名詞考點精講(DOC)

1、名詞一. 名詞的概念及分類 專有名詞 : 表示具體的人、事物、地點或機構(gòu)的專有名稱。 例如： China Asia Beijing the Great Wall the United Nations 普通名詞： 是一類人或東西或是一個抽象概念的名詞 , 普通名詞又可分為下面四類：1）個體名詞（ Individual Nouns ） :表示單個的人和事物的個體。例如： horse car room apple picture 。2）集體名詞（ Collective Nouns ） : 表示一群人或一些事物的名稱。 例如： people family army government group 。

2、3）物質(zhì)名詞（ Material Nouns ）：表示物質(zhì)或不具備確定形狀和大小的個體的物質(zhì)。 例如： fire steel air water milk 。4）抽象名詞（ Abstract Nouns ） :表示動作 ,狀態(tài) ,品質(zhì)或其他抽象概念。 例如： labor health life friendship patience happiness。個體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來計算，稱為可數(shù)名詞， 物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般無法用數(shù)目計算，稱為不可數(shù)名詞。 特別注意 :1. 物質(zhì)名詞一般不用復(fù)數(shù)形式 ,但有些物質(zhì)名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式來表示不同的類別,如： fishes各種魚， fruits 各種

3、水果， steels 各種鋼材 newspapers 各種報紙2. 物質(zhì)名詞表示數(shù)量時， 一般用表示數(shù)量的短語來表示。 如：a piece of news, a sheet of paper, two pieces of advice ， a drop of blood, two bars of chocolate 但表示具體的一杯、罐，瓶，場， 次時也有復(fù)數(shù)形式，如： two teas and a coffee， a heavy snow,3. 有些抽象名詞表示具體的事物時就變?yōu)榭蓴?shù)名詞了。如： smooth away all the difficulties ； It is a great

4、 pleasure to talk with you. ； What a surprise! His new book was a great success.4. 有些不可數(shù)名詞表示不同的意思時就可數(shù)了。如： work （工作） works（著作），glass （玻璃） glasses（眼鏡，玻璃杯） ， cloth （布） clothes（衣服）value “價值 ” values 價“值觀 ”； damage“損害 ” damages“賠償金 ; （還有 forces（ 軍隊 ）, spirits（情緒 ,幽靈）, drinks（ 飲料）, sands（沙灘）, papers（文件，報紙

5、，試卷）, looks（外表）, greens（青 菜）, ruins（ 廢墟 ）， beauty, chicken ,experience, light, orange , room, wood, time）5. 要熟記下列名詞，它們在英語中一般是不可數(shù)名詞：advice， baggage/luggage，furniture ，equipment， fun ， weather， information ， luck ， progress，work ， homework ， news 等6. 形式上是復(fù)數(shù)但意義是單數(shù)的名詞： ： physics, mathematics, politics,

6、economics news, the United States, crossroads, headquarters7. 有些名詞形似單數(shù)，但實為復(fù)數(shù)。如： police, people, cattle8. 不可數(shù)名詞常用 （a） little ， much， a great deal of， a large amount of 等修飾，可數(shù)名詞常用（a） few ，many，a large number of，several 等修飾。 some, enough, a lot of，lots of ， plenty of, a large quantity of 可修飾可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞9

7、. 定冠詞加上姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式，表示全家人或夫婦二人；姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式前不加冠詞，則 表示若干個姓的人。如： the Wangs王家， three Wangs 三個姓王的二.名詞的數(shù)根據(jù)漢語提示 , 完成下列句子1. Two （ 月） ago， three （英雄） caught four （ 小偷）.They made them plantsome （ 土豆 ） and （ 竹子 ） in two （ 動物園 ）.They also made their（ 妻 子 們 ）return the four big （ 箱 子 ）with some precious （ 照 片 ）and （ 刷子 ）

8、in them.2. Two （ 主編 ） ，three （ 男教師 ） and five （ 女醫(yī)生 ）,together with their （ 孩子們 ）， went to the market. They decided to buy two （ 綿羊）, three （鹿），four （公牛）， five （鵝）and six white （ 老鼠）with three （腳） and six （ 牙齒）.名詞的復(fù)數(shù)變化：1. 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化形式：規(guī)則例詞1一般情況在詞尾加 -smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls2以 s, x, ch, sh， z 結(jié)

9、尾的名詞后加 -esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes buzz-buzzes（電鈴聲 ）3以 -f 或 -fe 結(jié)尾 的詞變-f 和-fe為 v 再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以輔音字母加 y 結(jié)尾的名詞，變 y 為 i 加 -esparty-parties, family-f

10、amilies, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加 y 結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以 y 結(jié)尾的，加 -stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, key-keys Henry-Henrys6以 輔 音字 母加-o 結(jié)尾的名詞一般加 -eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外來詞加 -spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos兩者皆可zero-zeros/

11、zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加 -o 結(jié)尾的名詞加 -sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以 -th 結(jié)尾的名詞加 -struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2.名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化形式：規(guī)則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母詞尾加 enman-men, woman-women,foot-feet, goose-geese, tooth-teeth , mouse-mice, medium-media, bacterium-bacteri

12、a, datum-datachild-children, ox-oxen2單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep, deer, fish, series, means, species, li, yuan, jin, mu3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式ashes, trousers, gloves, shorts, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, scissors, arms, earnings4一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people, police, cattle, public5部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員）class, family, group

13、, committee, government, crew, team, enemy, staff6表示 “某 國人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans單復(fù)數(shù)同形Chinese, Japanese，Vietnamese, Swiss, Portuguese,以 -man 或 -woman 結(jié)尾的改為 -men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen7合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)sons-in-law, step-sons, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tel

14、lers, boy friends無主體名詞時將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)women singers, men servants, men cooksmake preparations for 為做準備 shake hands with sb. 與某人握手 give regards to sb. 向某人致意 fix one s eyes upon 關(guān)注；凝視 be in high spirits 興致勃勃 do repairs 進行修理 in words 用語言 scores/dozens of 許多make frie

15、nds with sb. 與某人交朋友 take pains to do sth. 努力做某事 make both ends meet 收支平衡 keep ties with 同保持聯(lián)系 in ones thirties 在某人三十幾歲時 have words with sb. 與爭吵 thousands of 數(shù)千 take turns 輪流注意：常用名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的短語 l三. 名詞的所有格單數(shù)名詞在末尾加 sJacks book, her so-in- laws photo,復(fù)數(shù)名詞一般在末尾加Teachers Da y, the twins mother,不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加 sChild

16、ren Dsa y, womens rightsm, ens shoes,以 s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加 s或者Dickens novels, Charles s job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有關(guān)系時 ,各名詞末尾均須 加sJapan s and America s problems, Janes and Mary 表示共有的所有關(guān)系時在最后一詞末加 sJapan and America s problems, Jane and Mary s father表示某人家店鋪，所有格后名詞(shop, house, home)省略the doctor s, the barbers

17、, the tailors, my uncle1. 所s有格的構(gòu)成：s b2. 所s有格的特殊用法：表示時間today s newspaper, five weeks holiday2表示自然現(xiàn)象the earth s atmosphere, the trees branches3表示國家城市等地方的名詞the country s plan, the worlds population, Chinas indu4表示工作群體the ship s crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及價值a mile s journey, five doll

18、ars worth of apples6與人類活動有特殊關(guān)系的名詞the life s time, the plays plot7某些固定詞組a stone s throw, at ones wit s end3. of 所有格的用法： 用于無生命的東西： the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長定語時： the name of the boy standing at the gate用于名詞化的詞： the struggle of the oppressed4. 雙重所有格結(jié)構(gòu)： 在表示所屬物的名詞前有冠詞、數(shù)詞

19、、不定代詞(如a, the, some, two,a few, this, that 等)時，常用常用“名詞 +of + 名詞 s/ 名詞性物主代詞”的形式來表示所有關(guān) 系，一般表示部分與整體的關(guān)系如： a friend of my father s(= one of my father ；s sfroiemned s)inventions of Edison ， thsis bike of my brother s , that picture of my sister s四. 名詞作定語1. 表材料、地點、用途、性質(zhì)、泛指時間等普通名詞可以作定語，一般用單數(shù)形式。e.g. stone fi

20、gures（石像）； paper money（紙幣）；country music （鄉(xiāng)村音樂） ； table cloth （桌 布）；river bank （河岸）；school gate（校門口）；book stores（書店）；traffic lights （交通燈）； summer holiday （暑假）； evening dress（晚禮服）。2. 但也有需用復(fù)數(shù)的。 e.g. sports mee（t 運動會）；savings bank（儲蓄銀行） ，sales department （營業(yè)部），sports writer （體育專欄作家） , spokes man（發(fā)言人 ）

21、；goods train（貨車）；clothes brush 衣刷 , two men doctors （兩個男醫(yī)生）3. 數(shù)詞 +名詞作定語時，這個名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。例如：an 8-year-old child a ten-mile walk 十英里路a 200-meter race 兩百米賽跑五. 常見名詞后綴-ar: beggar, liar-ee:employee, interviewee, trainee,-er:teacher, worker ， villager, waiter, geographer, photographer-ess: actress, waitress,

22、 hostess-ese: Chinese, Japanese-ian/-an: musician, physician, historian, politician, mathematician, Russian, African, American-ist: artist , biologist, chemist, physicist, pianist, socialist, scientist, specialist, violinist, novelist, tourist, impressionist-or: actor, conductor, operator, sailor ,

23、visitor, inventor, educator, competitor, director, translator-ant: assistant, accountant-al: arrival, denial, refusal, survival-ance/-ence: appearance, guidance, performance, assistance, difference, dependence, existence, preference, reference-dom:freedom, kingdom,wisdom-hood: brotherhood , childhoo

24、d, neighbourhood, manhood-ion/-tion/-ation: action, collection, connection, education, solution, dictation; observation, examination, expectation, explanation, imagination, inspiration, organization, preparation, satisfaction, competition, invitation-ism: socialism, communism, capitalism, realism, m

25、odernism, impressionism-ment: achievement, advertisement, agreement, argument, development, encouragement, movement ,entertainment, equipment, arrangement-ness: carelessness, darkness, happiness, illness, sickness, weakness, sadness-ship: championship （冠軍地位或稱號 ; 錦標賽） , friendship （友誼） , scholarship（

26、獎學金) ,relationship-sion/-ssion: decision(動詞: decide), expansion(動詞 : expand), permission(動詞: permit), admission, conclusion, possession-y/ty/-ity/:cruelty, difficulty; ability, activity, possibility, purity, equality, safety,responsibility, nationality, majority, discovery, recovery-cy: accuracy, em

27、ergency, fluency, privacy, efficiency-th: growth, health, length, strength, wealth, depth, width, -ure/ture/ature: failure, mixture, pressure, creature, mixture, departure, signature -ing: beginning, ending, greeting, meaning, hearing, opening, shopping, spelling, warning,一、單句填空1. (Anne) sister Marg

28、ot was very upset that the family had to move. However ， she knewthat she had got to go through all the (difficult) with her family.2. For the sake of people s health and (h，appmy)easures should be taken to controland prevent pollution and everyone should make a (contribute) to it.3. In my opinion ，

29、 no one agrees that a (wealth) person without good health can behappy. So， just do our best and keep fit.4. Upon (arrive) ， we began to work immediately. Some were digging holes. Some werecarrying and planting young trees. Others were watering them.5. Since “ Life is a stage” , we are actually all a

30、_c_t_or_s_ _a_n_d _ (act). On this stage, everyonehas his own role to play, and I will try my best to play my role well.6. There are more visible changes in our gestures and facial (express).7. Lang Lang is a world-class young (piano) who grew up in Shenyang.二、語篇填空(重點訓練名詞的相關(guān)用法 )A high school history

31、 teacher once told us,“ If you make one close fr，iendy oinu schoolwill be most lucky. 1_ true friend is someone who stays with you for life.” Experience showsthat he was right. Good 2 (friend) are just not easily formed.To most of us, friendships are thought very important, but we need to have the k

32、inds offriendships we want. Are they to be close or kept at arm3 (long)? Dso we want to shareourselves or do we want to walk on the surface? For some people, many friendships on the surfaceare quite enough and that sB aultl raitg shot.me point we need to make sure that our expectationsare the same a

33、s our 4 (friend) expectations. The sharing of 5 (person) experienceis the surest way 6 (deepen) friendships. But it must be undertaken slowly andcarried on only if there are signs of interest and action in return.What are some of the difficulties to friendship? The greatest is the attraction to expect toomuch too soon. Deep relationships take time. 7 main difficulty is the 8(selfish) to think one “ owns ”， itnhcel uodthinegr his tim