1.名詞高中調(diào)整版

1、英語學(xué)科教師輔導(dǎo)講義名詞 名詞主要考查的知識點：名詞的用法,語境中詞性的判斷 ,詞的轉(zhuǎn)化。在語法填空題中常出現(xiàn)給一個提示詞要求用它的正確形式填空 ,重點復(fù)習(xí)掌握名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的變化規(guī)律以及與相近語法的關(guān)系名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的使用受冠詞、數(shù)詞和主謂一致等語法的制約 ,因此復(fù)習(xí)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)時 ,應(yīng)注意分析名詞前的數(shù)詞、量詞、冠詞等修飾語情況 ,還應(yīng)注意主謂一致問題。熟悉、區(qū)別可數(shù)不可數(shù)英語中有些名詞有時為可數(shù)名詞 ,而有時又是不可數(shù)名詞 ,其區(qū)別由各自不同的用法而定 ,這是名詞可數(shù)性用法的難點。如：work 工作 ,不可數(shù)名詞；著作 作品 ,可數(shù)；工廠 作坊 ,可數(shù)；工程 工事 ,可數(shù)。掌握名詞所有格的表示方法

2、和名詞作定語的用法 ,特別注意 else的所有格、雙重所有格的用法。（一） 可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞1 什么是不可數(shù)名詞？ 1物質(zhì)名詞 glass, tea2抽象名詞 beauty, youth3) 科學(xué)名稱 physics, maths練習(xí)：找出不可數(shù)名詞boot tear knowledge money wood chicken musichomework bread blood dress news milk dustman二可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成A. 規(guī)那么變化構(gòu)成法例詞一般情況在詞尾加_Desk-desks以_ _ _ _結(jié)尾加 _Bus -buses以_ 結(jié)尾的加_Face-faces以輔

3、音+_結(jié)尾 ,變_為_加 _Baby-babies以輔音+ _結(jié)尾加_Tomoto-tomatoes以元音+ _結(jié)尾加_Radio -radios以_或_結(jié)尾 ,變_/_ 為_, 加 _Life-lives練習(xí)：寫出以下名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。1shoe 2) orange 3) eye 4) month 5) fox 6) match 7) city 8) class9) family 10) country 11) boy 12) key13) leaf 14) thief 15)hero 16)photoB. 不規(guī)那么變化1. 單復(fù)同形deer sheep fish Chinese Japane

4、se means2. 只有復(fù)數(shù)形式people police cattle clothes trousers, glasses3. 不規(guī)那么變化man- men woman- women foot - feet tooth-teethmouse -mice child-children German-Germans4. 復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)1) 將后一局部變成復(fù)數(shù) Englishman-Englishmen gentleman-gentlemen policewoman-policewomen grown-up-grown-ups 2) 將主要成分變成復(fù)數(shù)looker-on-lookers-on s

5、on-in-law-sons-in-law 3) 如果前一詞是man, woman ,將兩局部都變成復(fù)數(shù)men doctors women singers練習(xí)：roof_ woman driver_ step-mother_sheep _ Japanese _sister-in-law_（二） 名詞所有格1. 表示有生命的東西的名詞 ,所有格在名詞后加sMr Lis house The cats food James dog The dogs food2. 表示無生命的東西的名詞 ,用of+名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)來表示The leg of the desk the cover of the magazin

6、e3. 在時間 ,距離 ,度量 ,價值等名詞后 ,可用名詞所有格。Two months time Todays newspaper fifty pounds weight4. 表示店鋪或某人的家時 ,常在所有格后省去shop, home.The doctors the tailors my uncles the barbers5. 名詞前有冠詞 ,數(shù)詞 ,不定代詞或指示代詞時 ,用of詞組+所有格表示a friend of Johns that bike of Toms6. 某樣?xùn)|西為兩人或多人共有 ,在后一個名詞尾+s .Jane and Freds mother Janes and Fre

7、ds motherTom and Tims car Toms and Tims car特殊點：一、名詞1名詞的數(shù)(1)物質(zhì)名詞(如：air ,milk ,money)、抽象名詞(如：health ,knowledge ,traffic)一般都是不可數(shù)名詞。【悟一悟參透誤區(qū)】要熟記以下名詞 ,它們在英語中一般是不可數(shù)名詞：advice ,baggage/luggage ,furniture ,equipment ,fun ,weather ,information ,luck ,progress ,work ,homework ,news ,word (消息)等。有些物質(zhì)名詞表示不同種類時可用復(fù)

8、數(shù)形式。如：Mary bought a variety of fruits and vegetables for the party.有些物質(zhì)名詞可用作可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞 ,不過意義有改變。如：coffee作為物質(zhì)名詞(咖啡)不可數(shù) ,但two coffees表示兩杯咖啡。(2)不可數(shù)名詞前不可直接加數(shù)詞修飾 ,而是采用量詞詞組。如：a glass of milk ,a sheet of paper ,two pieces of advice等。 (3)不可數(shù)名詞常用(a) little ,much ,a great deal of等修飾 ,可數(shù)名詞常用(a) few ,many ,a numb

9、er of等修飾。a lot of ,lots of ,plenty of可修飾可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。(4)常見的單復(fù)數(shù)意義不同的名詞(如：value“價值 ,values“價值觀；manner“方式 ,manners“禮貌； custom“風(fēng)俗 ,customs“海關(guān)； damage“損害 ,damages“賠償金； work“工作 ,works“著作等)需特別注意。【悟一悟參透誤區(qū)】熟記以下易錯的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式：stomachs ,Germans ,photos ,kilos ,roofs ,beliefs ,proofs。(5)抽象名詞具體化具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、特點、情感、情緒的人或事 ,

10、具體指特定的某一件事時 ,這一抽象名詞可作為可數(shù)名詞。difficulty困難；a difficulty一件難事experience經(jīng)驗； an experience一次經(jīng)歷failure失??； a failure一位失敗者；一件失敗的事knowledge知識； a good knowledge豐富的知識success成功； a success一位成功者；一件成功的事surprise驚奇； a surprise一件令人吃驚的事honour榮譽； an honour一位(件)帶來榮譽的人或事Failure is the mother of success.His new book was a g

11、reat success.(6)復(fù)合名詞變復(fù)數(shù)主體名詞變復(fù)數(shù)：boy studentboy students ,passerbypassersby。man/woman修飾主體名詞的情況 ,兩局部都變復(fù)數(shù)：woman doctorwomen doctors。沒有主體名詞的情況下 ,在詞尾加s：grownupgrownups。2名詞的所有格(1)有生命的人或物的所有格一般由名詞加“s構(gòu)成；假設(shè)是幾個人共有 ,或幾個詞作為一個單位時 ,在最后一個名詞后加“s ,假設(shè)表示各自的所屬關(guān)系時 ,各名詞的末尾都要加“s。如：Marys dictionary ,Mary and Mikes desk ,Mar

12、ys and Mikes mothers?！疚蛞晃騾⑼刚`區(qū)】表示“某某的家/店鋪的名詞所有格 ,常常省略其名詞。如： at Mr Whites ,at the tailors。(2) 無生命的事物的所有格一般采用“of名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：the liberation of the country ,the window of the house?！疚蛞晃騾⑼刚`區(qū)】表示時間、距離、天體、金額、國家或城市等的名詞所有格也可在名詞后直接加“s構(gòu)成。如：two weeks holiday ,ten minutes drive ,Chinas population。(3) 有時 ,上述兩種所有格形式可以結(jié)合

13、在一起 ,構(gòu)成雙重所有格。如：a friend of my fathers。3名詞作定語名詞在句子中除可充當(dāng)主語、表語、賓語、賓補、同位語外 ,還可以用作定語。(1)表示材料的名詞作定語常用單數(shù) ,說明被修飾的名詞是什么原料制成的。如：stone figures石像paper money紙幣diamond necklace鉆石項鏈 gold medal金牌(2) 表示地點的名詞作定語 ,說明被修飾的名詞存在或發(fā)生的地點。如：country music 鄉(xiāng)村音樂 city life 城市生活 school education 學(xué)校教育(3)表示用途、性質(zhì)的名詞作定語。如：coffee cup咖啡

14、杯4名詞與高考高考對名詞的考查主要以詞類轉(zhuǎn)化的形式出現(xiàn) ,所以 ,考生除了掌握名詞的根底知識外 ,還要特別注意詞語的搭配關(guān)系：動詞、介詞、冠詞、代詞、形容詞后常跟名詞。同時要掌握常見的名詞后綴。Its very important to teach the children about road safety (safe)Your kindness (kind) is grateful.1. The whole class _ greatly moved at his words.A. is B. had C. were D. was2. The glasses _ mine. That pa

15、ir of glasses _ my brothers.A. are; is B. are; are C. is; are D. is; is3. Many a student _ something about Abraham Lincoln.A. have known B. knows C. is known D. are known 4. Half of the visitors _ from Europe. Half of the fruit _ bad.A. is; are B. is; is C. are; is D. are; are5. Each of the football

16、ers _ over 150 pounds.A. weigh B. weighs C. weights D. were weighing6. The singer and pianist _ asked to make a speech at the meeting yesterday.A. is B. was C. are D. were 7. Stories of the Long March _ popular with the young people now.A. is B. was C. are D. were8. There _ a lot of rubbish on the f

17、loor so I asked Mary to sweep _ up.A. were; it B. are; them C. was; it D. is; them9. Mayor as well as volunteer workers _ the newly-built stadium.A. is cleaning B. are cleaning C. were cleaning D. have cleaned10. Not only my brother but also I _ good at painting. Both of us _good painters.A. are.are

18、 B. am.are C. is.is D. are.is11. Either you or the president _ the prizes to these gifted winners at the meeting.A. is handing out B. are to hand out C. are handing out D. is to hand out12. More than 60 percent of worlds radio programs _ in English.A. is B. was C. are D. be13. The wounded _ good car

19、e of here now.A. is taking B. are taking C. are being taken D. is taken14.One sixth of our classmates _ from peasant families. One fifth of her time _ devoted to writing.A. comes; is B.come; are C. come; is D. comes; are15. The Olympic Games in the year 2019 _ in Beijing of China, which _ known to us all.A. is to hold; is B. is to be held; wasC. are to hold; is D. are to be held; is16. A woman with