《跨文化交際》名詞解釋

1、Introduction1. Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business operations.經(jīng)濟學視角中的 全球化 表現(xiàn)為不斷增加的國際商務往來過程。2. Macroculture :The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society.宏觀文化 意味著種族差異的消失和一個大社會的形成。3. Melting pot means a so

2、ciocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationlities.熔爐 :不同背景和國籍的人們之間的社會文化的同化。4. Microcultures: cultures within cultures微觀文化：文化中的文化5. Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbolsystems are distinct enough to alter th

3、e communication event.跨文化交際:指擁有不同文化認知和符號體系的人文之間進行的交際。Chapter 16.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化 是習得的一套關于信仰，價值觀，規(guī)范的公認的解釋，這些信仰，價值觀，規(guī)范對相當大人類群體的行為產生影響。7. Culture identity refers to one s

4、sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.文化身份 ：指有意識地把自己歸為某一特定文化或種族群體。8.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits from others within a larger society or dominant culture.that set apart and distinguish them亞文化 :具有能在更大的一個社會范圍內或主流文化中使自己有別于他人的特點的人類群體所形成的

5、文化。9.Subgroup are groups with the dominant culture does not agree and withwhich it has communication problems.亞群體 :與主流文化不一致，并與主流文化有交際障礙的交際群體。10.Rules may refers to socially agreed-on behavior or to individual guidelines for behavior.規(guī)則 :社會認同的行為或行為的個體原則。11. Norms are culturally ingrained principles o

6、f correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.規(guī)范指的是正確和不正確行為根深蒂固的文化原則，這種不正確的行為一旦發(fā)生，就意味著一種顯性或隱性的處罰。Chapter 212.Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society.社會文化適應：人們學習適應自己所在社會的文化的社會化過程。13.Acculturationrefers to an indiv

7、idual s learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture.文化適應： 人們學習適應新文化的社會規(guī)范和價值觀的過程。14.分隔和隔離 separation and segregation refer to maintaining one s original culture and not participating in thenew culture.在文化適應過程中保留了原有文化，完全沒有接受和習得新文化。15. 融合 Integration takes place when individuals

8、become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity integration ensures a continuity of culture.在文化適應中人們成為新文化的一部分，同時又保留了自己文化的完整性。16. 同化 Assimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for another .when individuals are assimilated i

9、nto a mainstream culture,they lose their previous culture.人們放棄原有文化，接受新文化的程度一旦被主流文化同化，人們就失去了原有的文化。17. 邊緣化 Marginalization or deculturation , refers to losing ones cultural identity and not having any psychological contact with the larger society. 人們不僅失去自己原有的文化身份，而且與廣大社會失去了心理聯(lián)系。18.文化震蕩Culture shock re

10、fers to the traumatic experience thatan individualmay encounter when entering adifferent culture. 人們在進入一種新文化環(huán)境時，遭遇的痛苦和難忘的經(jīng)歷。Chapter 319. 信息源 source is the person with an idea he orshe desires to communicate.是具有交際需要和愿望的具體的人。20. 編碼 encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.是指將思想轉換成代碼的行為

11、過程。21. 信息 messageis the resulting object.是交流的內容，編碼的結果。22. 渠道 channel 是信息傳遞的手段。23. 干擾 noise 指任何會曲解信息源所要表達的信息的事情。24. 解碼 decoing 信息接收者在積極參與交流的過程中對所接收到的符號信息賦予意義的過程。25. 反饋 feedback 指信息接收者的反應被信息源所了解的那一部分反應。26. 情境 context 交際發(fā)生的環(huán)境并且有助于解釋交際內容的含義。Chapter 427. 人際交際 interpersonal communication : a small number

12、of individuals who are interacting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtainimmediate interpretaions from them.指少數(shù)人之間的交往他們既能根據(jù)對方調整自己的信息，又能立即從對方那里獲得解釋。28.內文化交際intraculturalcommunication is defined as communicati

13、onbetween and among members of thesame culture . 指同一文化內某成員之間的交際，總的來說，同一種族，政治傾向宗教，或者具有同樣興趣的人們之間的交際。29.國家間交際internation communication指國家和政府而非個人之間的交際，此種交際非常正式和儀式化。30.跨民族交際interthnic communication： refers to communication between people of the same race ,butdifferent ethnic backgrounds . 指同一種族，不同民族背景的人們

14、之間的交際。31.跨種族交際interracial communication: occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are fromdifferent races that pertain to different physical characteristics.指信息源和信息來自不同的種族，種族具有不同的身體特征。32. 跨地區(qū)交際 interregional communication :refers to the exchange of messages between members of the

15、dominant culture within a country. 指一個國家內主流文化成員之間的信息交換過程。Chapter 533.世界觀worldview :is the belief that we hold explaining the cosmos God,the nature of humanityand nature.指我們持有的對宇宙，神，人本質及自然的最根本的看法。34. 宗教 religion refers to belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creator

16、and governor of the universe. 對超自然力量宇宙創(chuàng)造者和控制者權力的相信與崇敬。35. 個人主義 individualism :個人利益勝于集體利益， 集體主義 collectivism：個人融入集體。36. 對不確定因素的回避態(tài)度： uncertainty avoidance deals with a society s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to man s search for truth. 是關于一個社會對不確定性和模棱兩可的容忍程度。37. 權利距離 po

17、wer distance：組織或機構里邊，沒有權力的成員對于權力不均等分配接受和期望的程度。Chapter 638.感覺 sensation： is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environmnent .周圍環(huán)境的神經(jīng)過程。人們意識到39. 低語境 low context：交際過程中所產生的信息量的大部分由顯性的語碼負載，只有少量的信息蘊含在隱性的環(huán)境和情景中。40. 高語境 high versus：在人們交際時，有較多的信息量蘊含在社會文化環(huán)境和情景中，明顯的語碼負載較少的信息量。Chapte

18、r 741. 焦慮 Anxiety occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction. 在新環(huán)境下人們不知如何應對，過多關注自己的情緒，不能全身心投入到交際中。42.假定一致性： (1) To assume people know how someone else is thinking based on how they see things is c

19、alledprojected cognitive similarity.從自己看待事物的角度來判斷別人的想法。(2)Assuming similarity instead of difference refers to the assumption that people are more similar toyou thanthey actually are or that another person's situation is more similar to you own situation than it in fact is.43. 定勢 stereotypes： ref

20、ers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership. 針對目標群體成員所特有的正面或方面的判斷。44. 偏見 Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike,suspicion,or hatred of a particular group,race,religion,or sexual orientation.偏見 是指對于某一特定群體，種類，宗教或性取向的無端的憎惡和懷疑。45.種

21、族主義是基于種族Racism isany policy,practice,belief,orattitude that attributes characteristics or status toindividuals based on their race. 把性格特點或地位歸因于個人的任意政策、做法、信仰或態(tài)度。46.語言絕對論 ： Linguistic determinist is that language structure controls thought and cultural norms. 語言結構控制思維和文化。47.語言相對論 ：Linguistic relativit

22、yholds that culture is controlled by and controls language.文化由語言來決定，同時也決定語言。Chapter 848.言語交際 Verbal interculturalcommunications happens when people from differentcultural backgroundscommunicate witheach other by using language. 當來自不同文化背景的人們用語言進行交流時言語交際 就發(fā)生了。49.禁忌語 ：Taboo refers to some words or acti

23、ons that are avoided by a particular group of people，or in certain forreligious or social reasons. 在特定文化中出于宗教或社會原因被一特定群體所避免使用的一些詞語或行為。50.委 婉 語 ： Euphemism means the act of substitutinga mild,indirect,or vague termforone consideredharsh,blunt,or offensive. 指用溫和的，間接的方式來代替嚴厲的，生硬的或冒犯的言語。Chapter 1051.非言語

24、信號 ：（狹義） noverbal communicate refers to intertional use of nonspoken symbol to communicate aspecific message . 運用非言語符號傳達特定信息的交際行為。（廣義）refers to elements of the environment thatcommunicate by virtue of people s use人of們them交際時.運用的環(huán)境因素。52.副語言： Paralanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities

25、 of the voice,which interrupt or temporarilytake the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message是與口語交際有關， 指說的速度， 音高，和質量，這些要素會打斷或臨時取代語言并影響信息的語意表達.53. 時間行為： Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time. 是指研究人們如何看待和使用時間。54. 時空行為： proxemics refers to the perception and use of spac

26、e including territoriality and personal space. 指對空間的認知和使用時空進行溝通，包括地盤性和個人空間。55. 目光語： The study of communications sent by the eyes is termed oculesics. 研究目光傳遞的交流信息。56.氣味行為 Olfactics ： The study of communication via smell is called Olfactics對通過味道進行交流的研究。57.觸覺行為 Haptics :refers to communicating through

27、the use of bodily context .通過身體接觸來進行交流。58.身勢語行為 Kinesics： is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements includingfacial expressions,gestures,posture and stance ,and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.指交際時所使用的不同類型的動作，包括表情，手勢，姿勢，和其他代替語言傳達信息的行為舉止。5

28、9. 色彩學 Chromatics:r efers to the study of color use in affecting people mood,emotions,and impression of others.指影響你的情緒，情感和對他人的印象的顏色的研究。Chapter 1160.禮節(jié) Etiquette:refers to manners and behaviors considered acceptable in social and business situation .在社會或商務往來中被認為可接受的行為舉止。Chapter 1261.良好的交際Competent co

29、mmunication ： as interaction that is perceived as effective in fulfillingcertainrewarding objectives in a way that is also appropriate to the context in which the interaction occurs. 指的是以一種適合交際發(fā)生場景的方式來完成一定的有回報的目標的有效交際。62. 跨文化能力 intercultural competence:refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture;in another word,it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity,i.e,the ablity to behave in an a