These people have made great (contribute) to China with their work.答案contributions解析考查固定短語(yǔ)make contributions to“對(duì)作貢獻(xiàn)”。6They get advice fro

24、m “ (strange)”When they need advice，they dont usually go to people they know.答案strangers解析考查名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。根據(jù)下一句中的“dont”及“people they know”可知，空處意為“陌生人(stranger)”。stranger為可數(shù)名詞，其前面沒(méi)有限定詞，應(yīng)填復(fù)數(shù)形式。7My first (impress) of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.答案impression解析形容詞性物主代詞my之后應(yīng)當(dāng)用名詞，故應(yīng)填impress

25、的名詞形式impression。8Those who suffer from headache will find they get (relieve) from this medicine.答案relief解析動(dòng)詞get后缺少賓語(yǔ)，故應(yīng)用relieve的名詞形式relief。get relief from因得到緩解。9Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?Well，you know，English is my (strong)So it is my best choice.答案strength解析分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可

26、知，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞is后缺少表語(yǔ)，故應(yīng)填strong的名詞形式strength。10I made a (decide) to look at the flight monitors to see if there was an earlier flight to San Francisco.答案decision解析考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。make a decision意為“作出一個(gè)決定”。.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題1處錯(cuò)誤)1Within the next few minute，my grandfather also caught a fish.答案minuteminutes2You told me the name

27、 of different plants and their characteristics.答案namenames3Mom，I know I have never expressed my thank to you before.答案thankthanks4The food was wonderful with reasonable prices，and we enjoyed several local dish.答案dishdishes5Another way is to watch our everyday use of water and electric at home.答案elec

28、tricelectricity6From the time I was about four until I was about six，I destroyed each of my toy.答案toytoys7We，as well as animal，cannot live without water and neither agriculture nor industry can go without it.答案animalanimals8In early January this year，the rate of UFO reports was steady，around three p

29、er weeks.答案weeksweek9Tom was having much troubles getting up in the morning and was always late for work.答案troublestrouble10It felt very strange to travel without any luggages.答案luggagesluggage.語(yǔ)法填空A(名詞專練)Born on August 23,1988 in America，Jeremy Shu­How Lin is a professional basketball 1.player

30、(play) with the Huston Rockets 2.of the National Basketball Association (NBA)But，to some degree，many Chinese fans and 3.coaches(coach) take him as a Chinese guy or at least are willing to imagine him 4.a Chinese just because he has a typical Chinese face and his parents were born in China.Jeremy Lin

31、 has recently become 5.a success and attracted the worlds 6.attention(attend)，which gives Chinese people a lot of 7.imagination(imagine) and pride.As we know，in most 8.peoples(people) eyes，Jeremy is a miracle.In June,2012，when Jeremy took his third trip to China，a large crowd came to meet him，among whom there were various fans including some 9.families(family)，some children and even some 10.women(woman) players.BChina will allow all couples to have two children,11.giving (give) up its decades­long one­child policy，the Communist Party of Chin