名校研究生入學(xué)考試真題選1

1、名校研究生入學(xué)考試真題選1Chapter One: Linguistics: The Study of LanguageI. 名詞解釋1. （清華大學(xué)2001，中國人民大學(xué)2002，武漢大學(xué)2003年考題）cultural transmission ( as a defining property of language)考點(diǎn)分析：考查語言“文化傳遞”特征Answer: While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, the details of any language system are not genetically tra

2、nsmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned. An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use a language, but they are not mutually intelligible. This shows that language is culturally transmitted. It is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, ra

3、ther than by instinct. In contrast, animal call systems are genetically transmitted. They are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.2. (同濟(jì)大學(xué)2000年考題) descriptive linguistics vs. prescriptive linguistics考點(diǎn)分析：考查描寫性語言學(xué)和規(guī)定性語言學(xué)的區(qū)別。Answer: A linguistic study is descri

4、ptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for “correct” behavior. Linguistic studies before the 20th century are largely prescriptive whereas modern linguistic is mostly descriptive.II. 判斷正誤 (T for True and F for False)1. (清華大學(xué)2001年考題) When l

5、anguage is used to get information, it serves an informative function.考點(diǎn)分析：考查語言的功能。Answer: F (It serves an interrogative function).2. (東南大學(xué)2003年考題) Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.考點(diǎn)分析：辨別二重性Answer: F (The primary units in these systems cannot be further divid

6、ed into elements. So what they lack is the secondary level of articulation.)3. (大連外國語學(xué)院2000年考題) Descriptive linguistics are concerned with how languages work, not with how they can be improved.考點(diǎn)分析：考查描寫語法和規(guī)定語法的區(qū)別。Answer: TIII. 填空題1. （中山大學(xué)2003年考題）By saying that “l(fā)anguage is arbitrary”, we mean that t

7、here is no logical connection between meaning and _.考點(diǎn)分析：考查任意性的定義。Answer： sounds2. (中山大學(xué)2003年考題) The distinction between langue and parole is made by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure. The distinction between competence and performance is made by the American linguist _.考點(diǎn)分析：考查語言學(xué)中的重要人物。Answer: Noam

8、 Chomsky3. (北京第二外國語大學(xué)2004年考題) An approach to linguistic study which attempts to lay down rules of correctness as to how language should be used is _考點(diǎn)分析：規(guī)定性的概念A(yù)nswer: prescriptiveIV. 選擇題1. （電子科技大學(xué)2003年考題）Unlike animal communication system, human language is _.a. stimulus free b. stimulus bound c. un

9、der immediate stimulus controld. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest考點(diǎn)分析：考查語言移位性特征Answer: a2. （東南大學(xué)2000年考題）_has been widely accepted as the forefather of modern linguistics.考點(diǎn)分析：考查現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)創(chuàng)始人a. Chomsky b. Saussure c. Bloomfield d. John LyonAnswer: bV. 問答題1. （武漢大學(xué)2000， 湖南師范大學(xué)2003年考題）Is la

10、nguage productive or not? Why?考點(diǎn)分析：考查語言創(chuàng)造性（又稱能產(chǎn)性）的概念及原因Answer: Firstly, language is productive or creative. This means that language users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Secondly, productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems have a l

11、imited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Thirdly, the productivity or creativity of human language originates from its duality. Because of duality, the speaker can combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences. The productivity of langua

12、ge also means its potential to create endless sentences. This is made possible by the recursive nature of language.2. (中山大學(xué)2001年考題) Comment on the following statement: “In linguistics, language only means what a person says or said in a given situation”.考點(diǎn)分析：考查“l(fā)anguage”一詞在語言學(xué)中不同層面的含義Answer: This st

13、atement is incorrect. In linguistics, “l(fā)anguage” has several layers of meaning: firstly, the whole of a persons language, e.g. Shakespeares language; secondly, a particular variety or level of speech or writing, e.g. scientific language, literary language, colloquial language; thirdly, an abstract s

14、ystem underlying the totality of the speech/writing behavior of a community, e.g. the English language, the Chinese language; lastly, there is an even more abstract sense of “l(fā)anguage”, referring to the common features of all human languages that distinguish them from animal communication systems or

15、 any artificial language.3. (浙江大學(xué)1998， 東南大學(xué)1999，廈門大學(xué)2002年考題) Point out there ways in which linguistics differs from traditional grammar.考點(diǎn)分析：考查現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)與傳統(tǒng)語法研究的區(qū)別Answer: firstly, most linguistic analyses today focus on speech rather than writing. Secondly, modern linguistics is mostly descriptive while

16、traditional grammar is largely prescriptive. Thirdly, a third difference is the priority of synchronic description over the traditional diachronic studies.4. (華中科技大學(xué)2002年考題) What is the major difference between Saussures distinction between langue and parole and Chomskys distinction between competence and performance?考點(diǎn)分析：考查“語言-言語”與“語言能力-語言運(yùn)用”的區(qū)別。Answer: Saussures langue is social