初中英語語法歸納被動(dòng)語態(tài)

1、初中英語語法歸納復(fù)習(xí)：被動(dòng)語態(tài)重難點(diǎn)：掌握八種常見時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài),并能根據(jù)不同情景,靈活運(yùn)用被動(dòng)語態(tài).【知識(shí)總結(jié)歸納】一. 概念：表示動(dòng)作與主語之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系的句子是被動(dòng)語態(tài).二. 主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)之間如何轉(zhuǎn)換We Visited that factory last summert 主動(dòng)語態(tài)語狀語That factory was visited by us last summer t 被動(dòng)語態(tài)主語 謂語 賓語狀語.各種不同時(shí)態(tài)的主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的比照時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am / is / are + P.P.(1) Do they speak French ?(2) They d

2、on ' t use the room .Is French spoken by them ?The room isn ' t used by them .一般過去時(shí)was / were + p.p.(1) The hunter killed a tiger .(2) He wrote many stories last year .A tiger was killed by the hunter .Many stories was written by him last year .現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am / is / are +being +p.p.(1) These worker

3、s are building a new bridge .(2) He is mending his car .A new bridge is being built by these workers .His car is being mended by him .過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was / were + being + p.p.(1) He was selling books.(2) They were discussing the plan at that time .Books were being built by him .The plan was being discussed by

4、them at that time .現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have / has + been + p. p.(1) She has learned many English words .(2) He has finished the work .Many English words have been learned by her .The work has been finished by him .過去完成時(shí)had + been + p.p.(1) They has solved the problem .(2) We had told him the news by then .The prob

5、lem had been solved by them .The news had been told to him by us .一般將來時(shí)shall / will be + p.p.(1) I shall make a plan .(2) They are going to fix the radio in an hour .A plan will be made by me .The radio is going to be fixed by them in an hour .過去將來時(shí)would be + p.p.was/ were going to be + p.p.(1) He t

6、old me they would paint the room .(2) They were going to put on a play the next week .He told me the room would be painted by them .A play was going to be put by them the next week .情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can / may / must / should+ be + p.p.(1) We should hand in our homework .(2) You must answer the question in Englis

7、h .Our homework should be handed in by us .The question must beanswered in English by you .四.如何正確使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)1. 有些動(dòng)詞帶有兩個(gè)賓語,即直接賓語和間接賓語,變被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),可把其中一個(gè)賓語變成主語,另一個(gè) 留在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)謂語后面.需要注意的是：假設(shè)把直接賓語變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語,需要在間接賓語之間加上介詞“to.eg. He often tells us interesting stories .主動(dòng)語態(tài)We areoften told interesting stories by him .>

8、 被動(dòng)語態(tài)Interesting storiesare often told to us by him .,常帶雙賓語的詞有：tell , show , lend , pass 等.2. 在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中,某些動(dòng)詞之后帶有復(fù)合賓語,即賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語,這個(gè)復(fù)合賓語由動(dòng)詞不定式來充當(dāng), to被省略,但在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中,這個(gè) to還要復(fù)原.主動(dòng)語態(tài)eg. I often hear her sing this popular song .戲切*語翊也復(fù)木賓語She is often heard to sing this popular song .被動(dòng)語態(tài)有這種用法的常用動(dòng)詞有：make , let , s

9、ee , hear , watch , feel , notice 等.3. 有些“ be +過去分詞的結(jié)構(gòu)并不是被動(dòng)語態(tài),它們有可能是“系表結(jié)構(gòu)即系動(dòng)詞之后由過去分詞來充當(dāng)表語.The door is closed.門是關(guān)著的.系表結(jié)構(gòu)比較：1The door is closed by Fengping.這個(gè)門是由馮平來關(guān)的.被動(dòng)語態(tài)"The glassis broken.這個(gè)玻璃杯是壞的.系表結(jié)構(gòu)'The glasswas broken by Mary .這個(gè)玻璃杯是瑪麗弄壞 的.被動(dòng)語態(tài)4. 只有及物動(dòng)詞和可有賓語的動(dòng)詞+介詞詞組才可以有被動(dòng)語態(tài).Great chang

10、eshave taken place in China .正確eg. JGreat changeshave beentaken place in China .錯(cuò)誤The dolphin disappeared in the deepsea.正確The dolphin wasdisappearei in the deepsea.錯(cuò)誤【總結(jié)】一、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式1. 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的根本時(shí)態(tài)變化被動(dòng)語態(tài)通常為十種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)形式,被動(dòng)語態(tài)由be +過去分詞構(gòu)成,be隨時(shí)態(tài)的變化而變化.以 do為例,各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式為：1am/is/are +done 過去分詞一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)例 Visitors ar

11、e requested not to touch the exhibits.2has /have been done 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)例 All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.3 am/is /are being done現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)例 A new cinema is being built here .4was/were done 一般過去時(shí)例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the of

12、fer.5had been done 過去完成時(shí)例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.6 was/were being done過去進(jìn)行時(shí)例 A meeting was being held when I was there.7 shall/will be done一般將來時(shí)例 Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.8 should/would be done過去將來時(shí)例 The news would be s

13、ent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.9 shall/will have been done將來完成時(shí)少用例 The project will have been completed before July.2. 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式閂上魚1帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu).其形式為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be +過去分詞.例 The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2有些動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語,在用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z,另一賓語仍然保留在謂語后面.

14、通常變?yōu)橹髡Z的是間接賓語.例 His mother gave him a present for his birthday.可改為 He was given a present by his motherfor his birthday.3當(dāng)“動(dòng)詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),將賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語,其余不動(dòng).例 Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.可改為 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4 在使役動(dòng)詞 have, make, get以及感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, notice,

15、hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語時(shí),在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略,但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),要加 to.例 Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.可改為 A stranger was seen to walk into thebuilding.5有些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞詞組,如“動(dòng)詞+介詞,"動(dòng)詞+副詞等,也可以用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),但要把 它們看作一個(gè)整體,不能分開.其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略.例 The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3. 非謂語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)v.+ing

16、 形式及不定式to do 也有被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài).例 I don't like being laughed at in the public.二、如何使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)學(xué)習(xí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),不僅要知道被動(dòng)語態(tài)的各種語法結(jié)構(gòu),還要知道在哪些情況中使用被動(dòng)語態(tài).1. 講話者不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或不必說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者這時(shí)可省by短語.例 My bike was stolen last night.2. 借助被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作突出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者.例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.3. 為了更好地安排句子.

17、例 The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people.一個(gè)主語就夠三、It is said that+從句及其他類似句型一些表示 "據(jù)說"或"相信 的動(dòng)詞如 believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型"It + be +過去分詞+ that從句或"主語+ be+過去分詞+ to do sth.".有：It is said that -據(jù)說,It is

18、reported that據(jù)報(bào)道,It is believed that 大家相信,It is hopedthat 大家希望,It is well known that眾所周知,It is thought that大家認(rèn)為,It is suggestedthat -據(jù)建議.例 It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.= The boy is said to have passed thenational exam. 四、謂語動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義1. 英語中有很多動(dòng)詞如 break , catch , clean , dri

19、ve , lock , open, sell , read , write , wash等,當(dāng)它們 被用作不及物動(dòng)詞來描述主語特征時(shí),常用其主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義,主語通常是物.例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意：主動(dòng)語態(tài)表被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語的特征,而被動(dòng)語態(tài)那么強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響.試比較：The door won't lock .指門本身有毛病The door won't be locked .指不會(huì)有人來鎖門,指"門沒有鎖是人的原因2. 表示"發(fā)生、進(jìn)行的不及物動(dòng)詞和短語,如： happen, last, take p

20、lace, break out, come out,come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義.例How do the newspapers come out?這些報(bào)紙是如何引出來的呢3. 系動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)形式,但有些表示感受、感官的連系動(dòng)詞feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義.例 Your reason sounds reasonable五、非謂語動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義在某些句型中可用動(dòng)名詞和不定式的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義.1. 在need , wan

21、t, require, bear 等詞的后面,動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義,其含義相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定 式的被動(dòng)形式.例 The house needs repairing to be repaired . 這房子需要修理.2. 形容詞worth后面跟動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義,但不能跟動(dòng)詞不定式；而 worthy后面跟動(dòng)詞不定 式的被動(dòng)形式.例 The picture-book is well worth reading. = The picture-book is very worthy to be read.3. 動(dòng)詞不定式在名詞后面作定語,不定式和名詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí),又和句中另一名詞或代

22、詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系 不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義.例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. to do 與 things 是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,與 I 是主謂關(guān)系.試比較：I ' ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted?此處用不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)作定語說明you不是post動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者.4. 在某些“形容詞+不定式做表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語的結(jié)構(gòu)中,句子的主語或賓語又是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯賓語時(shí),這時(shí)常用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義.這些形容詞有nice , easy , fit ,

23、hard , difficult , important ,impossible , pleasant , interesting 等.例 This problem is difficult to work out .可看作 to work out 省略了 for me .5. 在too - to -結(jié)構(gòu)中,不定式前面可加邏輯主語,所以應(yīng)用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義.例 This book is too expensive for me to buy.6. 在there be句型中,當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式修飾名詞作定語時(shí),不定式用主動(dòng)式作定語,重點(diǎn)在人,用被動(dòng)形式 作定語,重點(diǎn)在物.例 There is no

24、 time to lose to be lost .用 to lose 可看成 for us to lose ;用 to be lost , 誰 lost time 不明確.7. 在be to do 結(jié)構(gòu)中的一些不定式通常應(yīng)用主動(dòng)表主動(dòng),被動(dòng)表被動(dòng).然而,由于古英語的影響,以下動(dòng)詞rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義.例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?六、介詞in, on, under等+名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語表被動(dòng)意義表示方位的介詞與含動(dòng)作意義的名詞合用,含被動(dòng)之義,其意義相當(dāng)于該名詞相應(yīng)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式,名詞前 一般不用冠詞.

25、1. "under +名詞結(jié)構(gòu),表示"某事在進(jìn)行中".常見的有： under control受限制,undertreatment在治療中 ,under repair在修理中 ,under discussion在討論中,under construction在施工中.例 The building is under construction is being constructed.2. " beyond+名詞"結(jié)構(gòu),"出乎勝過、范圍、限度".常見的有： beyond belief 令人難以置信, beyond one '

26、 s reach 鞭長(zhǎng)莫及, beyond one ' s control 無法限制, beyond our hope . 我們的 成功始料不及.例 The rumour is beyond belief =can' t be believed .3. "above+名詞結(jié)構(gòu),表示"品質(zhì)、行為、水平等超過、高于".例 His honest character is above all praise. =His honest character cannot be praised enough4. " for+名詞結(jié)構(gòu),表示 "適

27、于、 為著".如：for sale出售,for rent 出租等.例 That house is for sale. = That house is to be sold.5. " in+名詞結(jié)構(gòu),表示"在過程中或范圍內(nèi)"常見的有：in print在印刷中,in sight 在視野范圍內(nèi),等.例 The book is not yet in print . =is not yet printed6. " on+名詞結(jié)構(gòu),表示"在從事 中".常見的有：on sale出售,on show 展出,on trial 受審.例 Tod

28、ay some treasures are on show in the museum = are being showed.7. "out of+名詞結(jié)構(gòu)；表示 "超出 之外",常見的有：out of control 限制不了,out ofsight超出視線之外, out of one ' s reach夠不著,out of fashion不流行等.例 The plane was out of control can ' t be controlled .8. " within+名詞"結(jié)構(gòu),"在內(nèi)、不超過.例 He

29、took two days off within the teacher's permission【題型展示】1. A talk on Chinese history in the school hall next week .A. be given B. has been given C. will be given D. will give2. To make our city more beautiful , rubbish into the river .A. needn ' t be thrown B. mustn ' t be thrownC. can &#

30、39; t throwD. may not throw3. You may go fishing if your work .A. is done B. will be done C. has done D. have done4. The trees must three times a week .A. waterB. is watering C. be wateredD. waters5. I won ' t come to the party unless Sue , too . You mean if Sue comes you ' ll come ?A. will invite B. invites C. invited D. is invited6. I like my new bike . It very well .A. rides B. is riding C. is ridden D. has ridden7. Mr. Chen has a lond voice . His voice can clearly even in that big classroom