同位語從句及同位語

1、10級Axx第六組作業(yè)同位語從句一 .同位語從句的概念在復(fù)合句中用作名詞的從句叫同位語從句，其主要用途是對前面的名詞做進(jìn)一步解釋，說明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容?？梢愿徽Z從句的名詞通常是：news,fact,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message ,suggestion,w ord,possibility,order,fear,proof,belief,advise,demand,problem,request,truth, wish 等例句 :We haven't yet settled the question where we are g

2、oing to spend our summer vacation.The Mona Lisa is widely seen as proof that good looks can last for ever.There is no doubt that he is guilty.There is great doubt whether he did so or not.二同位語從句的先行詞同位語從句的先行詞通常是抽象名詞，常見的有：idea, situationthought,fact, evidence, belief, doubt, fear, hope, question, theo

3、ry, news, order,ability 等等。例句：How did the cheats explain the fact that the Emperor didn't feel the new clothes in him?皇帝覺得身上并沒有穿上新衣，對這個問題騙子是怎樣解釋的?The news that his heath is failing made us sad.他健康狀況不佳的消息使我們很難過。1 / 10I have no idea where they are spending their holidays. 我不知道他們在哪里度假。The question

4、who should do the work requires consideration. 誰該干這項(xiàng)工作的問題需要考慮He was tortured by the doubt whether he would accept their presents. 他被是否接受他們的禮物這個疑慮所折磨著。三同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞1. 連詞 that 引導(dǎo)同位語從句The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong. 你認(rèn)為不動腦筋就能做好這件工作的想法是完全錯誤的。（作 idea 的同位語）He gabbed h

5、is suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding theplane.他拿起了手提箱，給人的印象是他要登上飛往東京的飛機(jī)了。以下名詞常用于以上句型：advice, announcement, argument, belief, claim, conclusion, decision, evidence, explanation, fact, feeling, hope, idea, impression, information, knowledge, message, news, opinion, order, probability, p

6、romise, proposal,remark, reply, report, saying, statement, suggestion, thought, treat, warning, wish, word【注意1】 在某些名詞(如demand, wish, suggestion, resolution等)后面的同位語從句要用虛擬語氣。如：There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team. 2 / 10有一項(xiàng)建議是布朗應(yīng)該離隊(duì)。The suggestion that the new rule be adop

7、ted came from the chairman.采納新規(guī)則的建議是主席提出的。The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried.允許婦女參加這個協(xié)會的決議通過了。I can understand their eagerness that you should be the main speaker.我理解他們希望你作主要發(fā)言人的殷切心情?！咀⒁?】引導(dǎo)同位語從句的連詞that 通常不省略，在非正式語體中 that 可以省略。He gabbed his suitcase and gave the imp

8、ression he was boarding the plane.他拿起了手提箱，給人的印象是他要登上飛往東京的飛機(jī)了。2. 連詞 whether 引導(dǎo)同位語從句The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor. 我們是否請專家由家庭醫(yī)生來定。We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.我們不是在調(diào)查他是否可以信任的問題。【注意】whether 可引導(dǎo)同位語從句，但if 不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句

9、。whether “是否”可以引導(dǎo)：主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句。if “是否”，只能引導(dǎo)賓語從句和表語從句，不能引導(dǎo)主語從句。3其它引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)的同位語從句連接代詞what, who, whom, whose, which 引導(dǎo)同位語從句3. / 101） .I have no idea what size shoes she wea淞不知道她穿幾號的鞋。（ what 作定語）2） .I have no idea which wine is bes it's a matter of personal taste.我不知道哪種酒最好，這是個人口味的問題。（ which 作定語）3） .T

10、he question who will take his place is still not clear.（ who 作主語）4） 連接副詞引導(dǎo)同位語從句連接副詞when, where, how, whyWe haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summervacation.到哪兒去度暑假，這個問題我們還沒有決定。四同位語從句的用法掌握同位語從句的用法要注意以下兩個問題：1. 同位語從句有時可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開，以使得整個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)顯得平衡，即為分離同位語從句。

11、例如：He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 他從瑪麗那里獲知了運(yùn)動會被推遲的消息。/ Word came that Hussein hadbeen captured. 侯賽因已被捕的消息傳來。2. 同位語從句和定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)相似，通常位于某一名詞或代詞后面，但兩者存在明顯區(qū)別：同位語從句對名詞性成分加以補(bǔ)充說明，是該名詞性成分具體內(nèi)容的體現(xiàn)（相當(dāng)于名詞的作用）。 that 引導(dǎo)的同位語從句中引導(dǎo)詞that 不在該同位語從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，但不能被省略，同位語從句還可以用 whether、how等連詞引導(dǎo)（定語

12、從句則不能 ）。定語從句對先行詞加以限制或修飾、說明先行詞的性質(zhì)或特征 （相當(dāng)于形容詞的作用）， 定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞均在該定語從句中充當(dāng)特定的句子成分（that 在其引導(dǎo)的限定性定語從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語或者表語，充當(dāng)定語從句中賓語的that 經(jīng)?？杀皇÷裕?。 注意體會以下四組例句：(1) 第一組例句：4 / 10 We can't solve the problem how we can travel faster than light我彳門解決不了如何才能超過光的速度這個問題。(how 引導(dǎo)的從句表示其前面的名詞the problem 的具體內(nèi)容，屬于同位語從句) I can'

13、t remember the problem that they have.我記不得他們的問題 了。(弓I導(dǎo)詞that就是that引導(dǎo)的從句中have的賓語，the problem的具 體內(nèi)容也沒有得到說明，故本句中that 引導(dǎo)的從句是修飾problem的定語從句)(2) 第二組例句： I won't believe the fact that he lied to his mother.我不愿相信他對母親撒謊的事實(shí)。(that引導(dǎo)同位語從句對fact的具體內(nèi)容進(jìn)行說明，that在其中不充當(dāng)具體的句子成分) I won't believe the fact (that) he

14、 told me. 我不愿相信他告訴我的事實(shí)。(that 引導(dǎo)定語從句對fact 進(jìn)行限定，that 在該從句中充當(dāng)賓語)(3) 第三組例句： The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him®姆將出國的消息是他講的。（that引導(dǎo)同位語從句對news的具體內(nèi)容進(jìn)行說明，that在其中不充當(dāng)具體的句子成分） The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year他 告訴我的消息是湯姆來年將出國。（句中的第一個that 引導(dǎo)定語從句限定先行詞news，第二個 that

15、引導(dǎo)表語從句）(4) 第四組例句：(5) / 10 We have no idea at all where he has gon我們根本不知道他去哪里了。（where引導(dǎo)同位語從句說明idea的具體內(nèi)容） That's the place where he was born那是他出生的地方。（where 引導(dǎo)定語從句限定先行詞place）五同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別1 .從句所修飾詞的不同。同位語從句所修飾詞通常是少數(shù)一些表示抽象意義的名詞，如belief , doubt , fact , hope , idea , news , possibility ,thought , ord

16、er ,suggestion , wish , answer , information , conclusion , decision , discovery , knowledge , law , opinion , problem , promise , proof , question , report ,truth , risk等。定語從句的先行詞可以指人、物等2 .連接詞的作用不同。連接同位語從句的that 只起連接作用，不在從句中擔(dān)任任何句子成分。whether 和 how 可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句，但不能引導(dǎo)定語從句。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞除了連接從句的作用外，還在定語從句中充當(dāng)一定的句

17、子成分，如主語、賓語、定語、表語等。引導(dǎo)定語從句的連接詞是關(guān)系詞，常見的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞有that ,which , who , whose , whom , when , where , why ,as， than, but 等。3 .從句作用的不同。定語從句具有形容詞或副詞的特點(diǎn)，對先行詞起修飾、限定作用，描述先行詞的性質(zhì)或特征，與先行詞之間是所屬關(guān)系。同位語從句具有名詞的特點(diǎn)，對中心詞作進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充解釋，是中心詞的具體內(nèi)容。注： 同位語從句是對名詞加以說明，而定語從句是對名詞加以限定修飾。區(qū)分同位語從句和定語從句有一種簡便方法，就是將 “名詞+that” 結(jié)構(gòu)取出，能在名詞和that 之

18、間加上be 動詞構(gòu)成一個表語從句的，則是同位語從句，否則是定語從句。I have got some news that you may not have heard.（定語從句）The news that had solved the hostage crisis spread all over the world.6 / 10（同位語從句）上面第二句前半部分可變?yōu)椋篢he news is that had solved the hostage crisis.同位語邊緣知識歸納一、什么叫同位語當(dāng)兩個指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置時，若其中一個句子成分是用于說明或解釋另一個句子成分的，那么

19、用于起說明或解釋作用的句子成分就叫做另一成分的同位語。如：Laura Myers, a BBC reporter, asked for an interview.勞拉邁爾，BBC的記者，要求采訪。Mary, one of the most intelligent girls I know, is planning to attend the university. 瑪麗是我所認(rèn)識的最聰敏的姑娘之一，她正準(zhǔn)備上大學(xué)。Who is that man, the first in the front row? 前排第一個人是誰?We have two children, a boy and a gir

20、l. 我們有兩個孩子，一個男孩和一個女孩。以上所舉的同位語例子都是同位語的基本形式，一般不會出錯。但有幾種同位語，或由于身本結(jié)構(gòu)特殊，或由于它修飾的成分結(jié)構(gòu)比較特殊，往往會引起誤解?，F(xiàn)小結(jié)并舉例說明如下。二、特殊同位語歸納1. 代詞we, us, you等后接同位語Are you two reading? 你們二人在看書嗎They three joined the school team. 他們 3 人參加了校隊(duì)。She has great concern for us students.她對我們學(xué)生彳艮關(guān)心。7 / 10He asked you boys to be quiet.他要你們男孩

21、子安靜些。We girls often go to the movies together. 我們女孩子經(jīng)常一起去看電 影。2. 不定式用作同位語Soon came the order to start the general attack. 很快下達(dá)了發(fā)起總攻 的命令。（to start the general attack 與 the order 同位）He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up.他照吩咐沿某一條街走，我在那里接他上了車。（to walk along與the

22、 instruction 同位 ）3. -ing 分詞用作同位語He's getting a job tonight driving a truck. 他今晚得到一個開卡車的差 事。（driving a track與 a job 同位）She got a place in a laundry ironing shirts.她在家洗衣店得至 U個熨 衣服的職位。（ironing shirts與 a place同位）The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一個計(jì)劃是夜襲，被拒絕了。(attacking at night 與

23、 the first plan 同位 )4. 形容詞用作同位語The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in .目前的交易會，是有史以來規(guī)模最大的，正在廣州舉行。He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.他讀了很多書，古今中外都有。People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade.老老少少的人都來到街頭觀看游行。 8 / 10【注】這類同位語與定語比較接近，可轉(zhuǎn)換成定語從句。如：The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in .=The current affair, which is the biggest in its history, is being held in .5. none of us之