部分語法基本知識(shí)的講解

1、Lecture 2Teaching Aims：1. 部分語法基本知識(shí)的講解；2. 時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)的講解。 Teaching Important Point： 講與練的結(jié)合Teaching Difficult Point：如何掌握基本知識(shí)、時(shí)態(tài)及語態(tài)Teaching methods： 講授法、 舉例法Teaching Procedures: Step I: 語法 - 基本知識(shí)（一）名詞A. 知識(shí)要點(diǎn)名詞可分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞?？蓴?shù)名詞有單、復(fù)數(shù)之分。1不可數(shù)名詞只用單數(shù)形式。如果要表示數(shù)量多少，需在其前面加量詞來表達(dá)。如：a piece of news（一條新聞）；two pieces of a

2、dvice（兩條建議）2名詞所有格的構(gòu)成是名詞加“s”，如：Marys room；如原詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s，則只加“”，如：the students hall, 通常用于有生命的存在物的名詞；名詞所有格也可以由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成，通常用于無生命的存在物的名詞, 如：the window of the classroom. B例題講解1. What a beautiful house! Especially there are many _.A. furnitureB. furnituresC. pieces of furnitureD. pieces of furnitures解析：此題考查名詞

3、的單復(fù)數(shù)。Furniture 為不可數(shù)名詞，后面不能加s。很多家具用many pieces of furniture，因此答案為C。2. He opened the letter and it contained _. A. an important information B. some important informations C. many important information D. some important information 解析：此題考查名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。information 為不可數(shù)名詞，如果說一個(gè)重要的消息，應(yīng)為：a piece of important inf

4、ormation, 表示復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，后面不能加s, 也不能用many修飾。因此答案為D。3. I have views quite different from my _. A. teacher view B. teacher C. teacher D. teachers解析：“我有與老師不同的觀點(diǎn)”。比較的對(duì)象應(yīng)是“我”與“老師”，不是“我的觀點(diǎn)”與“老師的觀點(diǎn)”，所以答案應(yīng)為：B 但是如果題為：My views are quite different from my _. 就另當(dāng)別論了，比較的對(duì)象為“觀點(diǎn)”，就應(yīng)用名詞所有格 teachers = teachers view. 4 Sorry,

5、 I dont know he is a friend of_A. your brother B. your brothers C. your brothers friend D. your brothers解析：此題考查名詞的所有格。a friend of + 名詞性物主代詞,(一個(gè)誰的朋友)， 如a friend of mine = a friend of my friend, a friend of his/hers/toms, 所以本題答案應(yīng)為D：a friend of your brothers (相當(dāng)于a friend of your brothers friend). 5. Th

6、e salary of driver is much higher than _salaryA. the teachers B. the teacher C. of the teacher D. teacher解析：此題考查名詞的所有格。 “司機(jī)的薪水比老師的薪水高的多了”.比較的對(duì)象是 “的薪水”, 故而后面就用所有格the teachers salary, 相當(dāng)于the salary of teacher. 所以答案應(yīng)為A6. The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took_ pict

7、ures of them.A. many of B. masses of C. the number of D. a large amount of解析：此題考查名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。 “穿著漂亮的服裝，這些年輕的舞蹈演員看起來是如此的可愛，因此我們拍了很多她們的照片”. Picture 是可數(shù)名詞，“許多照片”，所以不能用a large amount of 來修飾，A、C項(xiàng)均是錯(cuò)項(xiàng)，應(yīng)為“many, a number of “才正確，masses of 既可修飾可數(shù)，也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞（二）冠詞A. 知識(shí)要點(diǎn)冠詞是一種虛詞，用在名詞前面，說明名詞是特指還是泛指。冠詞分不定冠詞和定冠詞。1. 不定冠詞

8、: a / an表示“一”、“某一”概念，用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前。a用在輔音開頭的詞前，an用在元音開頭的詞前。如：an English teacher/ a second year一位老師/又一年；2. 定冠詞：the表示“特指的一個(gè)或一些”。通常用在形容詞最高級(jí)及序數(shù)詞前，或世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物前；也用于樂器名詞前。如：the best season最好的季節(jié)/the first lady第一夫人/the earth 地球/play the piano 彈鋼琴；3. 不使用冠詞的情況：在三餐飯、球類運(yùn)動(dòng)和娛樂運(yùn)動(dòng)的名稱之前。在某些慣用詞中也不用冠詞，以具體名詞表示抽象概念。 如：have lu

9、nch吃午飯/ play basketball打籃球/ go to school上學(xué)B例題講解1）_ girl dressed _ black is her sister Rose. （大學(xué)英語（B）Test 2, 34）A. A; inB. A; onC. The; onD. The; in解析：D。介詞in可表示“穿（戴）”的意思。此外，特指“穿黑色衣服的女孩”，用定冠詞the.2）He is fond of playing _ piano while his brother is interested in listening to _ music. （大學(xué)英語（B）Test 5, 36

10、） A. /; theB. /; /C. the; /D. the; the解析：C。演奏的樂器名詞前+the。Music為不可數(shù)名詞，其前不用可用a/an，而題意“對(duì)音樂感興趣”并沒有特指哪種音樂，也不可用the.3）He goes to _ church every Sunday. _ church he usually goes to has seating for over a thousand.A. a, theB. /, The C. The, theD. /, a解析：B。go to church“做禮拜”是慣用法，不用冠詞。“他常去的教堂”表特指，前加the。4） I earn

11、 10 dollars _ hour as _ supermarket cashier on Saturdays. A. a, anB. the, a C. an, a D. an, the解析：C。譯為:星期天我在一家超市做收銀員，一小時(shí)賺10美元。an hour即per hour,每一小時(shí), hour中h不發(fā)音,所以選an; 后面泛指是一種職業(yè)，所以用a。5) They have never heard any _.A. a customer complaint. B. the customers complaints C. customers complaint D. the custo

12、mers complaints解析：C。not any 用法同not a ,所以這里無需用冠詞.（三）代詞代詞用于指代。包括：人稱、物主、反身、疑問、不定代詞等。1many, few和a few一般只能修飾或指代可數(shù)名詞，much, little和a little 一般只能修飾或指代不可數(shù)名詞。a few 和a little表示“有一些”，具有肯定意義，而few和little表示“幾乎沒有”，具有否定意義。many和much表示“許多”。2表示“全部”：兩者用both，三者以上用all; 表示“全無”：兩者用neither，三者以上用none；表示“任一”：兩者用either，三者以上用any

13、。3other, others, the other, the others, another的區(qū)別（1）other作形容詞修飾名詞，泛指“別的、其他的”。有時(shí)會(huì)放在some, any, every, no等詞之后。e.g. We study Chinese, maths, English and other lessons.（2）others是代詞，泛指“其他人或物”。如：Im glad to help others.（3）the other特指范圍內(nèi)的另一個(gè)（范圍內(nèi)一共兩個(gè)）。e.g. I have two friends. One is from Australia, the other

14、 is from Japan.（4）the others特指范圍內(nèi)的另一些（范圍總數(shù)通常多于兩個(gè)）。e.g. There are forty students in our class. Twenty-eight of us are boys, the others are girls.（5）another指同類中（三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上）的“另一個(gè)”，是指不確定的另一個(gè)。e.g. Would you like another cup of coffee?B例題講解1）The baby is hungry, but theres _ milk in the bottle. （大學(xué)英語（B）Test 2

15、, 28）A. littleB. a littleC. fewD. a few解析：A。milk是不可數(shù)名詞，所以只能用little/a little修飾，而根據(jù)題意“寶寶餓了，但瓶里幾乎沒有牛奶了”，只能選little。2）She has two best friends. _ of them is in the country. （大學(xué)英語（B）Test 2, 44）A. AllB. BothC. No oneD. Neither解析：D。代詞all表“所有”和both表“兩者都”，其后的謂語動(dòng)詞需要用復(fù)數(shù)。neither表“兩者都不”，其后的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。3）Its time to t

16、idy your room, Harry! （大學(xué)英語（B）Test 5, 33） See the tidy room, Mum! _ is where it should be. Test 5 A. SomethingB. AnythingC. EverythingD. Nothing解析：C。根據(jù)說話人所說內(nèi)容可以知道，房間里一切都很整潔，含有整體性，應(yīng)用everything。Anything用于肯定句時(shí)，表強(qiáng)調(diào)，該句沒有強(qiáng)調(diào)之意。4）The red flower goes from one to _ in the class. （大學(xué)英語（B）Test 6, 27） A. the oth

17、erB. othersC. anotherD. other解析：C。按照句意傳花不是兩者之間（from one to the other），而是三者以上（from one to another），故選C。5) The bicycle you saw isnt .It belongs to .A. me; you B. mine; hers C. hers; his D. his; her解析：D。此題考察代詞的用法，第一個(gè)應(yīng)用物主性代詞（mine, yours, his, hers, its, theirs, ours）,第二個(gè)介詞后應(yīng)用代詞的賓格形式（me, you, her, his, i

18、t, them ,us.）6. Would you like some more coffee? Theres still _ left.A. a little B. little C. a few D. few解析：此題考查名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。 Coffee 為不可數(shù)名詞，所以應(yīng)用a little, little. 根據(jù)題中的“still”，此題應(yīng)為肯定句，所以答案應(yīng)為A（四）數(shù)詞A. 知識(shí)要點(diǎn)數(shù)詞分為兩大類：基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞。1基數(shù)次表示數(shù)量（one, two, three），序數(shù)次表示次序（first, second, third）。2數(shù)詞hundred, thousand, million不用

19、復(fù)數(shù)；其“復(fù)數(shù)+of”可表示上百、成千、數(shù)百萬，如：three thousand 三千/ thousands of trees（成千上萬的樹）3在年齡的表達(dá)時(shí)，注意以下表達(dá)法：He is six years old.（其中year須用其復(fù)數(shù)）He is a six-year-old boy.（其中year不用復(fù)數(shù)）“他6歲了。”B例題講解1）They have learned about _ in recent years. （大學(xué)英語（B）Test 2, 37）A. several hundreds English wordsB. hundreds of English wordsC. hu

20、ndred of English wordsD. several hundred English word解析：B。hundreds of 之類的短語之前也可加many，several之類的詞修飾。A項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤在于hundreds后缺少of。2）Nancy is _ girl. （大學(xué)英語（B）Test 2, 29）A. a eighteen-year-old B. an eighteen-years-oldC. a eighteen-years-oldD. an eighteen-year-old解析：D。eighteen-year-old是一個(gè)由連字符連接的復(fù)合形容詞（其中year不用復(fù)數(shù)）

21、，作girl的定語。同時(shí)，由于eighteen是元音開頭的詞，前面的不定冠詞用an。（五）形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)A. 知識(shí)要點(diǎn)1比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成形式（1）絕大多數(shù)單音節(jié)和部分雙音節(jié)詞后加-er構(gòu)成比較級(jí)，加-est構(gòu)成最高級(jí)。如：nice nicer nicest（2）大部分雙音節(jié)詞和所有的多音節(jié)詞，前面加more構(gòu)成比較級(jí)，加the most 構(gòu)成最高級(jí)。如：careful-more careful-most careful2形容詞和副詞的應(yīng)用（1）同等程度比較：as + 原級(jí) + as e.g. Tom is as bright as Mark.湯姆和亨利一樣聰明。（2）不同程度

22、的比較：比較級(jí) + than e.g. Tom is taller than Mark.湯姆比亨利高。not as/so + 原級(jí) + as e.g. Tom is not as/so bright as Mark.湯姆不如亨利聰明。（3）對(duì)比與比較：the +比較級(jí), the +比較級(jí) e.g. The older I get, the happier I am.我越變老，越覺得幸福。比較級(jí)+ and +比較級(jí) e.g. Jane became more and more beautiful.珍妮越來越漂亮了。（4）當(dāng)幾個(gè)形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞時(shí)，其排列順序是： 好壞、美丑 + 大小、新舊、顏色

23、 + 質(zhì)地、屬性 + 名詞（5）當(dāng)被修飾的是以-thing, -one, -body結(jié)尾的不定代詞時(shí)，作定語的形容詞要后置。 e.g. I read something interesting. 我讀了一些有趣的東西。例題講解1）Your box is mine.A. four times as big as B. four times as bigger asC. as four times bigD. as big as four times解析：A。在asas句型中，如有表示程度的狀語（如 twice, three times），則置第一個(gè)as之前，表示前者是后者的幾倍。2）Todays

24、 weather is _ worse than yesterdays. （大學(xué)英語（B）Test 2, 40）A. veryB. muchC. very muchD. much too解析：B。very用來修飾形容詞的原級(jí)形式；much修飾比較級(jí)；very much一般用來修飾動(dòng)詞； much too常用來修飾形容詞的原級(jí)形式。3）Did the medicine make you feel better? （大學(xué)英語（B）Test 6, 43）No. The more _, _ I feel. A. medicine I take; and the worseB. medicine I t

25、ake; the worse C. I take medicine; the worseD. I take medicine; worse解析：D。 本題是“越越”句型，要用“the + 比較級(jí)，the + 比較級(jí)”句型，前后分句都用陳述語氣。4）What will you buy for your boyfriends birthday? （大學(xué)英語（B）Test 5, 34）I want to buy a _ wallet for him. A. black leather smallB. small black leather C. small leather blackD. black

26、 small leather解析：B。根據(jù)多個(gè)形容詞作定語次序排列規(guī)律，應(yīng)該是small（大?。?black（顏色）+leather（質(zhì)地）。5) Nancy is considered to be _ the other students in her class. A. less intelligent B. the most intelligent C. intelligent as well D. as intelligent as 解析：D。 A 應(yīng)用于結(jié)構(gòu)：be less than” , B 結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)略去：the other student就正確6） Some people thin

27、k _about their rights than about their duties.A. too much B. as much C. much more D. many more解析：C。題中有“than”結(jié)構(gòu)，所以應(yīng)用比較級(jí)，而much常被用來修飾比較級(jí)，故答案應(yīng)為：C Step II: 語法 - 常用時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 表達(dá)形式 主動(dòng)語態(tài)is/are/am; do/does；被動(dòng)語態(tài)is/are done基本用法：1. 主要用來表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作，常與always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, once a week, every d

28、ay等時(shí)間狀語連用The bank opens at 8:00 a.m. on weekdays. /However busy I am, I call my mother regularly. The Olympic Games are held every four years. 2. 表示人或物基本特征，特性及目前的狀態(tài) Now I am busy; I cant spare time for a holiday. That street is in bad condition, and smells terrible.3. 表示客觀真理，科學(xué)事實(shí)，格言及沒有時(shí)限的客觀存在 Knowle

29、dge is strength. / Light travels faster than sound./ Japan lies to the east of China.考點(diǎn)一：表示永恒的真理，即使出現(xiàn)在過去的語境中，仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：I learned that the earth_around the sun when I was in primary school. A. was going B. went C. go D. goes 考點(diǎn)二：在含時(shí)間和條件狀語從句的復(fù)合句中、主句是一般將來時(shí), 時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。 常用的引導(dǎo)詞有：時(shí)間：when, until,

30、 after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 條件：if, unless, provided.If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.二、一般過去時(shí) 表達(dá)形式 主動(dòng)語態(tài)was/were; did；被動(dòng)語態(tài)was done表在過去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生且完成的動(dòng)作，或過去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，只說明過去。常跟明確的過去時(shí)間連用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time(在那時(shí)); once; du

31、ring the war; before; a few days ago; when, the night before( 前天晚上), the other day (前幾天) 如： I got to know him two years ago. / He was seriously ill last week.考點(diǎn)一：used to + do，表示過去經(jīng)常但現(xiàn)在已不再維持的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。to為不定式，后接動(dòng)詞原形。be/become/get used to + doing，表示習(xí)慣于 He used to smoke a lot.He has got used to getting up ea

32、rly.考點(diǎn)二：在“It is/has been時(shí)間段since 用過去時(shí)?！?（自從有多少時(shí)間了） 例：It has been twenty years since I left my hometown.三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 表達(dá)形式 主動(dòng)語態(tài)have done ；被動(dòng)語態(tài)have been done表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，完成在過去，但強(qiáng)調(diào)與現(xiàn)在情況仍有聯(lián)系，其結(jié)果或影響仍存在。 起點(diǎn) NowHe has finished reading the book. He has been in Beijing for two years.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)有一些標(biāo)志性的時(shí)間狀語：考點(diǎn)一：for + 時(shí)間段；sin

33、ce + 時(shí)間點(diǎn)They have lived in Beijing for five years.They have lived in Beijing since 1995. 考點(diǎn)二：常見的不確定的時(shí)間狀語：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days, Has it stopped raining yet ? 考點(diǎn)三：在表示“最近幾世紀(jì)/ 年/ 月以來”時(shí)間狀語中，謂語動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。in the past few years/months/weeks/days；over the

34、 past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries等考點(diǎn)四：表示“第幾次做某事” This is the first/second timethat或在 “到現(xiàn)在為止是最的” It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名詞 that” 后面跟現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。This is my first time that I have visited China. This is the most interesting film I

35、 have ever seen.That is the only book that he has written.考點(diǎn)五: have been to / have gone to 的區(qū)別： 四、過去完成時(shí)表達(dá)形式 主動(dòng)語態(tài)had done ；被動(dòng)語態(tài)had been done表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，即過去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”，句中有明顯的參照動(dòng)作或時(shí)間狀語By the time he came we had worked for two hours. That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.

36、考點(diǎn)一：用于hardly/scarcely.when; no sooner .than 句型中，主句用過去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過去時(shí)。I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.No sooner had I got into the room than it began to snow. （注意主謂倒裝）考點(diǎn)二：動(dòng)詞hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan

37、 用過去完成時(shí)，表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望、打算和意圖。 I had hoped that I could do the job.I had intended to see you but I was too busy. 五：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表達(dá)形式 主動(dòng)語態(tài)am/is/are doing; 被動(dòng)語態(tài)is/are being done表說話時(shí)或目前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)?？键c(diǎn)一：進(jìn)行時(shí)與always, continually, constantly, forever等副詞連用，作為一種修辭手段，用于表達(dá)贊揚(yáng)、不滿、抱怨等情緒。 He is always thinking of others. 他總是為別人著

38、想。（贊揚(yáng)） At school he was constantly playing trick on others. 在校讀書時(shí)，他老是捉弄人。（厭惡）考點(diǎn)二：表示按計(jì)劃安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,常用于動(dòng)詞如：leave, come, go, arrive etc. Marry is leaving on Friday.六、過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 表達(dá)形式 主動(dòng)態(tài)：was / were doing ；被動(dòng)形式：was / were being done 用于表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)或某段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 The boy was doing his homework when his father came b

39、ack from work.In those years we were having a hard time.七、一般將來時(shí) 表達(dá)形式 主動(dòng)形式：shall / will do ；shall / will be doing被動(dòng)形式：shall / will be done shall用于第一人稱，will用于所有人稱表在將來某個(gè)時(shí)間會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用，其表現(xiàn)形式多達(dá)5種:Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008. 考點(diǎn)一：一般將來時(shí)總是用在一些時(shí)間狀語

40、從句或條件狀語從句的主句中：We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.（主句用一般將來時(shí)，從句中一定要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)替代一般將來時(shí)。）考點(diǎn)二：某些表示短暫性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞如arrive, come, go, leave, start等，用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)形式表示將來。I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.考點(diǎn)三：“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”，這種結(jié)構(gòu)中and后面的句子謂語用一般將來時(shí)。Use your head and you will find a way.考點(diǎn)四：“am (is, are) goin

41、g to + 動(dòng)詞原形”，表示打算要做的事或可能要發(fā)生的事?！癮m (is, are) about to + 動(dòng)詞原形”表示按照預(yù)定計(jì)劃或打算即將發(fā)生“am (is, are) to + 動(dòng)詞原形”表示必須、必然或計(jì)劃將要做的事。 They are to be married in this May.八、將來進(jìn)行時(shí) 表示在將來某一刻或某一段時(shí)間中一個(gè)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生 例如： When you get to the station at nine tomorrow, your uncle will be waiting for you there. 九、將來完成時(shí) 用來表示在將來某個(gè)時(shí)刻（前）

42、將完成的動(dòng)作?？键c(diǎn)：常用的時(shí)間狀語一般用by+將來的時(shí)間，如：by the end of this year, by 8 oclock this evening, by March next year；以及由by the time, before或when等引導(dǎo)的副詞從句。By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.By next Tuesday, I will have got rea

43、dy for the exams.十、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 用來表示從過去某一時(shí)刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（或今后還要繼續(xù)下去）的動(dòng)作。例如：He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00./ It has been raining for two days.被動(dòng)語態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)一般不單獨(dú)考，而是和時(shí)態(tài)、語氣和非謂語動(dòng)詞一起考， 考點(diǎn)一：不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)的動(dòng)詞和詞組 come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive,

44、 die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeedIt took place before liberation. 考點(diǎn)二：下列動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示被動(dòng)意義, 而且常與well, quite, easily, badly等副詞連用。lock ( 鎖 ) ; wash ( 洗 ); sell ( 賣 ); read ( 讀 ); wear ( 穿 ); blame (責(zé)備)；ride (乘坐)； write ( 寫 )；be worth (值得) Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。 The car rides smoothly. 這車走起來很穩(wěn)。The case locks easily. 這箱子很好鎖。The book sel