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1、句子成分及基本句型一、 考點、熱點回顧【句子的成分】在英文中句子成分包括: 主語、謂語、賓語 (直接賓語、間接賓語) 、表語、定語和狀語、賓語補足語 等。(一)主語 :主語是謂語講述的對象,表示所說的“是什么” 或 “是誰”。一般由名詞、代詞、不定式或相當于名詞的詞或短語來充當。它在句首 。如:(1) Lucy is a beautiful nurse.(名詞作主語)( 2) He reads newspapers every day. (代詞作主語)( 3) Smoking is harmful to the health. (動名詞作主語)( 4) To swim in Kunming L
2、ake is a great pleasure. (不定式作主語)( 5) What we should do is not yet decided. (主語從句作主語)(二)謂語說明主語 “做什么” “是什么” 或 “怎么樣” 。謂語(謂語部分里主要的詞)必須是動詞 。謂語和主語在人稱和數(shù)兩方面必須一致。它在主語后面 。如: His parents are teachers.(系動詞和表語一起作謂語)We study hard.(行為動詞作謂語)We dontfinish reading the book.(助動詞和行為動詞一起作謂語)He can speak English.(情態(tài)動詞和行
3、為動詞一起作謂語)(三)賓語賓語是 動作、行為的對象 ,由名詞、代詞、不定式或相當于名詞的詞、短語來擔任,它和及物動詞一起說明主語做什么。一般放 在謂語之后 。She is doing her homework now. (名詞作賓語)She says( that) she is ill. (賓語從句作動詞賓語)We often help him. (代詞作賓語)He likes to play basketball. (不定式作賓語)We enjoy listening to the music.我們喜歡聽音樂。 (動名詞短語作賓語)說明 1:賓語是及物動詞涉及到的人或物,賓語一般放在及物動
4、詞之后。介詞后面的名詞或代詞或動名詞,稱為介詞賓語。名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞常在句中做動詞賓語或介詞賓語。另外,動詞不定式可作動詞賓語;動名詞和賓語從句也可用作動詞賓語。說明 2:及物動詞作謂語時,后面要跟賓語。賓語分直接賓語和間接賓語。直接賓語是及物動詞的直接對象,直接賓語指物 ,間接賓語通常是及物動詞的動作所及的人,間接賓語指人 。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語之前。不是所有的及物動詞都可以用雙賓語。 有的動詞可以跟。 如:give, show(給 看),bring, pass, buy 等。如:( 1) Our teacher tells us a story.( 2) The sun gives u
5、s light.間接賓語如果放在直接賓語之后,在表示“人”的間接賓語之前會出現(xiàn)介詞“ to”或“ for ”。間接賓語前加“to”的有:give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, promise (答應(yīng)), refuse(拒絕)等。1間接賓語加“for ”的有:make, buy, do, get, play, order (命令) , sing, pay 等(1) I give him a book.改成:(2) He passes me the book.(他將書遞給
6、我。 )改成:(3) He writes me a letter.改成:( 4) He will buy me some books.改成:( 5) She is making me a cake.改成:(四)賓語補足語在賓語后面 補充說明賓語的動作、狀態(tài)、特征的成分,稱為 賓語補足語 。名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語以及動詞不定式、分詞等可用作賓語補足語。賓語和賓語補足語稱為復(fù)合賓語。如: They make her happy.(形容詞)I see her dance.(不定式)We ll helpyou to make the Olympics a success.(名詞)Please l
7、et him in. (副詞)We heard her singing a song.(分詞短語)(五)表語表語說明主語“ 是什么 ”或者“ 怎么樣 ”,由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞、不定式及相當于名詞或形容詞或短語來擔任。它的位置 在系動詞后面 。如: I am a teacher.(名詞)He is always happy. (形容詞)They are on the playground now. (介詞短語)It gets cold. (形容詞)Be 動詞( am , is, are, was, were )系動詞表保持( keep, stay, remain )表改變( get, be
8、come , turn )感官動詞 ( feel,sound(聽起來),seem/look(看起來),taste(嘗起來),smell(聞起來)如: It sounds interesting. ( sound 為系動詞, interesting 為表語)We should all remain careful. Remain (為系動詞,careful 為表語)(六)定語定語是用來 修飾名詞或代詞 的。形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞、介詞短語、不等式或相當于形容詞的詞或短語等。單個詞 作定語時,通常放在它所修飾的名詞之前。如: The black bike is mine. (形容詞)What s
9、 your name?(代詞)They make paper flowers. (名詞)說明 1:當定語 修飾不定代詞:nothing, anything, everything, something等時,定語 在不定代詞后面。如: I tell him something interesting.(形容詞interesting 作不定代詞something 的后置定語)He has something to do.( to do 為不定式作后置定語)說明 2:短語或從句作定語時,也放在被修飾的名詞之后。如:The boys in the room are in Class Four.( in
10、 the room 是介詞短語作the boys 的后置定語。 )2(七)狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞。一般表示行為發(fā)生的時間、地點、目的、方式、程度等意義,一般由副詞、介詞短語、不定式或相當于副詞的詞或短語來表示。狀語一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。如: He did it carefully. (副詞)We often help him. (副詞)Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.(介詞短語)When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher. (從句作時間狀語)He sits the
11、re.(副詞地點狀語)【簡單句的五種基本句型】A. 主語 +不及物動詞 (主謂 )如: The sun rises. 太陽升起來。The car stopped. 小汽車停下來了。rise 和 stop 都是不及物動詞,因此后邊不必加賓語。B. 主語 +及物動詞 +賓語 (主謂賓 )如: I love my country.He helps me.I like action movies.I buy a book.C. 主語 +系動詞 +表語 (主系表 )如: Her brother is a driver.We feel happy.( feel 為系動詞,表示感到 )It gets dar
12、k.天黑了。( get 為系動詞,表示變得)Tom looks ill. Tom 看上去病了。( look 為系動詞,表示看上去,看起來)D. 主語 +及物動詞 +雙賓語(直接賓語、間接賓語)(主謂 +直賓 +間賓 )如: He gives Tom a present. (雙賓語)他給湯姆一件禮物。Mother make a new dress for me. (雙賓語)媽媽為我做了一件衣服。E. 主語 +及物動詞 +賓語 +賓語補足語 (主 +謂 +賓 +賓補 )如: They call her Mary. (賓補)他們叫她Mary 。We make our classroom clean
13、and tidy.(賓補)我們使我們的教室干凈而整齊。He always makes us laugh. (賓補)他總使我們笑。二、 典型例題寫出劃線部分的句子成分。1. Lily is cleaning the desk now.2. Her garden is the best in our town.3. Liu Ming is thirteen years old.4. I like this book very much.5. The girl on the blue bike is Jane ssister.6. She didn t cometo my party because
14、 she was ill.37. Wang Ping does his homework carefully.8. We will go to the Childre n s Palaceonce a week.9. They are in the classroom.10. It sounds good.11. His name is Paul.12. We always go to school early.三、 課后練習(一 ) 挑出下列句中的賓語 My brother doesn't do his homework.ABCD People all over the world
15、speak English.ABCD You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.ABCD How many new words do you learn ?ABCD Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?ABCD(二 ) 挑出下列句中的表語 The old man is feeling very tired.ABCD Why is he worried about Jim?ABCD The leaves have turned yell
16、ow.ABCD Soon They all become interested in the subject.ABCD She is the first to learn about it.ABCD(三 ) 挑出下列句中的定語 They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name.ABCD What is your given name?ABCD On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.ABCD I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.ABCD The man down
17、stairs was trying to sleep.ABCD(四 ) 挑出下列句中的賓語補足語4 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.ABCD He asks her to take the boy out of school.ABCD She find it difficult to do the work.ABCD They call me Lily sometimes.ABCD I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.ABCD(五 ) 挑出下列句中的狀語 Th
18、ere is a big smile on her face.ABCD Every night he heard the noise upstairs.ABCD He began to learn English when he was eleven.ABCD The man on the motorbike is travelling to fast.ABCD With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.ABCD(六 ) 劃出句中的直接賓語() 和間接賓語() Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Do
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