名校研究生入學考試真題選1

1、名校研究生入學考試真題選1Chapter One: Linguistics: The Study of LanguageI. 名詞解釋1. （清華大學2001，中國人民大學2002，武漢大學2003年考題）cultural transmission ( as a defining property of language)考點分析：考查語言“文化傳遞”特征Answer: While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, the details of any language system are not genetically tra

2、nsmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned. An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use a language, but they are not mutually intelligible. This shows that language is culturally transmitted. It is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, ra

3、ther than by instinct. In contrast, animal call systems are genetically transmitted. They are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.2. (同濟大學2000年考題) descriptive linguistics vs. prescriptive linguistics考點分析：考查描寫性語言學和規(guī)定性語言學的區(qū)別。Answer: A linguistic study is descri

4、ptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for “correct” behavior. Linguistic studies before the 20th century are largely prescriptive whereas modern linguistic is mostly descriptive.II. 判斷正誤 (T for True and F for False)1. (清華大學2001年考題) When l

5、anguage is used to get information, it serves an informative function.考點分析：考查語言的功能。Answer: F (It serves an interrogative function).2. (東南大學2003年考題) Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.考點分析：辨別二重性Answer: F (The primary units in these systems cannot be further divid

6、ed into elements. So what they lack is the secondary level of articulation.)3. (大連外國語學院2000年考題) Descriptive linguistics are concerned with how languages work, not with how they can be improved.考點分析：考查描寫語法和規(guī)定語法的區(qū)別。Answer: TIII. 填空題1. （中山大學2003年考題）By saying that “l(fā)anguage is arbitrary”, we mean that t

7、here is no logical connection between meaning and _.考點分析：考查任意性的定義。Answer： sounds2. (中山大學2003年考題) The distinction between langue and parole is made by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure. The distinction between competence and performance is made by the American linguist _.考點分析：考查語言學中的重要人物。Answer: Noam

8、 Chomsky3. (北京第二外國語大學2004年考題) An approach to linguistic study which attempts to lay down rules of correctness as to how language should be used is _考點分析：規(guī)定性的概念Answer: prescriptiveIV. 選擇題1. （電子科技大學2003年考題）Unlike animal communication system, human language is _.a. stimulus free b. stimulus bound c. un

9、der immediate stimulus controld. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest考點分析：考查語言移位性特征Answer: a2. （東南大學2000年考題）_has been widely accepted as the forefather of modern linguistics.考點分析：考查現(xiàn)代語言學創(chuàng)始人a. Chomsky b. Saussure c. Bloomfield d. John LyonAnswer: bV. 問答題1. （武漢大學2000， 湖南師范大學2003年考題）Is la

10、nguage productive or not? Why?考點分析：考查語言創(chuàng)造性（又稱能產(chǎn)性）的概念及原因Answer: Firstly, language is productive or creative. This means that language users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Secondly, productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems have a l

11、imited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Thirdly, the productivity or creativity of human language originates from its duality. Because of duality, the speaker can combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences. The productivity of langua

12、ge also means its potential to create endless sentences. This is made possible by the recursive nature of language.2. (中山大學2001年考題) Comment on the following statement: “In linguistics, language only means what a person says or said in a given situation”.考點分析：考查“l(fā)anguage”一詞在語言學中不同層面的含義Answer: This st

13、atement is incorrect. In linguistics, “l(fā)anguage” has several layers of meaning: firstly, the whole of a persons language, e.g. Shakespeares language; secondly, a particular variety or level of speech or writing, e.g. scientific language, literary language, colloquial language; thirdly, an abstract s

14、ystem underlying the totality of the speech/writing behavior of a community, e.g. the English language, the Chinese language; lastly, there is an even more abstract sense of “l(fā)anguage”, referring to the common features of all human languages that distinguish them from animal communication systems or

15、 any artificial language.3. (浙江大學1998， 東南大學1999，廈門大學2002年考題) Point out there ways in which linguistics differs from traditional grammar.考點分析：考查現(xiàn)代語言學與傳統(tǒng)語法研究的區(qū)別Answer: firstly, most linguistic analyses today focus on speech rather than writing. Secondly, modern linguistics is mostly descriptive while

16、traditional grammar is largely prescriptive. Thirdly, a third difference is the priority of synchronic description over the traditional diachronic studies.4. (華中科技大學2002年考題) What is the major difference between Saussures distinction between langue and parole and Chomskys distinction between competence and performance?考點分析：考查“語言-言語”與“語言能力-語言運用”的區(qū)別。Answer: Saussures langue is social