基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大課件

1、基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大龍紹赟基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大 1 概說 句子的直接成分是主語和謂語。構(gòu)成主語的名詞詞組在結(jié)構(gòu)上比較劃一，而構(gòu)成謂語的動詞詞組在結(jié)構(gòu)上卻變化多樣，有時可以由謂語動詞獨立充當謂語，有時謂語動詞須帶賓語或補語。謂語動詞的類別決定著不同的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)，而不同的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)又決定著不同的句型。英語的基本句型（BASIC SENTERCE PATTERNS）主要有五種，它們是： “主動補”結(jié)構(gòu)， “主動”結(jié)構(gòu)， “主動賓賓”結(jié)構(gòu)， “主動賓補”結(jié)構(gòu)?；揪湫偷霓D(zhuǎn)換與擴大 當代有些語法書在上述五種基本句型之外，再加兩種，即“主動狀”結(jié)構(gòu)和“主動賓狀”結(jié)構(gòu)。這

2、樣就成了七種句型。七種句型的劃分是有其獨到之處的，因為狀語在由某些動詞構(gòu)成的句子中是不可缺少的成分。但是，我們認為，這樣的句畢竟是有限的，大量出現(xiàn)的還是前面五種。因此，我們還是采用五種基本句型?；揪湫偷霓D(zhuǎn)換與擴大 基本句型 所謂基本句型就是句子的幾種基本“格局”，千變?nèi)f化的句子都是由它們演變而來。茲將英語的五種基本句型分述如下： A 基本句型（一）：“主動補”結(jié)構(gòu)，字母代號為SVC（S=SUBJECT，V=PREDICATE VERB，C=COMPLEMENT） Mr Brown is an engineer. The game was exciting. The twin brothers

3、 are as like as two peas. Dinner is at six ocolck. The gramophone is on the table. The machine is out of order.基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大 She is in good health. The plan sounds perfect. That project seems impossible. This material feels soft. You do look well. Its getting dark. My aim was to help her. This is what

4、I want.基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大 由上述諸例可以看出，構(gòu)成SVC句型的謂語動詞都是連系動詞。連系動詞帶有的主語補語可以是名詞詞組、形容詞組、介詞詞組、非限定動詞詞組或名詞性分句等。基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大 B 基本句型（二）：“主動”結(jié)構(gòu)，字母代號為SV Iron rusts. The telephone rang. The plane is taking off . The shop has colsed. His father might have died. They have been singing for half an hour. You ought to have got up

5、earlier. 由上述諸例可以看出，構(gòu)成SV句型的謂語動詞一般是不及物動詞。在這種句型中，狀語并非結(jié)構(gòu)上不可或缺的成分?；揪湫偷霓D(zhuǎn)換與擴大 但是，在某種情況下，狀語成分必不可少。例如： He lives in Shanghai. Shakespeare lived in the 16th century. The Hunters are staying in the Peace Hotel. The train leaves at eight. They will be flying to London. 在上述諸例中如果省略 in Shanghai等狀語成分，便不能表達完整思想，因此有些

6、語法書把這類句子連同上述The gramophone is on the table 一起劃入SVA句型?；揪湫偷霓D(zhuǎn)換與擴大 C 基本句型（三）：“主動賓”結(jié)構(gòu)，字母代號為SVO（O=DIRECT OBJECT） He opened the door. This factory makes machine tools. Mary has ordered a new dress. You may have seen each other. She has been looking for her lost watch. He will be doing his best. 由上述諸例可以看出，

7、構(gòu)成SVO句型的謂語動詞一般都是及物動詞。這類動詞后面只跟一個賓語，因此又叫單賓語及物動詞（MONOTRANSITIVE VERB）。SVO句型一般不需要狀語成分即可表達完整思想。但在某些情況下，狀語成分必不可少。例如：基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大 He put the vase on the table. Jim brought his suitcases upstairs. Ill take Mary to the station. They treated him kindly. 在上述例句中，如果拿掉on the table，upstairs，to the station，kindly等狀語成

8、分，句子的思想就不完整。因此有的語法書把這類句子劃為單獨一種句型SVOA?；揪湫偷霓D(zhuǎn)換與擴大 D 基本句型（四）：“主動賓賓”結(jié)構(gòu)，字母代號為SVoO（o=INDIRECT OBJECT）。例如： He gave me a book. I sent him a telegram. She told me a story. I bought him a novel. Mr Blake lent me his car. 由上述諸例可以看出，構(gòu)成SVoO句型的謂語動詞一般只限于某些雙賓語及物動詞（DITRANSITIVE VERB），即能跟有間接賓語和直接賓語的及物動詞?；揪湫偷霓D(zhuǎn)換與擴大 E

9、基本句型（五）“主動賓補”結(jié)構(gòu)，字母代號為SVOC We have proved him wrong. They made Smith their spokesman. They have elected him president. We kept him off cigarettes. 由上述諸例可以看出，構(gòu)成SVOC句型的謂語動詞只限于某些能帶復(fù)雜賓語（COMPLEX OBEJECT）的及物動詞，這類動詞叫做復(fù)雜賓語及物動詞（COMPLEX TRANSITIVE VERB），即能跟有賓語和賓語補語的及物動詞?；揪湫偷霓D(zhuǎn)換與擴大 所謂“單賓語”、“雙賓語”和“復(fù)雜賓語”及物動詞的劃分也是

10、相對的，其中有許多交叉現(xiàn)象。例如： I found a novel. I found him a novel. I found the novel very interesting. found在上列第一句中是單賓語及物動詞；在第二句中是雙賓語及物動詞；而在第三句中則是復(fù)雜賓語及物動詞。 當代有些語法書把The gramophone is on the table.這類句子劃為另外一種句型SVA（A=ADVERBIAL）?；揪湫偷霓D(zhuǎn)換與擴大 上述五種句型都是陳述句、肯定句和主動句，千變?nèi)f化的英語句子就是由它們演變而來的?，F(xiàn)在我們看一看基本句型的幾種主要的轉(zhuǎn)換形式。 A 陳述句變疑問句 英語的

11、一般詞序是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。如果謂語動詞或其作用詞（沒有作用詞的得借助do的適當形式為作用詞）與主語掉換位置，那就意味著句子功能的變化，即陳述句變?yōu)橐蓡柧洹＠纾夯揪湫偷霓D(zhuǎn)換與擴大 She is a chambermaid. Is she a chambermaid? He has some paperbacks. Has he amy paperbacks? John is coming too. Is John coming too? Jane will help you. Will Jane help you? She has been waiting. Has she been waitin

12、g? What has she been doing? He speaks French. Does he speak French? What language does he speak? He went to England. Did he go to England? Where did he go?基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大 陳述句變疑問句時如果以疑問代詞作主語或主語為疑問詞修飾時，就不必掉換詞序。例如： Mary teaches me English. Who teaches you English? THese are todays topics. What are todays to

13、pics? That coat is mine. Which one is yours?基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大 B 肯定句變否定句 由肯定句變否定句須加否定詞not。如果謂語是由復(fù)雜動詞詞組構(gòu)成，則將否定詞not置于作用詞之后。例如： He will come. He will not come. He may have arrived. He may not have arrived. 如果肯定句的謂語是由簡單動詞詞組構(gòu)成，就得以助動詞do的適當形式作為作用詞，置于速寫詞和主動詞之前。如： He smokes a pipe. He does not smoke a pipe. She went

14、 to China. She didnt go to China.基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大 如果簡單動詞詞組以主動詞be或have為中心詞，那就以其本身作用詞加否定詞not。例如： She is a nurse. She is not a nurse. He has three children. He hasnt three children. 如果否定詞不是not，而是never，hardly，scarcely，seldom，rarely等，就可以不借助作用詞，直接置于簡單謂語動詞之前。例如： He never speaks English.基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大 He hardly (ever

15、) helped anybody. He scarcely (ever) spoke to Georges father. She seldom goes out. She rarely goes to a football match.基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大 如果謂語是以復(fù)雜動詞詞組構(gòu)成，上述這些否定詞，和not一樣，還是位于作用詞之后。例如： 如果否定詞是no，其位置在被否定的名詞之前。例如： John has no sister. Im no scholar. There are no clouds in the sky. No admittance except on business.

16、 基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大 如果否定詞是none，nothing，nobdy，no one等，可用作主語或賓語。例如： I have spoken to nobody about you. No one will go. He could do nothing about it. None has /have arrived yet. There is nobody there.基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大 如果否定詞是neither，nor，則否定句可采取以下形式： Neither sentence is correct. The enemy couldnt make any advance,neith

17、er/nor could they retreat. Neither John nor Mary konws/know Chinese. Neither of them was /were in good health.基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大 C 主動句變被動句 主動句變被動句是通過謂語動詞由主動態(tài)變被動態(tài)以及主語和賓語位置變動的方式來實現(xiàn)的。例如： They built a house. A house was built by them. Capitalists exploit workers. Workers are exploited by capitalists. We have pr

18、oved him wrong. He has been proved wrong. He gave me a book. I was given a book. (A book was given to me.)基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大 D There +be + NP結(jié)構(gòu) There +be + NP結(jié)構(gòu)是一種表示“存在”的句型。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，非重讀there是引導詞，本身沒有意義，主語通常在謂語動詞be之后。謂語動詞be須與主語保持“數(shù)”的一致。例如： There is a book on the desk. There are tractors in the fields. Was ther

19、e anybody in the room? Were there any desks and chairs in the room? There isnt a doctor in the village. There cant be any doubt about it. There wont be any trouble. There has never been any difficulty. What is there on the table?基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大 這種結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語動詞也可以是seem to be,happen to be,appear to be之類的動詞結(jié)構(gòu)，還可以

20、是come,go,stand之類的動詞。例如： There seems to be no doubt about it. There happened to be an empty cart nearby. There appeared to be no one who could answer the question. There comes the ambulance. There goes the bell. There stands a new building by the side of the river.基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大 本書也可變?yōu)?He doesnt have thr

21、ee children. 但在口語中，theres后面出現(xiàn)復(fù)數(shù)的主語是常有的。例如： Theres worse things than that. Theres lots of good fish in the sea. Theres two patients in the waiting room.基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大基本句型的擴大 上述五種基本句型及其轉(zhuǎn)換形式，還可以通過增加修飾語等手段加以擴大，使之成為表達多種思想的活的言語。 A 擴大方式之一 增加修飾語 修飾語（MODIFIERS）包括名詞修飾語和狀語，可以分別由名詞詞組、形容詞詞組和副詞詞組來擔任，也可以由介詞詞組和非限定動詞詞組來

22、擔任。例如： 1）SVC A beautiful vase was for sale. The man got violently angry. The visitors from U.S.A. are ready to leave.基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大 The man smoking a pipe is Mr. Whitaker. The picture painted by the famous artist must be very valuable. The question to be discussed this afternoon is about education. The

23、African people have long been our close friends in fighting against imperialism and hegemonism.基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大2.SV The bank closes at half past three on weekdays. The Japanese troops surrendered unconditionally in 1945. The grain stores colsed very early that afternoon. The little boy walked quite steadi

24、ly and surely along the narrow wall.基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大3） SVO We must get something to eat. The American girl ,in her letter to a Chinese friend, expressed her strong wish to visit China again. The warehouses worst affected contained a large quantity of timber and building materials.基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大4） SVOo Last Sa

25、turday, an old woman worker told the students the bitter story of her childhood. Such an arrangement will surely spare us a lot of trouble in solving this problem. This will surely save us a lot of money.基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大5） SVOC The teacher once considered Tom among the cleverest of the class. We found the

26、 lecture room full of people listening attentively to an important report on the radio. We didnt hold him responsible for what had happened.基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大 B 擴大方式之二以限定分句（FINITE CLAUSE）充當主語、賓語、補語、名詞修飾語、狀語、同位語等1）作主語（即主語從句） What he told me the other day has nothing to do with this problem. When we should ho

27、ld the meeting will be decided tomorrow. Who is to head the group is a question to be considered by the authorities. Whether they will come or not depends on the weather.基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大2）作賓語：（即賓語從句） I cant imagine why he should be late every day. He told me how he managed to accomplish the task. No one k

28、nows who wrote this article. Everyone could see (that) Tom was an intelligent boy.基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大3）作補語 Even the mountains here are no longer what they used to be.（表語從句） The question under discussion now is where they should bukod the fatory.（表語從句） He has fallen ill.Thats why hes absent from work.（表語從句） I

29、t is the Party that has made me what I am now.（賓語補足語） You can call him what you like,but you wont make him what he isnt.（賓語補足語）基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大 4） 作名詞修飾語：（即定語從句） The man who wrote the play was a worker. This is the book I bought yesterday. Can you show me the house where Shakespeare once lived? Is she the

30、 girl whose grandpa was a Red Army man? The building which stands at the foot of the hill is a new middle school of the commune. There will be a day when people all over the world will live happlily under the sun of communism. The reason why hes late is that there was a breakdown on the railway.基本句型

31、的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大5） 作狀語（即狀語從句） I met Geoffrey when I was in Beijing. You may park your car where there is a parking sign. One surely can get good results if he works hard. He was absent because he was running a fever. John gave it away although Mary wanted it.基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大6） 作同位語：（即同位語從句） The belief that no one i

32、s infallible is well-founded. The fact that the machine doesnt work properly suggests that its not well made. There is no indication in the letter whether he had learned anything about it. I quite agree with the old saying that a rolling stone gathers no moss. Any proposals that John should be dismi

33、ssed must be resisted. （注：that引導同位語從句時，在從句中不充當句子成分，而在它引導的定語從句中卻充當句子成分。）基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大 C 綜合運用前兩種擴大手段，可造出更加復(fù)雜的句子，表達更加復(fù)雜的思想。 Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an

34、uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大 上述長句就其結(jié)構(gòu)來說不過是SVC和SVO句型的綜合和擴大。它的基本“格局”是：Freeman and slavestood in constant oppsition ，（and）carried on an uninterrupted fight?；揪湫偷霓D(zhuǎn)換與擴大 又例如： Perhaps the greatest difficulty