非謂語動(dòng)詞的經(jīng)典用法

1、非謂語動(dòng)詞經(jīng)典用法解題思路解析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，確定設(shè)空在句子中充當(dāng)?shù)墓δ埽ㄈ鐮钫Z、定語或賓補(bǔ)）找準(zhǔn)相關(guān)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語，確定該動(dòng)詞與邏輯主語是什么關(guān)系（主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)）搜索句子中相關(guān)的時(shí)間信息，確定非謂語動(dòng)詞的恰當(dāng)形式;將該選項(xiàng)置入空中，看是否能夠做到字從意順，或是否能傳達(dá)有效信息、完成交際任務(wù)。分詞、不定式作賓補(bǔ)用法要點(diǎn)一、分詞、不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的區(qū)別1 .感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice有三種形式，即原形動(dòng)詞（不帶 to的不定式）、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。分詞表被動(dòng)或完成，動(dòng)詞原形表主動(dòng)和完成。如：等和使役動(dòng)詞have

2、后面的賓補(bǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)或正在進(jìn)行，過去I heard her sing an English song just now.剛才我聽見她唱了一首英文歌。I heard her singing an English song when I p assed by her room yesterday.昨天經(jīng)過她房間時(shí)，我聽見她在唱英文歌。I heard the English song sung many times.我多次聽到有人唱這首英文歌。注意：不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)表完成和狀態(tài)。如:I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone.

3、(狀態(tài)）I was sur prised to find my hometown changed so much.(完成）2.leave后接三種形式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，其中的leave保留了原來之義“留下”，但表達(dá)的確切之義應(yīng)是“使 處于某種狀態(tài)）。leave sb. doing sth.讓某人一直做某事（賓語和賓補(bǔ)之間是主謂關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。leave sth. undone留下某事未做（賓語和賓補(bǔ)之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，表示被動(dòng)和完成，一般以u(píng)ndone,注意：“have sb. doing "若用于否定句中，其中have有“容忍”之意。如:leave sb. to do sth.留下某人做

4、某事leave sth. to be done留下某事要做（不定式表示將來的動(dòng)作。女n： It ' s wrong of you to leave the machine running.'t taste delicious.你讓機(jī)器一直開著是不對(duì)的。（主動(dòng)，正在進(jìn)行）The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didn客人們沒有動(dòng)大部分菜，因?yàn)樗鼈儑L起來不可口。（被動(dòng)，完成）He left, leaving me to do all the rest work.他走了，留下我一人去做剩余的工所有工作。（

5、主動(dòng)，將來）We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many p roblems to be settled.（被動(dòng)，將來）我們匆匆忙忙地結(jié)束了會(huì)議，留下了很多問題等待解決。3. have, get 后接三種形式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，其中have, get 表示"使、讓、叫”之意。 have sth. done = get sth. done“使/讓某事由別人去做”（叫/讓某人做某事）。如I' ll have /get my bike rep aired tomorrow.此外，have sth. done 還表示"使遭受”之意。如Tom

6、 had his leg broken while pl aying football.Mr. Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday. have sb. / sth. doing使/讓某人/物持續(xù)地做某事（現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，正在進(jìn)行）get sb. / sth. doing使某人/物開始行動(dòng)起來女n： The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time.農(nóng)忙時(shí)，農(nóng)民們讓拖拉機(jī)夜以繼日地干活。The cap tain got

7、 the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.休息了片刻之后，上尉讓士兵們開始朝前線行進(jìn)起來。I won ' t have you speaking to your parents like that.我不會(huì)讓你那樣子跟你的父母說話。Dori t have the water running all the time.不要讓水流個(gè)不停。 have sb. do sth. (get sb. to do sth.)/讓/叫某人去做某事女n： Mother had me go to the shop and buy some

8、 salt.I can ' t get him to stop smoking. He won ' t listen to me.二、下列動(dòng)詞后跟帶to的不定式作補(bǔ)語:advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, like, order, p ersuade, p refer, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish,等。如：love, An army spokesman stressed that all the

9、 soldiers had been ordered to issue clear warningbeforefiring any shots. The teacher asked u s not to make so much noise. The flu is believed to be caused by viruses that like to rep roduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.三、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)小竅門下列動(dòng)詞后在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中用不帶to的不定式作補(bǔ)語，但在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中要加上to :它們是“吾看三室兩廳

10、一感覺”5看 (look at, see, watch, notice, observe )；3使(make, let,have)；2聽(listen to, hear); 1感覺(fell )。以上動(dòng)詞還可用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語(5+3+2+1-2+4)：即以上動(dòng)詞除let, make 外都可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，此外find, catch, keep, have也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語。女n： At that time, I found him crying in the street.u waiting for such a long time.He was caught ste

11、aling. I ' m sorry to have kept yoThe missing boys were last seen pl aying near the river.不定式、分詞作定語用法要點(diǎn)一、不定式作定語1.作定語的不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞，或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等, 定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。如：The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.There is nothing to worry about.P lease give me a knife to cut with.Here is s

12、ome paper for you to write on.但是，不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time, Place或way時(shí)，不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣上省去。如:money and no pl ace to live （in）.He had noWe found a way to solve this p roblem (in).2.當(dāng)作定語的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí), 動(dòng)語態(tài)，但其含義有所不同。試比較：不定式既可以用主動(dòng)語態(tài),也可用被Have you anything to send ?你有什么東西要寄嗎？（不定式to send的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是“你”）Have you anyt

13、hing to be sent ?你有什么要（我或別人）寄的東西嗎?（不定式to be sent的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是"我"或"別人”）3.用不定式作定語的幾種情況:不定式表將來:I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.用來修飾被序數(shù)詞、最高級(jí)或no, all, any等限定的中心詞。如:He was the best man to do the job.She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Oly mp ic Games.Women and chi

14、ldren were the first to get into the lifeboats.用來修飾的詞是抽象名詞時(shí)，常見的有：ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply,等。如：atte mpt, belief, way, reason, moment, timeDo you have the ability to read and write English ?I have a chance to go sight-seeing.二、分詞作定語1. 作定語的及物動(dòng)詞分詞形式為：V - ing; being +過去

15、分詞；當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞為主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，用V - ing ;當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞為被動(dòng)關(guān)系且表正在進(jìn)行時(shí)，用being +過去分詞；當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞為被動(dòng)關(guān)系且表完成時(shí)，用過去分詞。例如：The houses being built are for the teachers.The broken glass is Tom ' s.I have never seen a more moving movie.2. 作定語的不及物動(dòng)詞分詞形式為：V - ing和過去分詞。V - ing表示正在進(jìn)行；過去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成。如:falling leaves 正落的葉子fallen leave

16、s落下的葉子boiling water正沸騰的水boiled water沸騰過的水（白開水）三、不定式、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式作定語的區(qū)別這三種形式作定語，主要是體現(xiàn)在動(dòng)作的發(fā)生時(shí)間上。過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作或是在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，或是沒有一定的時(shí)間性。如:Have you read the novel written by Dickens ?He is a man loved and resp ected by all.Dori t use words, expression_r_rs, or phrase s known only to people with sp ecific k

17、nowledge.如：Listen ! The現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式作定語時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生或是與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。song being sung is very popu lar with the students.不定式的被動(dòng)式作定語時(shí)，表示一個(gè)未來的動(dòng)作。's meeting is a very important one女口： The question to be discussed at the tomorrow不定式、動(dòng)名詞作賓語用法要點(diǎn)一、下面動(dòng)詞只能用不定式作賓語，請(qǐng)牢記下列小詩:決心學(xué)會(huì)想希望，拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝。主動(dòng)答應(yīng)選計(jì)劃，同意請(qǐng)求幫一幫。Decide /

18、determine, learn, want, expect / hope / wish, refuse, manage, care, p retend, offer,p romise, choose, pl an, agree, ask / beg, help此夕卜，afford, strive（斗爭）等也要用不定式作賓語。例如: S he Pretended not to see me when I passed by. We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn't turned up yet. In order to gain a bi

19、gger share in the international market, many state striving to make their p roducts more comp etitive.-run comp anies are二、下列動(dòng)詞只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語，請(qǐng)牢記下列小詩:考慮建議盼原諒，承認(rèn)推遲沒得想。避免錯(cuò)過繼續(xù)練，否認(rèn)完成停欣賞，不禁介意準(zhǔn)逃亡。consider / suggest / advise,look forward to, excuse, pardon, admit,delay/ put off, fancy, avoid,miss, keep / keep o

20、n, practise, esca pe, imagine, forbid, riskdeny, finish, enjoy / appreciate,cant help, mind, allow / permit ,此夕卜 be used to, look forwardto, lead to, devote to, stick to, objectto, can ' t stand ( 無法忍受 ),give up, feel like, insist on, put off, thank you for, apologizeto, get down to, pay attenti

21、onfor, be busy (in), have difficulty / trouble (in), have a good / wonderful /hard time (in)動(dòng)詞詞組也要用動(dòng)名詞作賓語。 The squirrels was lucky that they just missed being caught. I can hardly imagine P eter sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. I would app reciate your calling back this afternoon.三、下列

22、動(dòng)詞或詞組既可以跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語,也可以跟不定式作賓語,但意義上有區(qū)別，要特別注意。1. forget to do sth.忘記去做某事forget doing sth.忘記已經(jīng)做過某事remember to do sth.記住去做某事remember doing sth.記得曾經(jīng)做過某事regret to do sth.后悔/遺憾去做某事regret doing sth.后悔做過某事stop to do sth.停下來去做另一件事stop doing sth.停止做一件事情try to do sth.努力/試圖做某事try doing sth.嘗試著做某事mean to do sth.意欲/想

23、/企圖做某事mean doing sth.意味著做某事go on to do sth.(做完某事）接著做另一件事go on doing sth.繼續(xù)做同一件事（=go on with sth.）can' t help to do sth.不能幫助做某事can' t help doing sth.情不自禁地做某事2動(dòng)詞like, love, prefer后接不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語均可。如表示經(jīng)常性的行為可用動(dòng)名詞，如表示具體的行為常用動(dòng)詞不定式。但要注意：如果like, love, prefer前有would /should后面則應(yīng)接動(dòng)詞不定式。如：I like swimming,

24、 but I don t like to swim this afternoon.I' d like to go swimming this weekend.后直接跟動(dòng)名詞形式作賓語，如果后面有名詞或代詞作賓語,3.在動(dòng)詞 allow, advise, forbid, permit其后用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。即：allow / advise /forbid / p ermit doing sth.allow / advise /forbid / p ermit sb. to do sth.女n： We dori t allow smoking here.We dorf t allow

25、 students to smoke.4動(dòng)詞need, require, want 作“需要”解時(shí)，其后必須用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式或不定式的被動(dòng)形式作賓 語，表示事情需要做。這時(shí)動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義。be worth后必須用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。此外，若動(dòng)詞 need表“需要”，require 表“要求”，want表“想要”這些意義時(shí)，其后須接名 詞或代詞作賓語，然后接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。即：need / require / want doing / to be doneneed / require / want sb. to do sth.be worth + n.(表示錢數(shù)或相當(dāng)

26、于錢數(shù)的名詞）be worth doingbe worthy of being donebe worthy of + n.值得be worthy to be done女n： The window needs / requires / wants cleaning.The window needs / requires / wants to be cleaned.窗戶需要擦一下。The pl ace is worth visiting.The pl ace is worthy of a visit.The pl ace is worthy of being visited.The pl ace

27、is worthy to be visited.那個(gè)地方值得一去。如 n： only one of these books is worth reading.一 What do you think of the book ? Oh, excellent, It ' s worth reading a sec ond time.四、動(dòng)詞不定式作動(dòng)詞 tell, show, understand, explain,teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide,wonder, find out 等詞的賓語時(shí)，前面常帶wh -引導(dǎo)詞。即 how, wha

28、t, whether, where, when, who 等+ to do。但why +不帶to 的不定式。注意此用法的不定式的邏輯主語需與主句的主語或賓語保持一致，否則用賓語從句。例如:He showed us how to do the work. ( = He showed us how we should do the work.)'t know what I ' ll do.)I don ' t know what to do. ( = I donCan you tell me why do it ?五、動(dòng)詞不定式在介詞 but, other than后面時(shí)，

29、如果介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞 do的某種形式，那么介詞后的不定式不帶 to，否則就要帶 to。另外在 can' t choose but, can ' t help but,can' t but 后面的不定式也要省略to。如：We could do nothing but / other than wait.We had nothing to do but / other than wait.We have no choice but to wait.I can ' t choose but laugh.不定式、分詞作狀語用法要點(diǎn)表目的）一、不定式作狀語He sat

30、down to have a rest.(They went there to visit their teacher.他們?nèi)ツ抢锇菰L老師。（表目的）他醒來發(fā)現(xiàn)大家都走了。（表示結(jié)果）He woke up only / just to find everybody gone.My grandmother lived to see the liberation of China.我祖母活到親眼見到中國解放。（表示結(jié)果）在某些形容詞作表語，表示喜、怒、衷、樂后跟不定式表示原因。如:I am very glad to see you.我非常高興地見到你。I am so sorry to hear y

31、our mother is ill.聽到你母親生病真遺憾。在帶有enough或too的句子里，也常用不定式作狀語，表示程度。如:He was too excited not to say a few words.他太激動(dòng)了，不會(huì)不講幾句話的。He is old enough to go to school.他到上學(xué)年齡了。She is too tired to do the job.她太累而不能做那件工作了。注意：強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)詞不定式所表示的目的時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式可用in order to （ 為了 ） 或 so as to （ 以便）+ 動(dòng)詞原形。so as to不用于句首。He got up ear

32、ly in order to catch the first bus.他早起為了趕上第一班車。The bus stopped so as to pick up p assengers.汽車停下來以便接納乘客。To look at him, you would like him.（表?xiàng)l件）To tell you the truth, I have got no money about me.To be honest, I know nothing about it.（修飾全句，獨(dú)立成分）二、分詞作狀語1.分詞作狀語的基本原則分詞作狀語時(shí)，分詞的邏輯主語必須與句子的主語保持一致。分詞作狀語必須和句

33、中主語含有邏輯上的主謂或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，否則不能使用分詞作狀語。2.分詞作狀語的句法功能分詞或分詞短語作狀語時(shí)，可以表時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、行為方式、伴隨狀況等。表示時(shí)間關(guān)系的分詞短語有時(shí)可由連詞 while或when引出。如:Hearing the news, they got excited.(時(shí)間）Be careful while / when crossing the street.(時(shí)間）Having been bitten by a snake, she was frightened at it.(原因）Given a chance, I can sur prise the wo

34、rld.(條件）The cup dropped to the ground, breaking into pi eces.(結(jié)果）Having been told many times, he still rep eated the same mistake.(讓步）The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students.(伴隨狀況）3.獨(dú)立成分作狀語有些分詞短語，其形式的選擇不受上下文的影響，稱作獨(dú)立成分。常見的有:Generally sp eaking一般說來Frankly sp eaking 坦白地說Judging from 根據(jù)

35、來判斷Considering考慮到To tell you the truth說實(shí)話非謂語動(dòng)詞其它用法一、疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)疑問詞(who, which, when, where, how, what表語、賓語。如：等）+不定式，這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)在句中起名詞作用，可充當(dāng)主語、I didn ' t know what to do.( 賓語 )主語）表語）When to hold the meeting is not known yet.(My question was how to get so many books.(注意句型： Why not do sth. ? Why do sth. ?二、

36、不定式的主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)1.不定式修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式往往用主動(dòng)形式。如:Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon ? (A knife cuts the watermelon.)2.不定式和它前面被修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，又和該句主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí),不定式常用主動(dòng)形式。如:She has a sister to look after. (She looks after her sister.)I know what to do. (I do what.)3. 不定式作表語形容詞的關(guān)語，和句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯

37、上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式多用主動(dòng)形式，這是因?yàn)槿?們往往認(rèn)為形容詞后省去了 for sb.。如：This book is difficult to understand.This kind of fish is nice to eat.4.在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)說話人考慮的是必須有人去完成某件事時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)形式；如果說話人強(qiáng)調(diào)的事情本身必須被完成，則用被動(dòng)形式。如:There is a lot of work to do. (Someone has to do the work.)There is a lot of work to be done. (The work has to be done.)請(qǐng)注意下面兩個(gè)句子的含義的不同點(diǎn):There is nothing to do.(無事可做，感到十分乏味。)There is nothing to be done.(某東西壞了，無法使之恢復(fù)正常。)三、不定式符號(hào)to的保留問題有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù)，可以用to來代替前面的不定式，這種情況出現(xiàn)在下列動(dòng)詞之后：expect, hope, wish, ;或出現(xiàn)在 be glad / happy