英語二+6單元課文(帶每句翻譯)

1、Unit 6Text AThe British Educational System 英國的教育體系A(chǔ)ll over the world,the mention of English education suggest s a picture of“public schools”,一提起英國教育呈現(xiàn)在人們面前的往往是一幅“公學(xué)”的畫面,and it suggest s in particular the name s of certain very famous instruction sEton,Oxford and Cambridge;特別是一些著名的教育機(jī)構(gòu)伊頓、牛津、劍橋等;but P

2、eople do not always realize what place these institution s occupy in the who1e educational system.但是人們往往不了解這些機(jī)構(gòu)在英國整個教育體系中所占的位置。Oxford and Cambridge are universit ies each haying about 12,000 student s out of a total of over 250,000 student s at all British universit ies.牛津和劍橋兩所大學(xué)分別擁有大約12 000在校生,而全英在

3、校大學(xué)生的總數(shù)超過250 000。Eton is a public school,and the best known of the public school s.伊頓是所公學(xué),也是最著名的公學(xué)。which,in spite of their name,are not really public at all,盡管名字叫公學(xué),其實并不是真正意義上的公立學(xué)校,but independent and private secondary school s taking boy s from the age thirteen to eighteen year s.而是所獨立的私立中學(xué)。它只招收13-

4、18歲的男孩。The public school s in reality form a very small part of the whole system of secondary education;實際上,公學(xué)僅僅是英國整個中學(xué)教育體系中的一小部分;only about one out of forty English boy s go es to a public school,and one out of 1,500 goes to Eton.在英國僅有1/40的男孩能進(jìn)入公學(xué)讀書,而1 500個中只有1個能上伊頓公學(xué)。Apart from the so-called publi

5、c school s there is a complete system of state primary and secondary education.除了所謂的公學(xué)之外,英國還有一套完整的國立小學(xué)、中學(xué)教育體系,which resembles in general the state education in most other countries.這同大部分國家的國立教育大體相似。A11 children must, by law , receive fulltime education between the age s of five and sixteen.法律規(guī)定所有516

6、歲的孩子必須接受全日制教育,Any child may attend,without paying fee s, a school provided by the public authorities, and the great majority attend such schools.任何孩子都可免費到由政府當(dāng)局開辦的學(xué)校讀書。They may continue,still without paying fees,until they are eighteen.大部分孩子都上這類學(xué)校,并且可以一直讀到18歲。In presenting an overall picture of Engli

7、sh education it would be reasonable to concentrate on the state system alone and refer briefly to the public school s.要全面介紹英國的教育,應(yīng)單獨集中介紹其國立教育體系,同時簡要介紹其公學(xué)教育。However,a1though the public school s are not important numerically,然而,盡管從數(shù)量上講公學(xué)所占的地位不算重要, they have been Englands most peculiar and characterist

8、ic contribution to educational methods and they have an immense influence on the whole educational practice and on the English social structure.但它對英國的教育方法做出了最特殊、最具特色的貢獻(xiàn),對整個英國的教育實踐和社會結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生了重大的影響。For a hundred year s most m e n in leading position s in bankingand conservative politic s have been educat

9、ed at public school s.近百年來在銀行、保險、高級金融、工業(yè)、軍隊、宗教、保守政見等領(lǐng)域的頂尖人才大都曾在公學(xué)接受過教育。Thing s are beginning to change but it will take time.盡管近來情況開始有所變化,但短時間內(nèi)變化還不明顯。Among the universit ies Oxford and Cambridge hold a dominant position.牛津大學(xué)和劍橋大學(xué)在大學(xué)教育領(lǐng)域處于領(lǐng)先地位。Of cabinet minister s who went to universities,nearly all

10、 went to one or the other of these two,and to Oxford in particular.讀過大學(xué)的內(nèi)閣大臣中幾乎都上過這兩所大學(xué)中的某一所,特別是牛津大學(xué)。A student who receive s further fulltime education after the age of eighteen, either at a university or at a teachers training college or at some other college giving training of a special type,can u

11、sually receive a grant from the public authorit ies to cover his expense s,or most of them,unless his parent s have a large income.學(xué)生滿18歲后,若要進(jìn)一步接受全日制教育,可以選擇讀綜合性大學(xué)、教師訓(xùn)練學(xué)院或者其他提供專門培訓(xùn)的學(xué)院。政府當(dāng)局通?？梢蕴峁┙o學(xué)生助學(xué)金以支付其全部或大部分學(xué)費,除非學(xué)生的父母收人很高不需要資助。But the number of young people who can enter universit ies is limited b

12、y the capacity of universit ies, which is less than enough to take all the young people who have the basic qualification s for university admission.但是由于受到大學(xué)容量的限制,上大學(xué)的青年人的數(shù)量是有限的,這些大學(xué)的數(shù)量不能容納下所有具備基本入學(xué)資格的學(xué)生。In practice,therefore,entry to universit ies is competitive.因此實事上,上大學(xué)是有競爭性的。But university degree

13、 course s are also available at polytechnic s,and entry to the Open University is less restricted.但是學(xué)生還可能選擇上工科學(xué)院的學(xué)位課程,而且上函授大學(xué)所受限制則小得多。The academic year begin s after the summer holiday s and is divided into three“terms”.每學(xué)年的開始從暑假后的學(xué)期算,并且分為三個“學(xué)期”, with the interval s between them formed by the Christ

14、mas and Easter holiday s.由圣誕節(jié)、復(fù)活節(jié)兩個假期間隔開來。The exact date s of the holiday s vary from area to area.k s at Christmas and Easter,大致上圣誕節(jié)、復(fù)活節(jié)各兩周的假,plus often a week or more at Whitsun,and six week s in the summer,begin ning rather late.加上通常一周或更長一點的圣靈降臨節(jié)假期和六周的暑假,暑假開始得相當(dāng)晚。School s outside the state system

15、 decide on their own holiday date s,放假時間,generally tak ing a month off at Christmas and Easter and eight week s in the summer .通常是圣誕節(jié)、復(fù)活節(jié)各放一個月,暑假放八周。The three terms are not everywhere called by the same names;這三個學(xué)期在不同的地區(qū)叫法不完全一樣。indeed some school s call the JanuaryMarch period “the Spring Term”,實際上一

16、些學(xué)校稱一至三月學(xué)期為“春季學(xué)期”,other s use“Spring Term”for the period AprilJuly.另外一個稱呼是稱四至七月學(xué)期為“春季期”。Some call the January term“Winter term”(which islogica1.others call it“Easter Term”.另外一個稱呼是稱四至七月學(xué)期為“春季期”。一些地方稱一月學(xué)期為“冬季學(xué)期”(這是邏輯上的叫法,而有另外一個稱呼則是“復(fù)活節(jié)學(xué)期”。Day-schools mostly work Monday to Friday only.from about 9 a.m.

17、to between 3 and 4 p.m.大部分日校周一至周五上課,大約從早晨九點上到下午三點或四點。Lunch is provided and parent s pay for it unless they prove to the authorit ies that they cannot well afford to.學(xué)校通常提供午飯,但學(xué)生父母要付錢,除非他們向官方證明自己負(fù)擔(dān)不起。All primary school children,including those in independent schools,were given milk free of charge unt

18、il 1970 when the Government abolished this benefit.所有的小學(xué)包括私立學(xué)校都向?qū)W生提供免費的牛奶,直到1970年政府取消了這一福利。CLOZE1g.Cioze.Please pay attention that there are more words than are nec essary·afford attain backbring fetch good in mentionoffer on private report return well underThere are many ways of attaining educ

19、ation at all levels.Many high schools,colieges,community or district adult schools as well as business and industrial institutions offer noncredit(無學(xué)分的daytime or evening classes in dozens of fields and skills. It is reported that about 1 3 million Americans participate in different forms of adult ed

20、ucation through schools,job training,or correspondence courses.About one in four American adults participate in an organized learning group each vear。In recent years,there has been a trend to bring in older students for post.secondary education degree.As has been mentioned,the communitv college has

21、made it possible for all sections of the population to have higher education.Other colleges and universities,both public and private.also offer what is now called“continuing education”programs or“l(fā)ifelong education”programs of associate degrees·graduate studies or professional development.Under

22、 such a system,a worker may contmue his study even on a parttime basis,and a retired person may return college at an advanced age.有許多接受不同層次教育的方式。許多高中、大學(xué)、社區(qū)或區(qū)域成人學(xué)校以及工商業(yè)學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)都提供許多領(lǐng)域和技能的無學(xué)分日班或夜班。據(jù)報道,美國大約有1300萬人通過學(xué)校、職業(yè)培訓(xùn)或函授課程來參與不同形式的成人教育。大約四分之一的美國成人每年都要參加有組織的學(xué)習(xí)團(tuán)體。近幾年來,有一種趨勢是讓年齡大一點的學(xué)生獲得中等教育學(xué)位。正如前面所提到的,社區(qū)大

23、學(xué)可以使任何年齡段的人擁有接受高等教育的機(jī)會。其他學(xué)院和大學(xué),包括公立和私立的,都提供“繼續(xù)教育”或“終身教育”,用來獲得副學(xué)位、畢業(yè)教育或職業(yè)進(jìn)修。在這樣的教育體系下,工人可以進(jìn)行業(yè)余教育,上了年紀(jì)的退休的人也可以進(jìn)入大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)。Text BHigher Education in the United States 美國的高等教育In the United States,a student who has finished high school may want to continue in higher education.在美國,一名中學(xué)生高中畢業(yè)后,如果想繼續(xù)接受高等教育,There

24、are several ways to continue in higher education in the United States.他可以有以下幾種選擇方式:There are universit ies, college s,community college s,and technical or vocational school s.綜合大學(xué)、四年制學(xué)院、社區(qū)學(xué)院、職業(yè)或技術(shù)學(xué)院。Each of these kinds of higher education will be described below.A university is much larger than a co

25、llege. It is larger for two reason.綜合大學(xué)比四年制學(xué)院規(guī)模大,表現(xiàn)在兩個方面。First,a university in the United States usually has several different colleges in it.首先,美國綜合大學(xué)通常設(shè)有若干個學(xué)院。 Each college within a university has a special subject area.每個學(xué)院都有專門的學(xué)科領(lǐng)域。 There may be a college of liberal art s where humanit ies, soci

26、al science ,natural science, and mathematics are taught.一般設(shè)有文學(xué)院,開設(shè)的課程有人文學(xué)科、社會科學(xué)、自然科學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)等。There may be a college of education where student s learn to be teacher s.也可能設(shè)有教育學(xué)院,學(xué)生可以在這里通過學(xué)習(xí)成為教師。There may be a college of business where business subject s are taught.也可能設(shè)有商學(xué)院開設(shè)商業(yè)課程。All of these college s ma

27、y be part of one university. 所有這些學(xué)院可能僅占一所綜合性大學(xué)的一部分。Sometimes,in a university,each college is called a“school”:“The School of Liberal Arts”,“The school of Business”or“The School of Education".有時,綜合大學(xué)內(nèi)的每一個學(xué)院都可被稱為學(xué)院:文學(xué)院、商學(xué)院、教育學(xué)院。Second,a university always has program s for advanced or graduate stu

28、dy in a variety of subject s.其次,綜合大學(xué)總是設(shè)有多種學(xué)科的高級專業(yè)學(xué)院或研究院,There may be a medical school,a law school, and other advanced programs.比如醫(yī)學(xué)院、法學(xué)院或其他高級專業(yè)學(xué)院等等。 Student s in the United States must have a high school diploma or itsSome older student s may have the same amount of .一些年齡大接受了同等程度的教育。These student s

29、 have the equivalent of a high school degree.這些學(xué)生具有高中同等學(xué)力。 University student s may study for an undergraduate degree in the art s or science s.大學(xué)學(xué)生可以通過學(xué)習(xí)獲得理學(xué)或文學(xué)的本科學(xué)位。If they complete a course of study in the art s,they receive Bachelor of Arts degrees.In the sciences,they receive B.S.degree.如果完成了文科

30、的課程學(xué)習(xí)將獲得文學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位,理科的學(xué)生將獲得理學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位。Students may leave university at this time,or they may choose to go on for a graduate or professional degree.大學(xué)畢業(yè)后,學(xué)生可以離開學(xué)?；蜻x擇繼續(xù)攻讀研究生學(xué)位或?qū)I(yè)學(xué)位。A university may get money for its expenses from several different sources.綜合大學(xué)經(jīng)費的資金來源可有以下幾個方面。It may get some money from the sta

31、te government.If so, it is a publicly funded university.若是依靠政府提供資金,就是公辦大學(xué)。It may get money only from private sources:也有的學(xué)校資金依靠私人來源:contribution s ,tuition(fee for teaching,investment s,and other source s.捐獻(xiàn)、學(xué)費、投資及其他來源等等,If this is the case.it is a privately funded university.這種類型的學(xué)校是私立大學(xué)。Finally,a u

32、niversity may be funded by a religious group.另外一種類型的就是靠教會支持的大學(xué)。A university program for undergraduate s usually take s four year s.綜合性大學(xué)本科教育計劃通常是四年。In this way,a university and a college are alike.這一點和四年制學(xué)院相似。College student s usually spend four years in school also. A college, however,usually has o

33、nly one or two kind s of program s.但是四年制學(xué)院通常僅有一到兩種類型的課程計劃。A college does not have graduate or professional program s in a variety of area s.學(xué)院在各種領(lǐng)域不設(shè)研究生或?qū)I(yè)課程教育。A college is also like a university in the kind s of student s it has.在學(xué)生類型上,四年制學(xué)院的和綜合性大學(xué)的差不多。College students,like university students,usua

34、lly have a high school diploma when they enter college.同綜合性大學(xué)的學(xué)生一樣,四年制學(xué)院的學(xué)生在入學(xué)時通常都有高中畢業(yè)證。If a college student complete s a course of study in the art s, he or she receive s a Bachelor of Art s degree.如果四年制學(xué)院的學(xué)生完成了文科的課程學(xué)習(xí),也獲得文學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位。In the science s,the students receive A Bachelor of Science degree.理科

35、的學(xué)生獲得理學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位。If college student s want to continue for a graduate or professional degree, they must go to a university.如果四年學(xué)院的學(xué)生想繼續(xù)攻讀研究生學(xué)位或?qū)I(yè)學(xué)位,必須到綜合性大學(xué)去。The college is usually funded in one of the three ways.四年制學(xué)院經(jīng)費來源通常也不外乎上文所列的三種方式。It may be publicly or privately funded.Or,it may be funded by a rel

36、igious group.可能是公立的也可能是私立的,或者可能是教會資助的。Compared to universit ies and college s,community college s in the United States are quite different.The program s of study in the community college usually last only two year s.Many different subjects are taught in the community college. but not all subjects.社區(qū)

37、學(xué)院一般是兩年制,并開設(shè)許多不同的課程。Not all of the subjects are taught in the community college. Not all of the subject s are the usual school subject s.有些課程是平常學(xué)校所不開設(shè)的。The community college may give course s in dental(of theteethtechnology， mechanics，sewing。 nonacademic teethtechnology ， auto mechanics ， sewing 。 a

38、nd many other nonacademic subjects subjects社區(qū)學(xué)院可能會開設(shè)牙科技術(shù)、汽車機(jī)械、縫紉及其他一些非學(xué)術(shù)性 課 程 等 ， The community college may also have courses in the regular courses subjects science，math，languages literature， academic subjects like science，math，languages，literature， and other ies humanities courses in the humanitie

39、s也開設(shè)一些常規(guī)的文化課程，比如像自然科學(xué)、 數(shù)學(xué)、語言課、文學(xué)及其他一些人文學(xué)科等。 different students colleges Many different types of students study at community colleges 社 diploma 區(qū)學(xué)院內(nèi)有各種類型的學(xué)生。Not all students have a high school diploma有 students Not 些 學(xué) 生 沒 有 高 中 畢 業(yè) 。 Many students are adults with children ， and students adults grand

40、children， own sometimes with grandchildren ， of their own 許多學(xué)生都是有孩子的成年 人， 有時候有些學(xué)生都有孫子了。 community college serves the community， college serves community， The 社區(qū)學(xué)院為社區(qū)服務(wù)，and anyone who lives nearby may go 住在社區(qū)附近 go and 的任何人都可以入社區(qū)學(xué)院上學(xué)。 When community college students complete students twoprogram， arts

41、a two-year program，they receive an associate of arts or associate of degree science degree社區(qū)學(xué)院的學(xué)生完成兩年制學(xué)業(yè)后可以獲得準(zhǔn)文學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位或 準(zhǔn)理學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位。They may then go to a college or university for two more They years bachelor degree years to get the bachelors degree然后他們可以到綜合大學(xué)或?qū)W院繼續(xù) 上兩年以獲得學(xué)士學(xué)位。However，the student may get a

42、 job instead，or just However， instead， However schoo1 stop going to schoo1也可能就停止上學(xué)，開始工作了。 colleges funded， state， Community colleges are nearly always publicly funded，by the state， country， government country，or city government社區(qū)學(xué)院幾乎都是由州、縣、或市政府出資成 立的。They are not usually funded by religious groups一般

43、不由教會資 groups They 助。 gives jobs The community college gives training for a variety of jobs，and also program has all academic program社區(qū)學(xué)院為各種類型的工作提供培訓(xùn)，同時也開設(shè) 文化課程。The technical or vocational school ， however, has only job school， however, The technical training training但是職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)校只進(jìn)行工作培訓(xùn)，Its programs may

44、last a short Its time months time or a long time時間可能短也可能長。Some programs take six months有 Some 些培訓(xùn)期要要半年，while other programs may take two years or more to while complete complete有些可能要兩年甚至更長。 the Students in the technical or vocational school may have a high school Many，however， diploma. 有些職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)校的學(xué)生已經(jīng)高中畢業(yè) Many，however，do not have diploma ，但是大部分沒有高中畢業(yè)證。Many people go to a technical the diploma Many schoo1 or vocational school instead of going to high schoo1Wh