重點(diǎn)中學(xué)英語語法講義代詞_第1頁
重點(diǎn)中學(xué)英語語法講義代詞_第2頁
重點(diǎn)中學(xué)英語語法講義代詞_第3頁
重點(diǎn)中學(xué)英語語法講義代詞_第4頁
重點(diǎn)中學(xué)英語語法講義代詞_第5頁
已閱讀5頁,還剩12頁未讀 繼續(xù)免費(fèi)閱讀

下載本文檔

版權(quán)說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請(qǐng)進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)

文檔簡介

1、重點(diǎn)中學(xué)英語語法講義-代詞一、概說代詞是代替名詞及起名詞作用的短語或句子的詞。代詞可分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞、關(guān)系代詞、不定代詞等九類。二、人稱代詞1. 人稱代詞的用法。人稱代詞在句中可以用作主語(用主格,如I, you, he, she, we, they, 等)和賓語(用賓格,如me, you, him, her, us, them等):He loves her, but she hates him. 他愛她,但她卻討厭他。注:(1) 在口語中,當(dāng)人稱代詞用作表語、用于than, as 之后或用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句中被強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí),可以用賓語:Who is it? It

2、s me. 是誰呀?是我。He sings better than me. 他比我唱得好。He is as tall as her. 他和她一樣高。Its me who did it. 這是我干的。但是,若than, as 后的人稱代詞后跟有動(dòng)詞,則必須用主格:He sings better than I do. / He is as tall as she is.(2) 單獨(dú)使用的人稱代詞通常用賓格:Im tired. Me too. 我累了。我也累了。Who wants this? Me. 誰要這個(gè)?我要。(3) 有時(shí)用主格或賓格會(huì)導(dǎo)致意思的變化:I like you better tha

3、n he. 我比他更喜歡你。為I like you better than he likes you.之略。 I like you better than him. 我喜歡你勝過喜歡他。為I like you better than he likes him.之略。2. 人稱代詞的排序:(1) 人稱代詞的排列順序?yàn)椋簡螖?shù)人稱代詞通常按二三一排列,即you, he and I;復(fù)數(shù)人稱代詞通常按一二三排列,即 we, you and they:You, he and I are of the same age. 你,他和我都是同一年齡。We , you and they are all good

4、 citizens. 我們,你們和他們都是好公民。但若是用于承擔(dān)責(zé)任或錯(cuò)誤等場合,則可把第一人稱 I 置于其他人稱代詞之前: I and Tom are to blame. 我和湯姆該受批評(píng)。比較:Tom and I hope to go there. 湯姆和我想去那兒。但是,you and I 是固定結(jié)構(gòu),語序通常不宜顛倒。(2) 在通常情況下,人稱代詞在句子中出現(xiàn)在它所代替的名詞之后,即先出現(xiàn)名詞,再出現(xiàn)相應(yīng)的代詞。但是,在書面語中,有時(shí)也可出現(xiàn)代詞,后出現(xiàn)代詞所代替的名詞: As soon as it had hopped off, the plane picked up speed.

5、飛機(jī)剛一起飛,就加了速。(比較:As soon as the plane had hopped off, it picked up speed.)3. 人稱代詞后跟名詞同位語。有些人稱代詞后有時(shí)可跟同位語:These small desks are for us students. 這些小課桌是給我們學(xué)生的。We girls often go to the movies together. 我們女孩子常一起去看電影。He asked you boys to be quiet. 他要你們男孩子安靜些。三、物主代詞1. 物主代詞的用法。物主代詞分形容詞性物主代詞(my, your, his, he

6、r, its, our, your, their)和名詞性物主代詞(mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs)。形容詞性物主代詞在句只用作定語;名詞性物主代詞則不能用作定語,但可以用作主語、賓語、表語、連用of作定語:His son is taller than hers. 他的兒子比她的兒子高。Her son is a friend of ours. 她的兒子是我們的朋友。Ours is a great country. 我們的國家是一個(gè)偉大的國家This is your pen. Mine is in the box. 這是你的鉛筆,

7、我的在鉛筆盒里。注:可以說 a friend of mine (ours, yours, hers, his, theirs),但是不能說 a friend of me (us, you, her, him, theirs),但是名詞+of it有時(shí)可用來代替its+名詞,如 its price 也可說成 the price of it。2. 物主代詞與own 連用。為了強(qiáng)調(diào),有時(shí)可在物主代詞后加上own一詞:Mind your own business. 別管閑事。I saw it with my own eyes. 那是我親眼看到的。有可用 of ones own 置于名詞后作定語:I h

8、ope to have a room of my own. / I hope to have my own house. 我希望有自己的房子。3. 使用物主代詞注意點(diǎn)和易錯(cuò)點(diǎn):(1) 要注意英語與漢語使用物主代詞的差異。漢語說我校,說成英語應(yīng)是my school,而不能是 I school;漢語說他媽,說成英語應(yīng)是his mother,而不能是 he mother;同樣地,漢語說你先生,說成英語應(yīng)是your husband,而不能是 you husband。另外,有些在英語中必用的物主代詞在漢語中往往無需表達(dá),如:聽到這個(gè)消息,他搖了搖頭。誤:Hearing the news he shook

9、 head.正:Hearing the news he shook his head.漢語通常只說搖頭,不說搖某人的頭,而英語則說 shake ones head。(2) 有時(shí)按漢語習(xí)慣似乎應(yīng)用物主代詞,而英語卻要用人稱代詞:這個(gè)學(xué)期誰教我們的英語?誤:Who will teach our English this term?正:Who will teach us English this term?English 作為一個(gè)表示語言的名詞,其前不能用物主代詞,除非它表示的是使用英語的水平或能力,如可說 My English is poor. 我的英語(水平)不行。類似地,不能說 He teac

10、hes my physics,但可以說 My physics is good。(3) 不要受相似結(jié)構(gòu)和短語的影響而用錯(cuò)物主代詞。如lose heart 與 lose ones heart,兩者僅差一個(gè)物主代詞,意思截然不同:前者意為灰心、泄氣;后者意為愛上、鐘情于;又如 haveon ones mind(為擔(dān)憂,把掛在心上)與keepbearin mind(記住,把記在心里),兩者結(jié)構(gòu)相似,但一個(gè)用物主代詞,一個(gè)不用物主代詞。四、反身代詞1. 反身代詞的基本形式。反身代詞是 oneself根據(jù)所指詞的人稱、性別、單復(fù)數(shù)等的變化可以有 myself, himself, herself, your

11、self, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 等形式。2. oneself與himself。當(dāng)one指人時(shí),其相應(yīng)的反身代詞通常用oneself, 在美國英語中也可用himself:One should not praise oneself himself. 一個(gè)人不應(yīng)該自吹自擂。3. 反身代詞的句法功能:(1) 用作同位語(加強(qiáng)被修飾詞的語氣,緊放在被修飾名詞后, 或句末):The box itself is not so heavy. 箱子本身并不重。You yourself said so. / You said so yourself.

12、 你自己是這樣說的。(2) 用作賓語(動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語):Take good care of yourself. 照顧好自己。She could not make herself understood. 她不能使別人聽懂她的話。(3) 用作表語:The poor boy was myself. 那個(gè)可憐的孩子就是我自己。The ones who really want it are ourselves. 真正想要它的是我們自己。有時(shí)用于 be, feel, seem, look 等后作表語表示身體或精神處于正常狀態(tài):Im not quite myself these days. 我近來身體不大

13、舒服。Ill be myself again in no time. 我過一會(huì)兒就會(huì)好的。(4) 用作主語。在現(xiàn)代英語中,反身代詞一般不能獨(dú)立用作主語,但是它卻可以借助 and, or, nor 等連詞與其他名詞一起構(gòu)成并列主語(且位于并列主語的后部),以及用于某些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)(如as.as等):My brother and myself went there yesterday. 昨天我兄弟和我一起去了那兒。Jims sister and himself get up at six every day. 吉姆的妹妹和他每天6點(diǎn)起床。He was as anxious as myself. 他和我

14、一樣擔(dān)心。五、相互代詞1. 相互代詞的形式與用法。英語的相互代詞只有each other和one another,它們?cè)诰渲型ǔV挥米髻e語:We should help each other. 我們應(yīng)該互相幫助。They respect one another. 他們互相尊重(對(duì)方)。The sea and the sky seem to melt into each other. 大海和藍(lán)天似乎融為一體。2. 使用相互代詞注意點(diǎn):(1) 相互代詞在句中通常只用作賓語,不可用作主語,所以以相互代詞為賓語的句子不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)。(2) 不要將相互代詞誤認(rèn)為是副詞,將其用作狀語,如可說 talk

15、to each other,但不能說 talk each other。(3) 相互代詞可以有所有格形式:The students borrowed each others notes. 學(xué)生們互相借筆記。They looked into each others eyes for a silent moment. 他們默默地對(duì)視了一會(huì)兒。(4) 有時(shí)可分開用:We each know what the other thinks. 我們都知道對(duì)方的想法。Each tried to persuade the other to stay at home. 每個(gè)人都設(shè)法想說服對(duì)方留在家里。(5) 有人認(rèn)

16、為,each other用于兩者,one another用于三者,但在現(xiàn)代英語中兩者常可換用(即均可用于兩者或三者)。六、指示代詞1. 指示代詞的用法。指示代詞(this, that, these, those)在句中可作主語、賓語、表語、定語:This is yours and that is mine. 這是你的,那是我的。I want this book, not that book. 我要這本書,不是那本書。I like these and he likes those. 我喜歡這些,他喜歡那些。These computers are cheap. 這些電腦便宜些。What I wan

17、t to say is this. 我想說的就是這點(diǎn)。注:指示代詞用作主語和定語時(shí),可指人或物;用作賓語和表語時(shí),只指物。如This is my father. this 在句中作作主語,可以指人,但是在Do you know this? 中,this作賓語,此句只能理解為你知道這個(gè)情況嗎?不能理解為你認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)人嗎?2. 表替代的that 與 those。有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù),可用 that 和 those 代替前面提到的名詞: The population of China is much larger that that of Japan. 中國人口比日本人口多得多。(that = the p

18、opulation)His views are close to those of the Socialist Party. 他的觀點(diǎn)接近社會(huì)黨的觀點(diǎn)。(those = the views)3. this 與 that用法比較(1) 用來回指上文提到的事情時(shí),可用this 或 that,但是若要指下文敘述的事情,通常要用 this:She married Jim, and this that surprised me. 她嫁給了吉姆,這使我感到很吃驚。 I want to know this: Is he healthy? 我想知道這一點(diǎn):他是否很健康。注:回指上文的 that 在譯成漢語時(shí),

19、通常卻譯為這:Thats where you are wrong. 這就是你不對(duì)的地方。(2) 在打電話時(shí),通常用 this 指自己,用 that 指對(duì)方:Hello. This is Jim. Is that John? 喂,我是吉姆,你是約翰嗎?但在美國英語中指對(duì)方時(shí)也可用 this。(3) 除用作代詞外,this 和that 都可用作副詞,與形容詞或副詞連用,其義為這么、那么(=so):Its about this (that) high. 大約這(那)么高。Is it this hot every day? 每天都有這么熱嗎?4. this 的特殊用法。注意以下各句中this 的用法:

20、He will be in Paris this day next week. 下個(gè)星期的今天他將在巴黎了。He will come here this day next month. 他將在下個(gè)月的今天來這兒。比較:He got married ten years ago today. 他是10年前的今天結(jié)婚的。七、疑問代詞1. 疑問代詞的用法。疑問代詞(who, whom, whose, which, what等)在句中可用作主語、表語、賓語、定語等:Who is your English teacher? 你們的英語老師是誰?Whose is this umbrella? 這傘是誰的?W

21、hose umbrella is this? 這是誰的傘?What question did he ask? 他問了什么問題?Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? 茶和咖啡,你喜歡那樣?注:who 和 whom 只用作主語、賓語和表語,不用作定語,what, which, whose 則既可用作主語、賓語和表語,也可用作定語。2. 兩組疑問代詞的用法比較(1) who 與 whom:前者為主格,用作主語,后者為賓格,用作賓格:Who spoke at the meeting? 誰在會(huì)上發(fā)言了?Whom are you talking about? 你們?cè)谡務(wù)撜l

22、?但是,當(dāng)用作賓語的 whom 位于句首時(shí),通??捎脀ho 代之:Who(m) is the letter from? 這信是誰寄來的?若是緊跟在介詞之后用作賓語,則只能用 whom。(2) what, which 與 who: 若后接名詞(即用作限定詞),只用which和what,不能用who:Which / What train did you come on? 你是坐哪次火車來的?What和 which 的區(qū)別是:當(dāng)選擇的范圍較小或比較明確時(shí),多用 which;當(dāng)選擇的范圍較較大或不明確時(shí),多用 what:Which color do you like, red, black or wh

23、ite? 紅色、黑色和白色,你喜歡哪種?What color is your car? 你的汽車是什么顏色的?但是,若指人,即使選擇的范圍不明確,也多用 which:Which What writers do you like? 你喜歡哪些作家? 若其后不接名詞(即用作代詞),三者均可用,which和what的用法區(qū)別可參見上面的分析。至于who,它一般只用來指人(用作代詞的 which 不用于指人),不管選擇范圍大還是小、明確還是不明確均可用:Who won Tom or Mike? 誰贏了,是湯姆還是邁克?Who is your favorite poet? 你最喜歡的詩人是誰?當(dāng)選擇范圍

24、比較明確且用作賓語時(shí),who也可用which或which one代之:Who Which /Which one do you like better, your father or your mother? 你更喜歡誰,父親還是母親? 由于what和who的選擇范圍可以很大或不明確,所以其后可以跟 else,表示其他的人(或事物),但卻通常不跟表示特定范圍的of 短語;而 which 的選擇范圍相對(duì)比較小或明確,所以其后一般不接 else,卻常與表特定范圍的of短語連用:Who (What) else did you see there? 你在那兒還看到了別人的什么人(什么東西)?Which

25、of the three girls is the oldest? 這三個(gè)女孩中哪個(gè)年紀(jì)最大? 另外,比較以下兩句:"Who is he?" 他是誰?(who 指姓名、關(guān)系等)What is he? 他是干什么的?(what 指職業(yè)、地位等)3. 兩類易混句型的區(qū)別。請(qǐng)先看以下兩句:What do you think he wants? 你認(rèn)為他想要什么?Do you know what he wants? 你知道他想要什么嗎?上面第一句為特殊疑問句,第二句為一般疑問句,它們不能倒過來說成Do you think what he wants? What do you kno

26、w he wants? 其原則區(qū)別是:可以用 yes 或 no 回答者,用一般疑問句的形式(疑問詞放在句中,即主句之后),適合這類句型的主句動(dòng)詞通常有 know, hear, ask, tell 等;不能用 yes 或 no 回答者,用特殊疑問句的形式(疑問詞放在句首),適合這類句型的主句動(dòng)詞通常有 think, believe, suppose, guess 等:Where do you suppose he has gone? 你認(rèn)為他去什么地方了?Did you ask why he had left so soon? 你問過他為什么那么快就離開了嗎?4. 兩個(gè)疑問代詞同用的情況。請(qǐng)看以

27、下實(shí)例:Where and when were you born? 你出生在何時(shí)何地?When and how did he go there? 他是什么時(shí)候、怎么去那兒的?"Where is it?" "Where is what?" 它在哪兒?什么在哪兒?八、連接代詞1. 連接代詞的用法。連接代詞主要包括who, whom, what, which, whose, whoever,whatever, whichever, whosever 等,它們?cè)诰渲锌捎米髦髡Z、賓語、表語、定語等,可以引導(dǎo)主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句:I dont know wh

28、o he is. 我不知道他是誰。What he says sounds reasonable. 他說的話聽起來很有道理。The question is who(m) we should trust. 問題是我們?cè)撔湃握l。Ill take whoever wants to go. 誰想去我就帶誰去。Take whichever seat you like? 你喜歡坐哪個(gè)座位就坐哪個(gè)?I will just say whatever comes into my mind. 我想到什么就說什么。注:who, whom, whoever 等不用于名詞前作定語。2. what 的兩種用法。請(qǐng)看以下兩個(gè)

29、句子:I didnt know what he wanted. 我不知道他想要什么。I gave her what she wanted. 我給了她想要的一切。上面第一句中的 what 表示什么,帶有疑問的意味;第二句中的 what 表示所的一切事或東西,其意義上大致相當(dāng)于 that (those) which, the thing (things) that, anything that, all that, as much as等,又如:What =That which you say is quite true. 你說的完全是事實(shí)。He saves what = all that he

30、earns. 他賺多少,積蓄多少。Call it what = anything thatyou please. 你喜歡叫它什么就叫它什么。這樣用的 what 有時(shí)還可后接一個(gè)名詞:He gave me what money = all the money that he had about him. 他把身邊帶有的錢全給了我。What friends =All the friends that he has are out of the country. 他所有的朋友都在國外。3. whatever, whoever, whichever用法說明。主要用于引導(dǎo)主語從句和賓語從句:He doe

31、s whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么,他就做什么。Whoever breaks the rules will be punished. 誰違反這些規(guī)則都將受到處罰。Ill give the ticket to whoever wants it. 請(qǐng)想要這票,我就把它給誰。Whichever team gains the most points wins. 哪個(gè)隊(duì)得分最多,哪個(gè)隊(duì)就贏。注:其中的 ever 主要用于加強(qiáng)語氣,含有一切、任何、無論之義。使用這類詞時(shí),注意不要按漢語習(xí)慣用錯(cuò)句子結(jié)構(gòu):任何人(誰)先來都可以得到一張票。誤:Anyone comes

32、first can get a ticket. / Who comes first can get a ticket.正:Anyone who comes first can get a ticket./ Whoever comes first can get a ticket.九、不定代詞1. 不定代詞概說。英語的不定代詞有 all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no, few, little, both, enough, every 等

33、,以及由 some, any, no 和 every 構(gòu)成的合成代詞(即somebody, anyone, nothing 等)。在這些不定代詞中,多數(shù)都能作主語、賓語、表語或定語,但是代詞 none 以及由 some, any, no 和 every 構(gòu)成的合成代詞只能作主語、賓語或表語,不能作定語,而 no 和 every 則只用作定語。2. 指兩者和三者的不定代詞。有些不定代詞用于指兩者(如both, either, neither),有的不定代詞用于指三者(如all, any, none, every),注意不要弄混:Both of my parents are doctors. 我的

34、父母都是醫(yī)生。All of the students are interested in it. 所有的學(xué)生對(duì)此都很感興趣。There are trees on any side of the square. 廣場的每一邊都種有樹。He has two sons, neither of whom is rich. 他有兩個(gè)兒子,都不富有。He has three sons, none of whom is rich. 他有三個(gè)兒子,都不富有。注:each 可用于兩者、三者或三者以上,而 every 只用于三者或三者以上,因此用于兩者時(shí)只能用 each,不能用 every。如不能說 There

35、are trees on every side of the road.3. 復(fù)合不定代詞的用法特點(diǎn)。復(fù)合不定代詞包括 something, somebody, someone,anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, everything, everybody, everyone 等。它們?cè)诰渲锌捎米髦髡Z、賓語或表語,但不能用作定語。something, someone 等和 anything, anyone等的區(qū)別與 some 和 any 的區(qū)別一樣,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑問句或條件句(參見 any &

36、; some)。具體使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):(1) 復(fù)合不定代詞受定語修飾時(shí),定語應(yīng)放在它們后面:There is nothing wrong with the radio. 這收音機(jī)沒有毛病。Have you seen anyone anybody famous? 你見過名人嗎?(2) 指人的復(fù)合不定代詞若用作主語,其謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù),相應(yīng)的人稱代詞和物主代詞也用單數(shù) he, him, his (不一定指男性)。但在非正式文體中常用復(fù)數(shù)代詞 they, them, their:Everyone knows this, doesnt he dont they? 人人都知道這一點(diǎn),不是嗎?If

37、anybody anyone comes, ask him them to wait. 要是有人來,讓他等著。(3) 指事物的復(fù)合不定代詞若用作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞只能用單數(shù),相應(yīng)的人稱代詞也只能用 it,而不用 they:Everything is ready, isnt it? 一切都準(zhǔn)備好了,是嗎?(4) anyone, everyone 等只能指人,不能指物,且其后一般不接of 短語。若是指物或后接 of 短語,可用 any one, every one (分開寫):any one of the boys (books) 孩子們(書)當(dāng)中的任何一個(gè)(本)every one of the st

38、udents (schools) 每一個(gè)學(xué)生(一所學(xué)校)4. 是any not 還是 not any。按英語習(xí)慣,any 以及含有any的復(fù)合不定代詞用于否定句時(shí),它只能出現(xiàn)在否定詞之后,而不能在否定詞之前:誤:Any one doesnt know how to do it.正:No one knows how to do it. 任何人都不知道如何做它。誤:Anybody Anyone cannot do it.正:Nobody No one can do it. 這事誰也干不了。誤:Anything cannot prevent me from going.正:Nothing can p

39、revent me from going. 什么也不能阻擋我去。5. 不定代詞與部分否定。不定代詞all, both, every 等與 not 連用時(shí)構(gòu)成部分否定;若 要表示完全否定,則需換用 none, neither, no one等。比較:All of the students like the novel. 所有這些學(xué)生都喜歡這本小說。Not all of the students like the novel. 并不是所有這些學(xué)生都喜歡這本小說。All of the students dont like the novel. 并不是所有這些學(xué)生都喜歡這本小說。None of the

40、 students like the novel. 這些學(xué)生當(dāng)中沒有一個(gè)喜歡這本小說。6. all, both, each 等用作同位語。若用作主語同位語,主語可以是名詞或代詞;若用作賓語等其他成分的同位語,則賓語等成分必須是人稱代詞,而不能是名詞:We have all read it. 我們都讀過他。(all 修飾的主語是代詞)The villages have all been destroyed. 村莊都被毀了。(all 修飾的主語是名詞)They told us all to wait there. 他叫我們都在那兒等。(all 修飾的賓語是代詞)但不能說:They told the

41、 men all to wait there. (all 修飾的賓語是名詞不是代詞)7. so little 與 such little的區(qū)別。用so little還是such little取決于little的意思:若表示數(shù)量方面的少,則用so little;若表示形狀體積的小,則用such little:He has so little time for reading. 他讀書的時(shí)間少得可憐。Ive never seen such little boxes. 我從未見過那樣小的盒子。8. some 與 any的用法區(qū)別。一般說來,some 用于肯定句中,any 用于否定句和疑問句中。但是,

42、在表示請(qǐng)求、邀請(qǐng)或征求意見的句子中,通常要用 some 而不用any:Would you like some cake? 吃點(diǎn)蛋糕嗎?Why not buy some bread? 為什么不買些面包呢?Shall I get some chalk for you? 要我?guī)湍隳眯┓酃P來嗎?注:any 有時(shí)也用于肯定句中,此時(shí)表示任何:Any colour will do. 任何顏色都行。Come any day you like. 隨便哪天來都可以。9. many 與 much的用法區(qū)別。兩者都表示許多,但 many 修飾或代替可數(shù)名詞(復(fù)數(shù)),與 few(少數(shù))相對(duì);而 much 用來修飾或代

43、替不可數(shù)名詞(單數(shù)),與little(少量)相對(duì)。在口語中兩者主要用于非肯定句中:Did you see many people there? 你在那兒看見許多人了嗎?We dont have much time. 我們沒有許多時(shí)間。在肯定句中,一般用 a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等代之。但在正式文體中有時(shí)也用于肯定句中;另外,若用作主語或主語的定語,或其前有 how, too, as, so, a good, a great 等修飾,也可用于肯定句中:Many of us left early. 我們有許多人離開得很早。Much work has been do

44、ne. 許多工作都已經(jīng)做了。Youve given me too much. 你已給我太多了。Take as many (much) as you want. 你要多少拿多少。I asked her a great many questions. 我問了她許多問題。10. few, a few 與 little, a little的用法區(qū)別。(1) few和a few 后接可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。few 表示數(shù)量很少或幾乎沒有,強(qiáng)調(diào)少,含有否定意義;a few 表示數(shù)量雖然少但畢竟還有,強(qiáng)調(diào)有,含有肯定意義:It is very difficult, and few people understa

45、nd it. 它很難,沒有幾個(gè)人能懂。It is very difficult, but a few people understand it. 他雖難,但是有些人懂。(2) little 和 a little 之后接不可數(shù)名詞,其區(qū)別跟 few 和 a few 之間的區(qū)別相似: Unfortunately, I had little money on me. 很不巧,我身上沒帶什么錢。Fortunately, I had a little money on me. 幸好我身上帶著一點(diǎn)錢。11. other, the other, another與others的用法區(qū)別:這些不定代詞不僅在含義

46、上有單復(fù)數(shù)之分,而且在用法上有泛指(無the)和特指(有the)之別。其用法區(qū)別可歸納如下:(1) 指單數(shù)時(shí),若泛指用another,若特指用 the other:Give me another (one). 另外給我一個(gè)。Shut the other eye, please. 請(qǐng)把另一只眼睛也閉上。(2) 指復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),若泛指用 other(后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞),若特指用the other(后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞): There are other ways of doing it. 做這事還有其他的辦法。Where have the other students gone? 其他學(xué)生都到哪里去了?(3) ot

47、hers永遠(yuǎn)表示復(fù)數(shù)意義(且其后不能再接名詞)。其用法大致相當(dāng)于other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞,同樣地 the others 大致相當(dāng)于the other復(fù)數(shù)名詞:Other people Others may not think that way. 別的人可能不這樣想。He is cleverer than the others the other students in her class. 他比班上其他學(xué)生聰明。(4) another一般只能表單數(shù),且其后接名詞也只能接單數(shù)名詞。但是若其后有數(shù)詞或 few 修飾時(shí),則也可接復(fù)數(shù)名詞:We need another few chairs. 我們還需要

48、幾把椅子。In another two weeks itll be finished. 再過兩個(gè)星期就可做完了。(5) 與 some 對(duì)比使用時(shí),用 others(此時(shí)與 some 同義):Some say yes, and others say no. 有人說對(duì),有人說不對(duì)。12. 不定代詞與語境考題。不定代詞是高考的常考考點(diǎn),有的不定代詞考題出得比較靈活,不能死套規(guī)則,要注意結(jié)合語境來理解:(1) Is _ here? No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave.A. anybody B. everybody C. somebody D. nobody若只是從

49、表面來看,填空句是個(gè)疑問句,可能會(huì)誤選A。但其實(shí)此題最佳答案應(yīng)選B,因?yàn)橄挛牡拇鹁湔f只有Bob和Tim請(qǐng)假了,這說明問句是在查人數(shù),故用 Is everybody here? (大家都到齊了嗎?)(2) I agree with most of what you said, but I dont agree with _.A. everything B. anything C. something D. nothing此句若從表面看,有可能誤選B,因?yàn)樘羁站錇榉穸ň洹5珜?shí)際上最佳答案為A,因?yàn)樯衔恼f我同意他說的大部分內(nèi)容,這與下文的 but I dont agree with everythi

50、ng(但并不是同意他說的所有內(nèi)容)完全相符。(3) Do you have _ at home now, Mary? No, we still have to get some fruit and tea.答案選C,句意為瑪麗,現(xiàn)在家里東西都準(zhǔn)備齊了嗎?還沒有,我們還要買些水果和茶。(4) If you want a necklace, Ill buy one for you at once. Oh, no. A necklace is not _ that I need most.A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything此題容易誤選A

51、,機(jī)械地認(rèn)為:something 用于肯定句,anything 用于否定句或疑問句。但是,此題的最佳答案是B,something 在此的意思不是某種東西,而是指那種東西或這種東西,即心中最想要的那種東西(相當(dāng)于 the thing)。十、關(guān)系代詞1. 關(guān)系代詞的用法。主要的關(guān)系代詞有 that, who, whom, whose, which, as 等。其中who, whom 只用于指人,which, as 只用于指事物,whose, that 既可于指人也可用于指物。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句主要用于主語、賓語(可以省略)、表語或定語:He is the man who that lives ne

52、xt door. 他就是就是住在隔壁的那個(gè)人。How do you like the photo that which I took? 你覺得我拍的這張照片怎么樣? This is the same watch as I lost. 這塊表跟我丟失的那塊一樣。I want to find someone with whom I could discuss music. 我想找個(gè)能和我談音樂的人。 She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 她收到了老板的邀請(qǐng),這是她意想不到的。2. that 與 whi

53、ch的用法區(qū)別。兩者都可指物,??苫Q。其區(qū)別主要在于:(1) 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí),通常要用which:She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 她收到了老板的邀請(qǐng),這是她意想不到的。(2) 直接放在介詞后作賓語時(shí),通常要用which:The tool with which he is working is called a hammer. 他干活用的那個(gè)工具叫做錘子。(3) 當(dāng)先行詞是下列不定代詞或被它們修飾時(shí)much, little, none, all, few, every(thing),

54、 any(thing), no(thing) 等時(shí),通常用that:There was little that the enemy could do but surrender. 敵人無法,只有投降了。 All Everything that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必須做。(4) 當(dāng)先行詞有the very, the only, the same 等修飾時(shí),通常用that:This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有這一個(gè)。Those are the very words that he used. 那是

55、他的原話。(5) 當(dāng)先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞(包括last, next等)等修飾時(shí),通常用that: This is the best dictionary that Ive ever used. 這是我用過的最好的詞典。The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你應(yīng)該做的第一件事是訂個(gè)計(jì)劃。(6) 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中用作表語時(shí),通常用that:China is not the country (that) it was. 中國已不是過去的中國了。(7) 當(dāng)先行詞是一個(gè)既指人又指物的并列詞組時(shí),通常用that:T

56、hey talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他們談?wù)摿耸顾麄冇∠笞钌畹娜撕褪隆?8) 當(dāng)要避免重復(fù)時(shí):Which is the course that we are to take? 我們選哪門課程?3. that與who的用法區(qū)別。(1) 兩者均可指人,有時(shí)可互換:All that who heard him were delighted. 所有聽了他講話的人都很高興。Have you met anybody that who has been to Paris? 你遇見過到過巴黎的人嗎?He is th

57、e only one among us that who knows Russian.他是我們中間唯一懂俄語的人。(2) 但是在下列情況,通常要用 that:當(dāng)先行詞是一個(gè)既指人又指物的并列詞組時(shí):I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad. 我就我在國外所見到的人和事作了報(bào)告。當(dāng)先行詞是who時(shí)(為避免重復(fù)):Who was it that won the World Cup in 1982? 誰贏得了1982年的世界杯?當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作表語時(shí)(可省略):Tom is not the boy (that) he was. 湯姆這孩子已不是以前那個(gè)樣子了。(1) 引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句時(shí),在such, as, the same后只

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請(qǐng)下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請(qǐng)聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容里面會(huì)有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文庫網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲(chǔ)空間,僅對(duì)用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對(duì)用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對(duì)任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請(qǐng)與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對(duì)自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

評(píng)論

0/150

提交評(píng)論