John Milton (1608-1674) 約翰·米爾頓...

1、Author: 山東seoJohn Milton (1608-1674) 約翰米爾頓 I. The life and main works of John MiltonMilton is the greatest writer of the seventeenth century, one of the giants in English literature. Milton was born in London. His education began at St Pauls school, where he showed talent for master

2、ing the ancient language and literatures: Greek, Latin and Hebrew. He graduated B.A（Bachelor of Arts 文學(xué)士） in 1629 and M.A（Master of Arts文科碩士） in 1632 at Cambridge University. After that, he retired for five years to his fathers country house in Buckinghamshire, where he read ancient and modern writi

3、ngs. His poetic compositions came only occasionally during this period of intense private study. In 1634 he wrote a masque（假面劇） called Comuns 科馬斯at the request of an aristocratic family who lived nearby. In 1637 he wrote the finest pastoral(田園詩(shī)的) elegy （田園詩(shī)）in English, Lycidas列西達(dá)斯. In 1638 he left E

4、ngland to complete his education with two years of travel in Europe. After his return to England, he soon plunged himself into the struggle for which he had long been preparing. At that time, the Church of England was the major bulwark(壁壘) of the monarchy. Vigorous attacks were made on the Church of

5、 England as well as on the king. Milton was stirred（inspired） by the controversy and wrote a series of pamphlets(小冊(cè)子), in which he urged the necessity of a thorough religious reform. After the Revolution succeeded, the commonwealth was established, Milton wrote a number of pamphlets defending the En

6、glish revolution, such as Defence of the English People (為英國(guó)人民聲辯), and Second Defence of the English People(再為英國(guó)人民聲辯). He played an active role in public affairs during the Civil War and the Commonwealth.Milton was married to Mary Powell in 1642. Six weeks after the marriage she left to her parents,

7、 and for several years Milton issued pamphlets in which he argued that all Englishmen should have the right to get a divorce. When King Charles I was executed in 1649, Milton defended the parliament before European governments. It was while he was engaged in this project that Milton went blind, it i

8、s due to the severe eyestrain brought on by ceaseless reading and Latin composition. With the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, Milton was imprisoned and threatened with execution. With the help of some friends, he was let off with a fine and some loss of property. Shortly afterward, living in bl

9、indness and seclusion (隔離) from all but the members of his family, Milton began his masterpiece Paradise Lost. Before his death Milton published two other works on a grand scale, Paradise Regained復(fù)樂(lè)園 and Samson Agonistes (力士參孫).II. The Story of Paradise LostParadise Lost: It is a long epic in 12 boo

10、ks, done in blank verse. The stories were taken from the Old Testament: the creation; the rebellion in Heaven of Satan and his fellow-angles; their defeat and expulsion(逐出) from Heaven; the creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve; the fallen angles in hell plotting against God; Satans temptation o

11、f Eve; and the departure of Adam and Eve from Eden.(1) The Story of Paradise LostLed by freedom-loving Satan, the rebellious angels rise against God Himself, but in the battle with the hosts of angels that remain true to God they are finally defeated. Satan and his followers are banished from Heaven

12、 and driven into hell. But even in hell, amidst flames and poisonous fumes, Satan and his adherents are not discouraged. The epic opens with the description of a meeting of the fallen angels in hell. Satans proud spirit is unyielding; he fearlessly withstands all agonies and passionately strives for

13、 revenge and victory.Satan chooses for his new battlefield the most perfect of spots, ever created by God, the Garden of Eden, where live the first man and woman, Adam and Eve, who are allowed by God to enjoy the supreme beauties and bounties(施舍) of paradise, if they do not eat the fruit that grows

14、on the tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. Satan desires to tear them away from the influence of God and make them tools in his struggle against Gods authority.God learns of his intention, however, and sends the Archangel (大天使)Raphael to warn Adam and Eve of Satans plan. The Archangel reminds th

15、em of their vow of obedience and gives a detailed narration of Satans rebellion. But on Adams request for an explanation of the rotation of the celestial bodies, Raphael advises him not to inquire into matters that do not concern him directly, and then leaves him.No sooner is Raphael gone than Satan

16、 assumes the shape of a serpent and appears before Eve. He persuades her to break Gods command. Eve eats an apple from the forbidden tree and plucks another one for Adam. God sees all this, Adam and Eve, are both deprived of immortality, exiled from Paradise and doomed to an earthly life full of har

17、dships and sufferings, to eat bread by “the sweat of the face.” (2) Theme and CharacterizationThe main idea of the poem is the heroic revolt against Gods authority. In the poem God is not better than a selfish despot(暴君), seated upon a throne with a chorus of angels about him eternally singing his p

18、raises. He is cruel and unjust in punishing Satan. His Archangel is a bore. His angels are silly. While Satan rises against God, though defeated, still seeks revenge, is by far the most striking character in the poem.Adam and Eve embody Miltons belief in the powers of man. Their craving for knowledg

19、e denied by God, as Milton stresses, adds a particular significance to their character. It is this longing for knowledge that opens before mankind a wide road to an intelligent and active life. The God surrounded by his angels, who never think of expressing any opinions of their own, resembles the c

20、ourt of an absolute monarch, bear close resemblance to a republican parliament. This alone is sufficient to prove that Miltons revolutionary feelings made him forget religious orthodoxy(正統(tǒng)).(3)The image of Satan:The finest thing in Paradise Lost is the description of hell, and Satan is the real hero

21、 of the poem. Like a conquered and banished(驅(qū)逐) giant, he remains obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hell. He is firmer than the rest of the fallen angels. It is he who makes man revolt against God. Though defeated, he prevails(succeedd), since he has won from God the third part of h

22、is angels, and almost all the sons of Adam. To Milton, the proud and somber(陰沉的) Satan represented the spirit rebellion against an unjust authority.III. The features of Miltons poetry1) Milton is a great revolutionary poet of the 17th century. He is also an outstanding political pamphleteer of the R

23、evolution Period. He dedicated himself to the revolutionary cause. He made a strong influence on the later English poetry. 2) Milton is a great stylist(文體家). His poetry has a grand style. That is because he made a life-long study of classical and Biblical literature. His poetry is noted for sublimit

24、y(高尚) of thought and majesty(雄偉) of expression. 3) Milton is a great master of blank verse. He is the glorious pioneer to introduce blank verse into non-dramatic poetry. He has used it as the main tool in his masterpiece Paradise Lost. His blank verse is rich in every poetic quality and never monoto

25、nous(單調(diào)的).IV. The Selected Part of Paradise LostWhat though the field be lost? repetition(重復(fù)手法)All is not lost; th unconquerable Will(resolution), iteration(頭韻手法)And study (earnest intention) of revenge, immortal (never to be forgotten) hate,And courage never to submit or yield (give in):And what is

26、 else not to be overcome?That Glory never shall his wrauth(wrath) or might(power)(Glory= the glory of hearing Satan confess himself overcome) Extort (obtain sth by violence) from mee. To bow and sue (beg ) for grace (mercy)With suppliant (asking humbly and earnestly) knee, and deifie(deify神化) his po

27、werWho from the terrour of this Arm（troop） so late(recent)Doubted his Empire(imperial control); that were low (mentally depressed) indeed,That were an ignominy (shame) and shame beneathThis downfall(failure); since by Fate(fortune) the strength of GodsAnd this Empyreal substance (the arm of Satan )

28、cannot fail,Since through experience of this great event (failure)In Arms not worse, in foresight much advanct, (in not worse arm, in much advanced foresight) We may with more successful hope resolve (decide to do sth)To wage(engage in a war) by force or guile（wisdom） eternal(permanent) Warr,Irrecon

29、cileable(impossible to reconcile) to our grand Foe(enemy=God),Who now triumphs, and in th excess (overmuch) of joySole(only) reigning(control) holds the Tyranny of Heavn. (holds the Tyranny of Heaven sole reigning)我們損失了什么呢？并非什么都丟光：不撓的意志，熱切的復(fù)仇心，不滅的憎恨，以及永不屈服，用不退讓的勇氣：還有什么比這更難戰(zhàn)勝的呢？他的暴怒也罷，威力也罷，絕不能奪去我的這份光榮。經(jīng)過(guò)這一次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的慘烈，好容易才使他的政權(quán)動(dòng)搖，這時(shí)還要彎腰屈膝，向他哀求憐憫，拜倒在他的權(quán)力之下，那才是真正的卑鄙，可恥，比這次的沉淪還要卑賤。因?yàn)槲覀兩哂猩窳Γ休p清的靈質(zhì)，不能朽壞，又因這次大事件的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，我們要準(zhǔn)備更好的勇氣，更遠(yuǎn)的預(yù)見(jiàn)，更有成功的希望，用智力和武器向我們的大敵挑起不可調(diào)解的持久戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。他現(xiàn)在正自夸勝利，得意忘形，獨(dú)攬大權(quán)，在天上掌握虐政呢。V. The sonnet of “On His Blindness”O(jiān)n His BlindnessWhen I consider how my light (life) is spentEre (before)